Electaical Poepenties Ot Selids

rlasical aee aleten dhegiy Bzude- kozentz Jhevs)

AssiLLptiams Casical dree electen thabay n
Tn 190D ude postulated dhat aetals censist e<
electaens.

tepulaien between eleitrma and pesitive isns is insignihi cob

efectyoin an gxdinaygas
Nalente pleraEn e eacn atem sin bulke matestal one
v dhe
calledgee elestme ceductien feledtren canductiag
de met

petential enerqy a statieneTy electaen dnsde dhe

o 3he identical
the pefertial enexay e an
metal js less than
free petulatig
gas medel by
gnsnBdel iehe Mandelt Botxmanh
tngt ectaens1l inu
velecty, distiai betien e aleataen.dbayMauell Baltgn
StatistosCe, I33entadnmelalk due te. appled 4ield
NID heielectalc
tasMetien a eletaens un dhe
which leadete
applied ieldlawi dait velat
diectien Bppesite te the
leuee elean gas unedel 9n theosy
Atatien atlasical electatcal andthcamal
ALLLeAsul in eapaining explain
as Met able do
4oteoties eietal but ib heat tempeatue
peuifie
LDme tats aelated te ,the dependence e
cenductivity
dependente m eletitalgu eleckaen cONLentaainn.
eletatcal cendnctivitsy
 Clasical1ee eiedt7en tney, ipecie heata
ib As_pex
ndependent ef tanipexatre But ezpeaimental
dependent en teme
epwasWasend that specito Jheat s
specific heat is Qeue
ands the ebseyed salue ef
htnluzaa
e han erpected value'
tempeaatume dependente pn eledzicals cenducttibu o
tin Jhe
JMEta) is ehsexçed expestmentally thataeBu
dheorettcalls oelhaAInidae

Cevades sthaieleton ceveentoatien g inc and adnlum

1310xI928

wttta tae eledoen cencetaathien e Ceppeland &ler

28

ebseve the electical conductiwits o Copper dhd

Jexminelags 1elated do clasical faee eiedaen tiaesq (CEE

b Rit velecity: dhe aandem umatisn o candukian
eleckaon un dhe wmetal duto celisien with atic
is shsesved in dhe aksence o aplied eld.
wlhen aoctanc tlelA s apdied, dhe wMet taahaAN
dhange siesults dn the gleuw ef cunent aleng
n thi dinection e< applied idd. and chang

n an applied Cield ,is called daitt yelreity

 Resistancee.CR) ahe efpesitien aËen¡d bs wibaahina Jattce

Aibaating latice in a matensialbu lz tue e

Lendudtien alectoens us annuled so that tthe electotne

pap9tienal te dhe teld

Mean ee path )I af us itae ayeTAAe distance taayell

-ed bu the canducien electaens betueen aumesaive
CAistens with Jtaelatttcp den8.

iy Mean (allision time (t) The aneHage time elapse betwe

Dth the datttee pints

o usoent densithy (3) At ds the CuANeNt pe unit

aHea sf BS-AEtiên held Megmnalhy te tthe disechien
ecUnAent in cnent Cahytn pcendutes
eugkmaglnayplane nemally
TI

thange Q0PAS given tHBRL- SLCtienal aEN

UrTent dh it p= RA
mateial

Melo
matenial.. RA m
 Page
âmpuits:
viiy tect A tempeatuse And
Exlstivity metals

ahe electaical esistivity e umekals incTeases it

win dempes atume enecept in suLpemcenducters
he eleztrical nesistiits in metals Centaibute
de theietlisiem betuween electN and
elecaen_ duaing t's metie uottaim tae metal
pestHre ien
Scatleztn e cEndutien electaen cantibut ex He
MPAtstiviths e metal
he nesistiviBs due t9 scateningeee olectatn by uthi
uoita ingease ùn dempaxatune.Jtds called
ealstiuihs due de phenen scatesin (f)
t is tempezatuTe dependent lns
She
’Jhe gtesisthivits, due de
do keatenin ef 4ee electen hy
the poesence ef impugities, impentectiens Such as
pelnt defect, iea qain beundáies eted s called
Aesiduaß esisiviteytt ds tempeatuse independen.
etal seAstuits =Re Matilhiessens Rule
Fen deuer tempexatuses, the phenen
Aess denminant E seaiesing ds
Fox
bighen
incTease
templaahurs
turs fand f celectie al
inearus wttth tempegatune But
ph
 Quantu ee ElectaBn Fheem
An 1488, Ameld Semmexteld ssuceeeded in expaining
he daaubacks ef clasioal kaee eletaon theay by
azluinq Suantum wmschanical painciles He sealised
tihe mpaatance ef disczete enezay walues ej eletat7
Pauli's psen Raclusian Painciple He applted
eesmi - Di00 Statistics ite dhe yatem

Assuntptions
i hg electaens tavel in a censtant petential unside the
meinal and the aTe CenHnedauitkin t's beundaies..
attactien betue eIn electNS andpesttiye (ens.
attice and alse tiae nepulsibn loetuween a electren
ene atem uith meiqhbausinq d electaen in
anethex atem in ta lattiee is imered
dhe
Lauartized. The alleDed enemg walued ane selised
intems ef set of enengy Iewels
i The distzibution electrens in allaued
allewed enengy lexels
eccus as peg Paui's Excluson piniple
DI he electseng oee electNs tn metal ane set said
te sbey Pexmi- Dizac Statistics
RA
ensits el stater GCE)1Qualitativek :
Qevele çn he eRid matexial ae
he pcamited enengy
ih ia exm el bands dn banda taee aAe
eneRy leyels unhich aaoi Jn tho aNalue e enen
electoem wets e bande and he nmnber
sitain
leN els uwitain a band e equal de me.e
electaens belew teomi enegau at Ok,
Ladh cneTay level ceespnds eneray states

and etihen electoen uttia sin- deusn

 Page.
Zhe snunnbea of enemgy levels pen Lnit ene
Centened at enes44 Bdn he band The
dependence af density efenEgy ev ela
can be ekaineå by unttiencalled denst 8
siates and itls deneted as GhlE)
iie,due censideg an eneagy bnd efia h
enersa
Aspaead between Ej and Byenxgy Nabuig
ene ef eneau levelithin ths band has
value E hel dE be intin itesirnau
Small etement lncement ln B dhen
the mo eavailable tates pe untt en esqy to
centened ot a given endnay in the valente bas
a matenial e unit nelme dhe preduct
PneAy shate
in the eneAAL4 unteNaldE atE a

dhexeleze oem the akeve equatien ue can tkiena

that Ga()ie, densits o< state tunctien ) yaxia
with Bin paabelic natueg

GE)
Fegmmi knmesgy kevel and Fenmi knesqy
bend
4n selidcystal 9 netal, dhee ase Natems
a oulk matemial, hexe axe N en ergy
JeNelwltaln
ltadntacand ohtch age Sepexated b Seme
enesgu difeehceAs pe tha Paui's Excluslen
ninciple, eadh enesgy level can accommedate a
electobns e ne electoenwitth spin-up and etheg
uoith pini-deon dnitially, electaens iLthe dewest
enengy Aeyel and then lgaer enengy levelcin
aesdance uwlth Paul's ExcusienPainciple Hth
olyptrens n itho"metall aCeamedate Ne osexVe
seme lenengy devels Chighex enengy ieweltn t
bandemainawNa Ant andttais is ebserved
.Indeabsetute zeno deageeKelvin
ttnemaleneqy by etennal meahe
Sene
he enengs levels lare cempletels killed and
Some Hemain acant at abs glute ze9
dheopmest piued /BcCLpied enel at zeD degove

ay level
Since a electaens Can
accemadate each enera4
State
espet hen, tatal me.e
lectoens te be accemedate
in each eney level is
At TzOK Nanmp
the paincipal quantum numbeg
uwhene mds
am
’Fesumi factor And Vasiatien e Penmi
Tempeaatuxe Eney. tactetn
tle ehseNed the
distibthen e electim ih dilee
At Aselte ZeRo deggEe Relvin, 2he
fzee electr
CLp each eneray level in the mmetat aa ben
Panlis Exlusen patniple dhe valence band dnlte
be patally lled dn thi nenengu deNel n
c0Le metals he electaene
AAleddn
enosou
Aavelax beleu fegmi eneny lesLel cannt
oosgy ahbsegb suliuent ene44 thenmal enehay tgn
tasugunding at 6dinams tempeatua Je
eupAiacant aiakm algh antaay devels. ähe
Astaieutn eÇ elecen is auways qevened by a
Atatistical Quncten bt thchmal aguilibzium g
he paeality dnding electzen in enetoy
atatp etnemgyE at a steady state temperatue
amateniol
An etiaem ugada, pobabilihy e 9cupabtn
aven enTAY siate lex a matental gat eatt

+1 femi facte

dhe distzilbutien an dilexend enengy den tensp

and dependenee eomi facter
 CE-E 41et1 0+1

ae eneadevel ds
te taa ecoLLied and. EAE appies.
enea4 levels belaw fesmi eneags leyel
AATzD, AlL tlaa eneqy leels
belewfes mi enesgy

Ce-E
CE) =0 foz E>E
dhe eneRAL Leelinecuppied le
enenay ELEp
At T=D A the enemay leVels Jle abee
fexmi
onaay evel is cempletely necuuied
Bhe fexmi distai lbutien tunoten is a step tunctien at ok.

T20k

sB
la Pckallity c scupatien at endbramy temhexatae,
At T>oK dhe atbabilits af scupationlez
wil be /2
4 and as B tends te B,f(B)

CB-E
’ Femi Veleity i level s called Fesmi Velecity
which eccupy fermi
dhe welscity ef alectren
Ve
V m
Conductivity: paoticular
Ezpressien to tie Electsical paoticaulao enevgy state and Pesess a
CK-space) Jhe
cenductien electoen ecupies a momentunm space ne
8he Aet,us censider a R-space. hhen these is
mementum p=hk. e pents in dhe mement
fesm sande and
is un the vhum aTe temperatu
memevt tum e! e meme a t any given
ield, the electren dymmety t
appied electic sphesical
phesical 6caupied and
wil have a fesmilevel is
Sustace
foem dhe lowest de behaveg as beuhday
ttae Qevels uneccupled. 6t called fesmi
At T=0R, all fermi level is c&uotace is
devels abene uneccupied devel. Such state GK), As a
and thee ds an 6ccupled usrent
between eccupiedevesy
bcupled tate k,
is xeoO. Hen ce,mo
SustaLe Fos the eledren
menertum
dhe net
Censequence matesial.
the
Hlew acTDsS Ky
Ry
Knet

Femi Surtace
Kz
awil axpevience
electaic feld,
the presence e Qesmi sphege
But, ta con
ens within
the
electo
all tthe ree w.kt dt dt

yoe waarnt
dnto the level
dt lauoface meve enevg9 popces,
Qesmileveleloctoens deep dn n this fald.
neag Dccupied.
Jhe
electsens
Jhem But, th Ne u applied
unEmp
I de as they do
epposite But
levels adjocentinto ighes level slightycancelled
ene
cannet JmtNe displaed cuDTernt.
sphese gts welsities ane flowef time
dhh fesmi electren's
Cause the displaced t
The umaje ity weleity Sphese
aledoen Qerni
Ensated centere!
Coride , he
 w. ktJ=-neVa

J-neh-eEtr

eq" (s) and eq 6) ’

ob n compaming

m Ve
Theey :
Suceess ef Suantun toee Electoen obserrved dh hesretieal
elect ven thegru. dye
() dn classical Qyee temperature. As it as
heat s undependent ef
umetas speci<ie ebserved es ult
wth
Unot un agreement dheery, they observed
that
applying Buantum toee electven e
within he
en electoens shich ae
clese to
these and gets erited to higher
onty ertesnal enerqs
KT'absovbs cthe gctting etcited te hiahes
hghes
hange electoens
states ( i:ey *T e me. ef within the
energy mea to Ee
these electoem
e substante,
devel) Jhe energy ef te
fo 1Kmol
KT s|U-3.KT
2
NA
3KNA KT)
(G(1) KNA aT
()
T=300 k, E sev
Fos Bzi At
3x1.38xIn3

3R (T e io(RT) 3B
Bp

alectvens contoibute to
nly 0.DB1/ e
eedvenic contributlen.
Jhoat duo de
 (n) Jenmperature dependene e Electoical Conducti uity.
foee Electren ne'A
Fsem Quantum dheery
o.kit Y ds dndependent ef tempesatuse, But à ds

men'
)
dependent en dempeature
ds upplied to umetal dhen, eleten which
thEXTRA
thesmal enegy
Note : df
absootos pant ef energy 0ndOnd cndergo seattori ng by datttee
free pesitve den
oHve den ceve duoing ute mortÝm. Slmllasly, the
imebi le yzeo) boate at theis mean beiin
en ubu'ch aTe tems imagtndu
unit amHude o in al h aTechon. Jhis
ieulox CeSE- sectien adis ahd n Yree eleotoen durtna te
LCEVey em pesitive den Core. Bhus,
metien uwll scatter
eduCed fer the ree etectren.
mean free path ds
w.kt énergy thes mal enemgy ds prepoatienal
te amplitude &uase and tt is psepetienal
to temperatureT
dhen
(
-

olectrenic cencentratien :
and
(4) Electoical conducivts helatten as Per ee
el ectoon
cenductivity
frem dhe aledicat = neT
dhegvy ts m
Cepper.
is mere than m
Ihey ebsey Ved e Aluminimhigher electolcal eonductBvity But,
behen cenductivity (Si88xIo*
have dlecdaial )
Henee, Auminium aulddiahey
Poactically, Ceppeg has Lenductivity (3.6S AIo m)
than Auminiums eleototcal theegy kSFET
Quantun ae destey
hate dhis was enplained by
We enow hat, oa n as per coRP.he aue
tBmes that ef
de is highes bu a.j3 than
Aluminium
tmes h
chi ahen
3143
ceppe ceeds that e
e
Jhus, conducivity Aumínium
 Poinuple.
Ihe Exclusfen intoodiEd
electoons
ohe electons eccupg enegy teuel
are undistinguicha ble
enegy as per
per Pauli's ideelegs
. Shese2
P-R Statistics en heo mans
slectoicity depends
dhe abity elb a m te cenduct
netal te cenduct and tthe enesgie
availade de lectoens
quartum Enesy states aMe
nnyy m,anda ms
thee states. umbess
oepotsented by Set ef Buantum squabes
A 8uantum state is guen by sum ef
enesgy state is
dn particular
The enesgy an e
an 8WE (TI)
as per Sgen Value em dyauoing
mxny! coerdinates m, ny cp-odinates e t t
Censide,a 3 - space with
and tas
radius wectos n
oitt Bach petnt
and z
phere in 3 repoesented by nzmyuantum state
ás Censidred a
ahy point en the sphere
umbes space
s ohose cenesgies
cin Buartum vecte m
states usithin tthe adiusNelume ef tthe sphese
No. ef Enesgy nalers than Ee
eny egbn is
equal do and /.m is Ne,
0) Cersided)
$3
gudius (ntdn) o energy EtdE)
cttu
0. e enesay states wittain
Ss NIEtdE) = (nt dn)) -e)
ensgy tates within th enngy ange
The mo.
is
only 2e7 then
can 0Cupy
Since each state
NE) dB
sttes
enegy
no e aNOulabe
Aoo e eeoupaney aeLnd a petal
Bto tdE Cetoed
pea Lnt uelume
value 6
8e) eneg
metal me. e aleused eneg
bands
levelg n each