ork Fumtion: foop.-d..

haminimum amgut enoyy euihad by a

eetnn to jut ecase fhom a mdtal unfara ,a

*Wek fundin s measuned n lecnon velt (eV)

1 electhoVek: The kinetic ene73 c i d y
eactum gn accalenadih ik ihnanak a pbnthial
h e Vo, ia r a l l
dfeanu thasm
Acudin to udk ima -

W k done
K.E quined,=
Jm ca olecri fikd
Ckange, x frt.ntial
knetit }=
Tf =:&Xi , V= ivt thn pinshicn 1y
lev =(: 6xI5'1E)(Iv)
eV . 6Xjaka ndoreVkt-jok
Tapes kuchmeonitsion
Themimie emmisi echons
metal j s hartad, is fae
whin a a p a f h o n ttat matal
Auient enenay to
9et a metal sufa
leons Jon
eminwiom
Auta. TKe
aled Rexmione emnisio
upon kaning, js unsara A Subjet
Field emmisio: whhan a m t l
fields, t a otder iN
to y e hial eleduic
a emited. 7his type ofekehon
N / c , eletnons emmisj.
emmiim is mwm as iel
elahms
emmisi: wkan fost mouy e ns
Secondany
trik mutal Aufare , tan thasfe
a
Somi
sf
tRei e n y to freeoledhms. A a esult,
electnon au mitbed th tka matal Aurfarr. TKi
aye
Tye emmisim nom as decordasy emmnin,

wh i t osuitasla Jmapaney, is intidurt o a

matal swrfacn, ehdhons ae emitted hom t a matos
sufaca. This phenomnon kalld Haoelihi efrd.
Exhnimendo sudy Phatoelcie =Het
= =

The exheimuntal Atus ued fo sudug hdohanie

effeet cois t an wauiled glas tue. kis hube
tas buo adnedos. The elnada' jn mada up dt a Mado-
Sonaiie mta and lehde A a c ndmal, metal
lacieta. Kue is 9uatn uindew Am tta tue
jutabave
tka plrtoAanikive plt. A micoamence i mmetd
m ARrin and Vltman in soml to tKa aatdag
ha twe slssinde an Lornestad uia
inicor ahanyema
C A

wwwwwwww
Whe hoadiatims uitala faRaueny Par3
ve plate Can elnons ae insided
ajetd Te
-tech hy plda A. So ectos
glhic whet talled hto
a

is alld KunAet flaws im tha oh üruit

htoeloctie tunnent ama. Thi wt
alymioamimcto. measuwud
measued.

Padiatims uitakk hoqnnoy a allawed

fall D ple C. 7ha accletig anhial df}eene
bahen fuo eloiodas s ke fid. Ng if idunty
aAnudnt Aadiahion is ineaed t s t o elkckie
Cwmet ntkaases. his is becaue uith incwal m

inunscky, tk mmber ztns AnipiAeond

Mate c a e s and us numha stocle
-Chm emitted he ecgnd alo imuraes. 7his gine
h i e to intdRaNe ion s e l h i suwaat

Phe
- elacni

Tnnty
Efft ameda adial o haoeltie vnt
The indtnriky I, ma {hean 'v midrt hadiathn
is kept finad. Apeibie ptintia aid Pat A.
whan povitie prtLntial k mode is imarayed then
hoto eloctie C t lnncaseg a mo aod mds
elocbons tantto uact uto aneda.
Bd fa a colain peti psential made, tk,O
hoto eleic wvut acquinas its maunw valne.
The maximum value ophootlucnie u n t talles
sauratinr awud. If amede prtitial is fuwt
Anoreased thon photo eloctnie auvent does nst

4, ands
Nov if amo nEqative pituial s appled
in qatine dandial te hots-
thn uitk inwreay otain
Ma negachina
letni n n e d decwae.
potantialfanedacalled statping pnkal), R.
ic n e t betmay Zeno.
phtel
The value retanding prtunial
tki
mede fA whick hoto lecie n t hacom
Zero , called s t i tia
s dlasted
Stpping pdutil oh t ot rotial
'V'y. Ptolectie

Curst

Negaive bertial O Posdine httial

nedi o anea

9 a exberimart s ueated by Pltoelatic

I77

diftekt itonjikias thsn

ut ptantial semais
Sann bit satuwatiom
CwuRt tigkes frz
igheAauee
ThAa it an conuludad. that
k

Satnation awnt is
dinnAl Pspdkonal to
Andons kut step
o intanic psiial a imdrhedo
Not A stotpigpAertil V, hatoelacha vo
Aeackay uto amoda. the wk dune ky
S
strppirng ntial mut ke eual to inntic
nt fastast mou lsbn. Tiu
Mayuinum kimett wk dn ag up
eneg photoeaetin othal
m = eV
Elet egany incidot uadiatien on
tep pdLctiald:
Radiatisns i m d immik a e mads iniidantt
tka plte C. TKe aneda » a i i e d a buitine
intial Wi inanae inprih n t i d , ke
thdoalactic wmnt intuases. f a ' CuAtain p i t i i
tentil ame-da , the hotoelatie cwnant hatomes
m a i m u m Rngwn as sotiunatiom w v t .
N f Omede s applieda
negatie pounhal tho uck intneaR in eatine

protial Anpde, tkshotoeleci aunet deenae

oL a costain nagatin itutial amediy Ka
Asekdaic cunaa beComes aro 7hat negatine
tntial ia maw a t o potnhial.
T fAeauen f inddet hadiahions inlaapd
ke pht.dacsic Cuunent onin Tonts t. Sh.
hiy hacanne mlaR m

Aadiakgs tha
aso inseaes To asain make "a rds eloric
Cunnt zem amedi has t ba a Kanes
maakie hxhial Thas stdppen odia inteas
i n c h a s e im fiaanney Aadiohi But
Saturctisn e w n t dots t ham ubk Chanap
rentniuy becamye intneae in f anu
intidnt nadiotipn dets nt alte t de-
-lcboms ejpetdp send
i
, Vaiahm g hotoelecic wnnt
amede nhialn diffeat frqntis
s h o v holno: P A d e i ca u m e s

Negaie ptudia 0
itieAtia

He 77, A V>V7
Therlon & tam be coneudkd Kat
Steting ttial a dinetly epational
Any but sahuration cwent imdependovt (P
%Teshel Faauo
ha mimimun fheauenwn i n idant Aadiaims
hlas whid no
pheo aletrio enaion toakes plans
plar,
called thad fhanmna
Las hoeleiie emomisoni ==

F a
qitn hetosedina matoial hna xs
taim miniumum Lencn balow i d ho
Rmnvision p i b l e . That mininun
i aled tkreshg }a
2. a
inenphotosemitie matnial and Aaoliatiou
Auitalli anne (abav thehdd. funsog),
tka satwhation twwet is dine ctiy eptional t
idsysik nidost Aadiationy"
Suitabla heqan aboe
3. fd iadiatiou o
tksukkd fhugunc), tk siphipdudial
dinectl ndpotimal to fquney ndat
odiamb.
. Tha bhtaluhin mmiin i m mhtuntanewu
Maceys

Eskainds hee of_Phetelucie Efft

Accding1 Eimteinss thasn hsta elebir efftut
wh iqlt ntoadh uilh matn d helares
as bmall palricls alad haton Eack haton
tenact wutk o octnon. ha. enehan hv'
inidont pdon is Usee u n huo pakth
a)a pat t n a pal o wd fundinn
is used in ibenotimo tha eledm
6) tka emainina, enon o hdon uwd up
imbastimg kinehiG enngy t ejedy slahon
Thuns by Larw coevaiom O enta
Energy aton = Wok funthiom +Maximurn K-6
teecbon
v=h+m
2 ma

Tkis eaatign knom Eintids haolatie

C9uahion
Anthy tilm
As we kng
m = eV

Rv=Ay+ev

Epamedig l oeleekic emmisio

t a aasis d irstais toelecighatto
) Elanakim tkserkeldJeueny
Anuiden hetM is leys
If fu e v4 V Ka
tRam
Kan sea gueny

hv-K. <o

&t nebira inetic me mamin les.