f÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷

DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

= PHOTONS

The
quantum of electromagnetic energy
or
light is known photon as
.

Photon has and momentum

energy
Energy of photon

↳ of photon is
directly proportional
the
to its
frequency and
proportionality

Speed of photon

Photon travels with a

speed e -

-
3×108 Ms
'
'
in

vacuum ,
e is independent of frequency .

In other media speed vs c

Momentum of photon

¥of a photon is
given by

p= Ez =

had =

ohne
-
-

ha
neutral and
* Photons are
electrically are

not deflected by electric or

magnetic
field .
 f÷ ÷ :÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷
* In photon -

particle collision ,
the total , energy
and momentum are conserved whereas the
,

number of photons need not be conserved .

be absorbed or emitted
i. e :
photons may .

Intensity of light beam

-

Intensity I =

PoweremiHedbyse
Area normal to
propagation

:
* A photon doesn't have rest mass .

* Number
unit
of photons
time
emitted
by a
light source

per
emitted the
by
source
n =
Power
-

energy of a
single photon
n =
P
-

ho
 I
RADIATION PRESSURE AND FORCE DUE TO RADIATION
#

Radiation exerts a
force on the
surface
on which
is
it is incident The
known as radiation
.

corresponding
pressure pressure .

Normal incidence
case
:P¥tyabsorbing#faee .

t#
Initial radiation
momentum
of
Pi
¥
-

-
"

N - no -

of photons incident #/##

in time t .

final momentum pf=O [Perfect )

absorber

F
toil =

It here
=

mate
-

f- =

TEA
I is
intensity
-

Radiation
pressure .

tradition =
II

Perfeotlyrefleetinflowngsusfacesnitia¥¥¥¥
lp.in?YtYf
case :

,
wards
)
L#
I
f÷ :÷ ÷ ÷
Final momentum

Pf
=

Ncte ( upwards]

F-
looped =

2Ny÷ = 2
nhej
F
2I#
=

Radiation
pressure
Pradiation = LI

:*
initial momentum

Pp = - N
hee
momentum
final
Pf = t Nr
hee
= r N
here
F-
¥e I =
CHITTI =

radiation
pressure Pradiafion =

CHIC
÷÷÷÷÷
ELECTRON EMISSION
-

Workfunetio
The minimum
required to be
energy given
to an electron to
pull it out
of a

metal surface is known as work function .

Its
generally represented in EV s .

Typesofdeetron-emissi-hermionieemon.se
In thermionic emission
electrons
energy supplied
is to
by heating
metal
the
surface .

photoelectric emission .
:÷:÷
Secondaryenrission
electron beams
:

are
Stere
made
highto energy
strike
electrons to
a metal surface causing
eject .
Enperimntalsudyofphot-ief t.in
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
⑧

It is the phenomenon in which electrons

are emitted
by certain metal
surfaces
when irradiated with
eight
they are

of suitable
wavelengths .

.±÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ .

It is noticed
experiment
from
the
that for incident
,
a
given frequency of
light the photocurrent
,
directly is

proportional to
intensity of incident
light '

photocurrent a
Intensity .

mtµ
""" "

This indicates that ,

number electrons
of
ejected per
second is

FtThhf7g7hELe tight
In.ua
-
÷÷÷÷÷÷
Variation of
potential
photocurrent
-
with accelerate
.mg/retardiug
-

:÷÷÷÷
stogy.co magnitude
Cnegatuie potential
's The
of
retardingat
potential which the
applied collector
plate ) for known
photocurrent reduces to zero is

as
stopping potential .

Relation between
stopping potential and
kinetic electrons
energy of
maximum
-
-

Kf
Kio Kmax
!
-
-

Kit Up =
Kf + Uf
-

Kmax to = Ot Ee) fro) Ui -

-
0 Up
k = ello
max .
 stopping potential
the
For a
given frequency
is
uridependant of intensity of light .

Effect of frequencyIncident lighter stopping

potential

magnitude of stopping potential is greater

The

for greater frequency of incident light .

Stopping potential a
frequency .

photocurrent

"
io.io .

s¥ ei¥q /
an .

This indicates that the

maximum kinetic
energy
of photoelectron is

directly proportional to
the
frequency of -

To
incident
light .

frequency
Thresholdfrequeney-o.pt is the minimum

frequency at which photoelectric emission

µf
photoelectric
pnoqthpeos.s.ge ?
< No emission
,
÷÷÷÷
The n
intercept of V
-

o
-
V
graph is
equal
to threshold frequency ,

The threshold
frequency is
different for
materials
different .

is
The
slope of Vo -
O
graph same
for
different materials .

Thresholdwavelength-i.TK wavelength corresponding

to threshold frequency is known as threshold

wavelength .

It is the maximum wavelength of incident

light for which photoelectric emission is

possible .

→
According photoelectric
to wave
theory ,

emission should possible for any be

intense
provided
frequency But in light
,
is

enough down 't practice photoelectric

.

, ,

emission happen for light whose

less than threshold
frequency is
frequency .

→
According to wave
theory ,
there should
be time between incidence
a
lag of
f÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ :÷
the
light and envision
there
of electrons
noticeable
.
On
time
contrary between incidence ,

and
is no

lagemission electrons
of light
theoryof .
Hence ,
wave

fails to explain photoelectric effect .

Einsteinlsexplanationofphotoelecti-icE-ff-IAeeor.de
'

ng
to
light
Einstein 's explanation ,
is

incident in
form
the of photons .

Energy
of a
single photon is
E = h 0 where D=
frequency .

of electron .
:÷÷÷÷÷
ho =
Kmax + &
-

Kma×=h0-# This equation is

known as Einstein 's .

photoelectric equation
To
find threshold
frequency kma×=0
O -

hoo -
lo

/
hoo -
- of ¥ -
-

ol
no
of heat
-
-

Xo =
/
Since Kmax = ho -

lo

e Vo = ho -

ol

Vo ( hee ) O
of
-

=
-

stopping potential varies

linearly
with
frequency

slope =
he =
constant for all metals

intercept c
Ie depends on material
-

y
-
-
=
.

n
intercept '

o =
hero -

÷÷÷
.

too

-0¥
'

'

'

.
.
.

.
÷÷÷÷÷÷
When
light of same
intensity having different
metals
frequencies are incident on
,

⇐sh¥=⇐ h¥

C' 1¥ ,
-
-

no ,

smaller
The
light with
frequency has

greater rate
of incidence
of photons .

Hence that
light will result in
greater
photocurrent .

WAVE NATURE OF MATTER

::÷÷÷
associated
.

de
Broglie wavelength
The -

with a
particle having momentum p=mv
is
given by
X
¥ ha
- -
-
-

If kinetic K
energy is

p= Mamie
X=
he
i÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷
If a charged particle is accelerated with
an
accelerating potential V
,
its kinetic
is
energy
k=
qV
de
Then
Broglie wavelength is
given
-

by
ahq
a =

for an electron ,

Probabi l i
recording
t yi n terpretati
to
o nofmatterwavesl
probability interpretation
t ,
the
intensity of matter point is
wave at a

the measure
of probability density of
the
particle at that point .

Thus
if A is the amplitude of matter
wave at a
point then A- or is the
,
the particle small
probability of finding that
in a

volume or around point .

l
Davisson
-
and Germer experiment .

In Davisson -Germer experiment , a fine

collimated beam electrons made to
of electrons
is

fall on

scattered
-

a nickel
target
directions
.

the
The
in all follow
to that
diffraction pattern similar
of
x -

ray diffraction .

It is noticed that the

foist order
at when
diffraction
.

maximum occurs 50

electron accelerated with

is 54 V .

Using
law
of diffraction X be
bsaggb can

calculated as X = o - 165 mm .

Using de
Broglie hypothesis
-
the
wavelength
.

can be calculated as

X la 227 nm
=
-
=
0.167hm .

E
These two results are in
agreement
with each other Hence -
,
Davisson Germer
-

experiment
validated de
Broglie -

hypothesis .