1

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

SL.NO. ELECTRICITY MAGNETISM
1 Electric Permittivity of free space Magnetic Permeability of free space
ε0 = 8.85 x 10-12 C2/ (N m2) µ0 = 4π x 10-7 Tesla meter/Ampere
1/(4πεo) = 9 x 109 N m2/C2 µ0/ 4π = 10-7 Tesla meter/Ampere
2 Electric Force between two charges in air Magnetic Force between two poles of a magnet
1 q1 q2 μ0 m 1 m 2
F= F=
4 π є O r2 4 π d2
Electric force(F) in terms of electric field(E), Magnetic force(F) in terms of magnetic field(B), pole
charge(q) F=qE strength (m) F=mB
3 Electric field E E = F/q Magnetic field B = F/m
Electric Field(E) due to charge q at a distance r Magnetic field of a pole at a distance r
1 q μ0 m
E= B=
4 π єO r 2 4 π r3
4 Electric Potential V in terms of work and charge Magnetic force exerted by a charge q moving in
V = W/q uniform magnetic field with velocity v
Electric potential V due to a charge q at a ⃗
F =q ⃗v × ⃗B = q v B sin θ
1 q Magnetic force exerted by a current carrying
distance r V=
4 π єO r conductor of length l placed in uniform magnetic
Electric potential in terms of Electric field and field B
distance V = E * distance F =I l⃗ × ⃗
⃗ B = I l B sin θ
5 Electrostatic potential energy (U) of a system Magnetic force between two conductors of length l
1 q1 q2 carrying current I1 and I2 separated by a distance r
consist of two charges U = μ0 I 1 I 2
4 π єO r F= l
2 πr
6 Lorentz Electric force F = q E
Lorentz magnetic force ⃗ F =q ⃗v × ⃗
B
Lorentz Electromagnetic force ⃗
F =q ( ⃗
E+ ⃗
V ×⃗
B)
7 1
Velocity of Electromagnetic wave c=
√ ε0 μ0
Velocity of electromagnetic wave in medium
1 c
v= =
√ εμ √ K μr
E
Velocity selector v=
B
8 Induced dipolemoment Magnetisation
Polarisation P=
Volume of the dielectric Net magnetic moment mnet
M= =
If n= No. of atoms per unit volume, Volume V
p = dipole moment of each atom Magnetic field inside the solenoid B0=μ 0∋¿
Magnitude of Polarisation P = n p Magnetic field contributed by the material core B m =
If E = Net electric field inside the dielectric, μ0 M
E0 = Electric field in air Total magnetic field of the solenoid
E0 B = B0 + Bm
Dielectric constant K=
E B
Magnetic Intensity H H= −M
μ0
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9 P M
Electric susceptibility χ e = Magnetic susceptibility χm χm=
ε0 E H
Electric displacement D=ε0 E Relation between three magnetic vectors
Relation between three electric vectors B=μ 0 ( H + M )
D = ε0 E + P Relation between Magnetic permeability of a
medium μ, magnetic permeability of free space μ0
and Magnetic susceptibility χm
Relation between electric susceptibility and μ=μ 0 ( 1+ χ m )
dielectric constant K = 1 + χe
Relative magnetic permeability μr = 1 + χm

Sl.No. Electricity Magnetism

1 Electric flux in terms of electric field Magnetic flux in terms of magnetic field
φ E =⃗
E∙⃗
A =E A cos θ φ B= ⃗
B∙⃗A =B A cos θ
Electric flux of a closed surface in terms of Magnetic flux φ=μ 0 m ¿ μ0 × Polestrength
q Magnetic flux through any closed surface φ=0
charge φ=
є0
2 Electric field due to a thin infinitely long straight μ o Idl sinθ
1 λ Biot-Savart Law dB= 2
wire E= 4π r
2 π єO r μ0 ⃗ Idl× ⃗r
dB=
4 π r3
3 Electric field due to an infinite thin plane sheet Straight Conductor:
E = σ/(2є0) μ0 I
Electric field due to an finite thin plane sheet Magnetic field due to straight conductor B=
2 πr
E = σ/(є0)
4 Electric field of a thin spherical shell of uniform Circular Loop
surface charge density σ of radius R Magnetic Field at a point on the Axis of a Circular
σ R2 Current Loop of radius R at a distance x from the
(i) Outside the spherical shell (r≥R) E= μ0 IR
2
ε0 r2 centre of the circular loop B=
1 q 2 ( x 2+ R 2 )3/ 2
E= Magnetic Field at the centre of the Circular Current
4 π єO r 2
σ μo I
(ii) On the spherical shell (r = R) E= Loop of radius R B=
ε0 2R
1 q
E=
4 π єO R 2
(iii) Inside the spherical shell (r<R) E =0
r is a distance of the point from the centre of the
shell
5 Electric field due to two thin infinite parallel Ampere's circuital law
sheets of charge B * Circumference = μ0 * Total current(I) through
the surface
− [ σ 1 +σ 2 ] Magnetic field at a point inside a solenoid
(i)To the left of sheets E= μ 0∋¿
2 є0 B=μ 0∋¿ ¿
l
Magnetic field at a point outside a solenoid B = 0
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(ii)In the middle of the sheets E=

[ σ 1−σ 2 ] Magnetic field at a point due to toroid
2 є0 B=μ 0∋¿ μo ∋ ¿ ¿
2 πr
(iii)To the right of the sheets E=
[ σ 1+ σ 2 ] Magnetic field inside and outside the toroid B = 0
2 є0
If σ1 = -σ2 = σ,
(i)To the left of sheets E=0
σ
(ii)In the middle of the sheets E=
є0
(iii)To the right of the sheets E=0
6 Electric potential of a thin spherical shell of Magnetic field of a long straight wire of a circular
uniform surface charge density of radius R cross section of radius a
i) Outside the spherical shell (r≥R) (a) Outside of the wire at a distance r ˃ a
1 q μ0 I
V= B=
4 π єO r 2 πr
1 q (b) On the wire at a distance r = a
(ii) On the spherical shell (r=R) V = μ0 I
4 π єO R
B=
(ii) Inside the spherical shell (r<R) V =0 2 πa
r is a distance of the point from the centre of the (c) Inside of the wire at a distance r ˂ a
shell μ 0 Ir
B=
2 π a2

MAGNETISM AND MATTER

ELECTRICITY MAGNETISM
1 Charge = q Pole strength = m
Distance between two charges = 2a Distance between two poles of magnet = 2l
Electric dipole-moment p =2a x q Magnetic dipole-moment M = m * 2l
Electric field of a dipole at a point on the Magnetic field of a magnet at a point along axial line
1 p μ0 2 M
equatorial plane E= B=
4 π єO r 3 4 π r3
Electric field due to a dipole at a point on Magnetic field of a bar magnet at a point along equatorial
1 2p μ0 M
the dipole axis E= line B=
4 π єO r 3 4 π r3
Electric potential at a point due to a dipole
1 p cos θ
V=
4 π єO r 2 Net force acting on the magnet = 0
Net force acting on the dipole = 0 Torque τ = m B sin θ = m X B
Torque τ = p E sin θ = p X E Potential energy of a magnetic dipole of magnet in uniform
Potential energy of a dipole magnetic field U =−mB cos ϴ = - m.B
U =−pE cos ϴ = - p.E
2 A rectangular loop carrying current I in uniform magnetic
field
Magnetic moment m = I * Area = I A
Net Force acting on loop = 0
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Torque experienced by the rectangular loop

Torque τ = m B sin θ = m X B
Potential energy of a magnetic dipole of magnet in uniform
magnetic field U =−mB cos ϴ = - m.B
ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION

ELECTRICITY MAGNETISM
1 Electromotive force (emf) −dφ
Ε = Work done/charge = W/q Induced emf ε =
dt
Potential difference V = I R Magnetic flux φ=N B A cos θ
d ( BA cos θ )
Induced emf ε =−N
dt

( VE −1)
2 Motional emf
Internal resistance r =R (a) Rectangular coil is dragged out from magnetic field
ε =Bl v
E = Emf of a battery,
(b) A conducting rod of length L is rotating in uniform
Vext = Terminal Potential difference = IR
magnetic field B of radius R with angular frequency ω
1
ε = Bω R2
2
3 Cells in series ε = ε1 + ε2 AC Generator
nE Magnetic flux φ=N B A cos θ=N B A cos ( ωt )
Current I =
R +n r Induced emf ε =N B A ω sin ωt
Cells in Parallel: Maximum or Amplitude of emf ε 0=N B A ω
E 1 r 2+ E 2 r 1
Equivalent emf ε =
r 1 +r 2
1 1 1
= +
r r1 r 2
If the cells have equal emf E, and same
internal resistance r
then, req = r/n
E
¿ I=
Current
R+ ( nr )

Capacitance Resistance Inductance

1 C = q/V R = V/I L = ϕ/I = Magnetic flux /current
2 dV Current I = V/R dI
Current I =C Induced Emf ε =L
dt dt
3 Capacitance of parallel plate ρL Self- inductance of solenoid
Resistance R=
ϵ0 A A μ0 N A
2
capacitor C 0= 2
Lo=¿ μ 0 n Al=
d l
Electric energy 2
4 1 2 φ
2 Magnetic energy U = L I =
1 2 Q 2 2L
U= C V =
2 2C
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5 1 2 Magnetic energy density

Energy density u E= ϵ0 E 2
2 B
u B=
2 μ0
6 Series combination Series combination Series combination
1 1 1 1 R = R1 + R2 + R3 L = L1 + L2 + L3
= + + Parallel Combination Parallel Combination
C C1 C 2 C 3
Parallel Combination 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + = + +
C = C1 + C2 + C3 R R1 R2 R3 L L1 L 2 L 3
7 Capacitance of parallel plate Self Inductance of inductor in a
capacitor in medium other medium other than air
than air 2 2
L=μ n Al=μ r μ 0 n Al=μr L0
ϵA K ϵ 0 A
C= = =K C 0
d d
8 Dielectric constant or relative Relative permeability μr = L/L0
permittivity ϵr = K = C/C0
9 Dielectric constant K = ϵ/ϵ0 Relative permeability μr = μ/μ0
10 Mutual Inductance M =μ0 n1 n2 Al
μ0 N 1 N 2 A
Mutual Inductance M =
l
11 Capacitative reactance Inductive reactance X L =ωL=2 πϑL
1 1
XC= =
ωC 2 πϑC
12 Current I = V/XC = 2πϑ C Current I = V/R V V
Current I = =
X L ωL
V
Current I =
2 πϑL
13 Power dissipated in Capacitor Power P = I2 R = V2/R Power delivered in inductor in one
in one cycle = P = 0 cycle =P = 0

ELECTRICITY MAGNETISM
1 Electromotive force (emf) −dφ
Ε = Work done/charge = W/q Induced emf ε =
dt
Magnetic flux φ=N B A cos θ
d ( BA cos θ )
Induced emf ε =−N
dt
2 Motional emf
(a) Rectangular coil is dragged out from magnetic field ε =Bl v
(b) A conducting rod of length L is rotating in uniform magnetic field B
1 2
of radius R with angular frequency ω ε = Bω R
2
3 AC Generator Magnetic flux φ=N B A cos θ=N B A cos ( ωt )
Induced emf ε =N B A ω sin ωt
Maximum or Amplitude of emf ε 0=N B A ω
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Sl.No. Wheatstone Bridge Meter Bridge

1 When current does not flow through Principle
galvanometer ( Ig=0) , Resistance R
P R R α Length(L)
=
Q S
2 Unknown resistance
( 100−L )
X =R ×
L

Sl.No. Galvanometer
Principle Sensitivities Galvanometer to Galvanometer to
Ammeter Voltmeter
1 Current I α θ Current sensitivity Shunt resistance S High resistance R should
should be connected in be connected in series to
Torque experienced by θ NBA Parallel to Ammeter Voltmeter
the coil = IG G V
I k R= −G
τ = N I A B sin φ S=
I −I G IG
Angle φ = 900 Voltage sensitivity
τ=NIAB G
θ NBA Or S=
= k −1
Torque experienced by V kR
the spring Where k = I/Ig
τ=kθ

NIAB=kθ

AC GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
1 Principle Principle : Mutual Induction
Electromagnetic Induction V S I P Ns
= = VP = Voltage across Primary coil
V P IS NP
Vs = Voltage across Secondary coil
2 Magnetic flux Step Down Transformer Step Up Transformer
φ=N B A cos θ=N B A cos ( ωt ) Vp ˃ VS , Vp ˂ VS ,
Induced emf ε =N B A ω sin ωt Np ˃ NS , Np ˂ NS ,
Maximum or Amplitude of emf Ip ˂ IS Ip ˃ IS
ε 0=N B A ω
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IMPORTANT LAWS

Sl. No. Law or Principle Mathematical statement Formula

1 Coulomb's law in q1 q 2 1 q1 q 2
electricity Fα F 0=
r2 4 π ϵ 0 r2
2 Gauss's Law q q = Total charge in closed
φE= surface
ϵ0
3 Capacitor Potential difference V α Q V/ Q = C
4 Ohm's Law VαI V=RI
5 Joule's law of heating Q α I2 R t Q = I2 R t
6 Kirchhoff's rules Current Rule
At a junction, Sum of the incoming currents =
Sum of outgoing currents
Voltage rule
For a closed loop,
Algebraic sum of emf's of cells and the
potential drops across resistances is zero
7 Wheat stone Bridge When current across galvanometer is zero,
condition P R
=
Q S
8 Meter Bridge RαL R = k L,
Resistance gradient =
R/L = constant k
9 Potentiometer εαL Potential Gradient
ε/L = constant
10 Biot-Savart Law I dl sin θ μ0 ⃗
Idl× r^
dB ∝ dB=
r2 4 π r2
11 Ampere's circuital Law B * Circumference = μ0 * I I= Total Current in closed
surface
12 Coulomb's law in m1 m2 μ0 m1 m2
Magnetism Fα F=
d 2
4 π d2
13 Gauss's Law in Magnetic flux over a closed surface ΦB = 0
Magnetism
14 Galvanometer Deflection θ α I Θ / I = constant
15 Tangent Law BV
tan δ= δ=Inclination
BH
16 Curie Law 1 χm = (C/T)
Magnetic susceptibility χ m α
T
17 Faraday's Law −dφ
ε=
dt
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IMPORTANT RULES WITHOUT MATHEMATICAL STATEMENTS

Sl.NO PHYSICAL QUANTITY NAME OF THE RULES STATEMENT

1 Electric force Superposition Principle The force between two charges in a sytem of
charges is unaffected by the presence of the
third or more charges in a system
2 Magnetic field Right Hand Thumb Rule Imagine that you are holding a current-
carrying straight conductor in your right hand
such that the thumb points towards the
direction of current. Then your fingers will
wrap around the conductor in the direction
of the field lines of the magnetic field
3 Magnetic Force Fleming's Left Hand Rule Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle
finger of left hand such that they are
mutually perpendicular. If the first finger
points in the direction of magnetic field and
the second finger in the direction of current,
then the thumb will point in the direction of
motion or the force acting on the conductor
4 Induced emf Lenz's Law The polarity of induced emf is such that it
tends to produce a current which opposes
the change in the magnetic flux that
produced it.
5 Induced Current Fleming's Right Hand Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle
Rule finger of right hand so that they are
perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger
indicates the direction of the magnetic field
and the thumb shows the direction of motion
of conductor, then the middle finger will
show the direction of induced current.

PROPERTIES
SL NO PHYSICAL QUANTITY
1 Charge
2 Electric Field Lines
3 Equi-potential surfaces
4 Magnetic field of a
solenoid
5 Magnetic field lines
9
PROPERTIES
Quantisation of charge Q = Ne N = Integer
The total charge of a body is an integral multiple of charge
Additivity: The total charge of the system is the algebraic sum of all
individual charge
Conservation of charge Total charge of an isolated system remains
unchanged with time or constant
Electric field start at positive charge and end at negative charge
They cannot form closed loops
The tangent at any point on the field line gives the direction of
electric field at that point
Field lines are continuous without any breaks
Two field lines cannot cross each other
Electric field lines contract longitudinally and contract laterally
No of electric field lines per unit area is directly proportional to
electric field
Electric field lines are perpendicular to the surface
Electric field is stronger, if they are closer and weaker, if they are
apart from each other
Electric potential at every point is same on equi-potential surface
Work done by a moving charge on equi-potential surface is zero
Electric field is perpendicular to the equi-potential surface
Two equi-potential surfaces do not cross each other
Equi-potential surfaces are closer in the region of strong electric
field. and are apart in the region of weak electric field.
Electric field is in the direction in which the potential decreases
steepest
Equi-potential surfaces indicate the regions of strong or weak
electric field
Electric field is negative gradient of electric potential
If separation is small electric field is large.
The field lines inside the solenoid are in the form of parallel straight
lines.
The magnetic field is the same at all points inside the solenoid. That
is, the field is uniform inside the solenoid
Magnetic field lines start at north pole and end at south pole
They form closed loops
The tangent at any point on the field line gives the direction of
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magnetic field at that point

Field lines are continuous without any breaks
Two field lines cannot cross each other
Magnetic field lines contract longitudinally and contract laterally
No of magnetic field lines per unit area is directly proportional to
magnetic field
Magnetic field is stronger, if they are closer and weaker, if they are
apart from each other

CONDITIONS:

SL.NO. PHYSICAL QUANTITY

1 Conductors in electrostatic
field
2 Neutral Points in
magnetism
3 Ampere's circuital law
4 Step-down transformer
5 Step-Up transformer
6 Resonance in LCR circuit
Electric field inside a conductor is zero.
Electric field is normal to the surface of the conductor
Conductors are equi-potential surfaces
The volume charge density is zero
The electric field inside the conductor is zero
The electric potential is constant throughout the surface of the
conductor
The charge resides on the surface of the conductor
Electric field inside the cavity of conductor is zero
The points, where the net magnetic field due to a bar magnet
and the earth is zero
The horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field is equal
to the magnetic field of the bar magnet
B = BH
Applicable for a closed loop
Magnetic field is tangential to the loop and is non-zero constant
Magnetic field is normal to the loop
No of turns in Primary coil is more than the no of turns in
secondary coil Np ˃ NS
Voltage across Primary coil is more than the voltage across
secondary coil Vp ˃ VS ,
,Current in primary coil is less than current in secondary coil Ip ˂ IS
No of turns in Primary coil is less than the no of turns in
secondary coil Np ˂ NS
Voltage across Primary coil is less than the voltage across
secondary coil Vp ˂ VS
,Current in primary coil is more than current in secondary coil Ip ˃ IS
Inductive reactance = Capacitative reactance
1
XL = X c or ω=
√ LC
VL = V c
Impedance Z = R
V V
Current = I = maximum I = =
Z R
Phase difference = 00 Voltage and current are inphase
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Power factor = cos θ =1

2 2
V rms V rms
Power delivered is maximum P= 2
R=
Z R

Hysteresis

Hysteresis is the phenomenon of lagging behind Magnetic field(B) with respect to Magnetic intensity(H)

Hysteresis Loop: The loss of energy per unit volume of the substance is the area of B-H Curve or Loop.

Sl.No. Soft Iron Steel

1 Retentivity of soft iron is more than
Soft iron
2 Coercivity is of soft iron is less than
soft iron
It means soft iron can be damaged
very easily than steel
3 Area of hysteresis loop of soft iron is
less than that of steel
Hysteresis loss of soft iron is less than
that of steel
Retentivity of steel is less than soft iron
Coercivity of steel is more than soft iron
It means it is difficult to damage steel than soft iron
Area of hysteresis loop of steel is more than that of soft
iron
Hysteresis loss of steel is more than that of soft iron

NATURE OF MATERIAL

Sl. No. Name of the material Made of Property

1 Permanent Magnet Cobalt Steel, Alnico, Ticonal High Permeability
High Retentivity
High Coercivity
2 Electromagnet Soft Iron High Permeability
Low Retentivity
Low coercivity
3 Cores of Generators, Soft Iron, Mumetal Narrow Hysteresis loop or
Motors and transformer Small hysteresis loss
cores, Higher retentivity to reduce eddy current
Telephone diaphragms losses
Cobalt steel is an alloy of Cobalt, Tungsten, Carbon and Iron
Alnico is an alloy of Aluminium, Nickel, Cobalt. Copper and Iron
Mumetal is an alloy of Ni, Fe, Cu and Cr

FACTORS DECIDING THE STRENGTH OF ELECTROMAGNET

SL. No. Factor Material Properties

1 Nature of the material Soft Iron, Silicon Iron, Mumetal Thin and Long Hysteresis loop
High Permeability
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Low retentivity
2 Electric current Ferromagnetic substance Strong magnetic field is required
3 No of turns per unit
length
4 Temperature Low