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5 6
zˆ )
2 Assume R′ ≅ R 8
2 2
m (v′ − v ) m (v′ v)(v′ − v)
ev′B e
e
R R
eRB
∴ ∆v (v′ − v) ≈ When B is turn on, the electron speeds
7 2me up.
1 rˆ ′ ∂ ′ ′() x − x ′) ( y − y ( z − z ′)
∇′ x y z
The vector potential of a single dipole m xˆ ′( x −x′) yˆ ′( y −y′) zˆ ′( z −z′) rˆ
r2 r
is
2 2 2 3/2 2
(( x − x′) ( y − y′) ( z − z ′) ) r
0 m 0 1
rˆ
A(r)
4 r 2 The vector potential A(r) M(r′) (∇′ )d ′
is 4 ∫ r
In the magnetized object, each volume element carries Using the product rule ∇ ( fA) ∇f A f (∇ A)
a
dipole moment Md’, so the total vector potential and integrating by part, we have
is
A(r) 0 [∇ M(r )] ∇ [ M (r′) ]
1−
′ d′ d ′
∫
′
0 M (r′) 4 r ∫′
A(r) ∫ d ′ r
rˆ
4
r2
0 1 1 how? Prob. 1.60
∫ [∇′ M(r′)]d ′ 0 [M(r′) nˆ ′]da′
11 4 ∫ 4 r 12
r
Vector potential and Bound Currents
0
1 0 1
A(r) ∫ [∇′ M(r′)]d ′ ∫ [M(r′) nˆ ′]da′
4 r 4 r
J b ∇′ M(r′) K b M(r′) nˆ ′
volume current surface current
−R sin y0 ˆ cos ′
3
A(r) ∫ sin ′d ′d ′
4 r R 2 − 2rR cos ′
2
Sol :First, let the observer is in the z axis and is tilted at an angle −R sin yˆ
3
− cos ′
K(r′) d cos ′
(2 ) r R − 2rR cos ′
2 2
Vector potential is A(r) 0 ∫ da′ 0
∫
4
4
0
r
− 0 R sin yˆ
3 1
The surface current density K (r′) v′ u
∫−1 r 2 R 2 − 2rRu du
2
15
16
−0 R
3
sinyˆ (2 R r
2
Rr ) | R −r |2−( R2 r −Rr )( Example 6.1 Find the magnetic field of a
A(r) (−
R r )
) 2
2 3R r uniformly magnetized sphere of radius R.
2
0 R
A(r) 2 (ω r) inside Sol : Choosing the z axis along the direction of M,
R
0 (ω r) J′ ∇ M 0
outside
3 b
2r we have
K ′b M nˆ ′ M sin φˆ
Reverting to the “natural” coordinate, we have The surface current density is analogous to that of a spinning
spherical shell with uniform surface current density.
Ampere’s law can be written: D allows us to write Gauss’s law in terms of free change alone.
1
(∇ B) J J J b J ∇ D 0E , ∇ ⋅ D= f
P
0
f
f M H permits us to express Ampere’s law in terms of free current
1 1
⇒ ∇ ( B − M) J alone.
H B− ∇HJf
0 f
M,
0
H What we can control directly.
In terms of H, then the Ampere’s law reads
∇ H J (differential form) Why can’t we turn the bound currents on or off
f
independently?
(integral form)
∫ H ⋅ dl I 21 22
25 26
∇HJf Habove
// //
− below Kf
H nˆ Problems: 6.4, 6.10, 6.13, 6.15
⇒
∇ ⋅ H −∇ ⋅ M Habove
⊥ ⊥
− below − above
⊥
− ⊥
below
)
⇒ H (M M
The corresponding boundary condition in terms of B and total
surface current K.
∇ B 0 ⇒ B above
//
− B//below 0 (K nˆ )
J
∇⋅ B 0 Babove
⊥
−B ⊥
below
0
⇒
How to express the boundary conditions at metal or
dielectric interface? 27 28
nIzˆ
⇒ ∇ ⋅M≠0
B 0 (1 m )nIzˆ
The enhancement of the magnetic field strength depends on
and J b ∇ M ∇ m H m J f
the susceptibility of the material.
Is there a material that the field is significantly enhanced? 31 32
Hysteresis Loop
phase transitions
36
Homework #12
37 38
39 40
Quantum mechanics’ viewpoint sz=1/2 In reality, however, the existence of damping forces will
cause the magnetic dipole to spiral in from its initial angle
In the absence of any damping forces, the actual until m is aligned with B0.
precession angle will be determined by the initial
position of the magnetic dipole, and the dipole will This explains why sz equals 1/2 in the Quantum
precess about B0 at this angle indefinitely (free Mechanics.
precession). But where does the damping force come from?
Saturation magnetization
The material is then said to be magnetically saturated,
and Ms is denoted as the saturation magnetization. Ms
As the strength of the bias
typically ranges from 4Ms=300 to 5000 Gauss.
field H0 is increased,
more magnetic dipole
moments will align with H0 Below saturation, ferrite materials can be very lossy
until all are aligned, and at microwave frequencies, and rf interaction is
M reaches an upper limit. reduced.
43
The ferrites are usually operated in the saturated state.
44
The saturation
magnetization of a
material is a strong
function of temperature,
decreasing as
temperature increases.
This effect can be understood by noting that the
vibrational energy of an atom increases with Why use B 4 M H (Gaussian unit)
temperature, making it more difficult to align all the 4Ms? H
magnetic dipoles.
At a high enough temperature a zero net magnetization The unit of B is gauss; the unit of H is Oersted. They have
results. This temperature is called the Curie temperature, same dimension.
Tc. What does ∆H and Mr mean?
45
Ferrite linewidth and remanent magnetization
46
magnetization is y dt dt
0 m
the ferrite given by M t M s zˆ dM y
−( H d 2 My dH x
M . ),
2
M 0 M y 0m H
Ms is the dc saturation magnetization and is 0 x m 2
dt dt −
M the x m
dt
y.
field. 0
jt
The component equations of If M and ∝ e , the aboveequtionscan be reduced to
motion: H
dM x the phasor equations:
− M H ) M )
(H (M Hs
xx xy 0
0 y 0 z 0 z
dt
( − x j H
2 2
0 ) 0 ,m
y
M H x m y
M H
dM y
0H,
− M H )− M ) ( 2 − 2 ) − j H
yy
(H (M H M H . yx
0 x 0 z 0 s z
dt 0
x
y m 0
y
m
0 0 0
x
0
0
dM z 0m jm
− M M where and
H H −
0 x
0 y x xx
yy 2 − 2 xy
yx 2 −2 48
dt 47
y
49
50
propagation constant
RHCP LHCP
M 0m H ,
x
− m
m
⇒ H ⇒ 0 (1 ) RHCP
−j M − −0
M m
H . 0
y
0 m
(1 LHCP
−
−
)
0
0 51
52
tan−1
Ey −
−( − This effect is called Faraday rotation. 54
)A.
Ex 2 53
57 58