Transformers

Presented by:-
Dr. Hira Singh Sachdev
 Introduction
An A.C. device used to change high voltage low
current A.C. into low voltage high current A.C. and
vice-versa without changing the frequency
In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual
inductive influence of each other.
 Important Formulae

1. Flux Density B 
a
2. Absolute Permeability (  )   0   r

3. MMF  NI Ampere
NI
4. Magnetic Field Intensity H  AT / m
l
l
5. Reluctance S  AT / wb
0  r a
l1 l2
6. Reluctance in series Stotal    ........
0  r1 a1 0  r2 a2

1  0  r a1  0  r a2 NI
7. Reluctance in parallel  1
 2
 ........ 8. Flux  
Stotal l1 l2 S
 Definition of Magnetic Quantities
♪ The various terms involved with magnetism are grouped as
follows:

1.Magnetic Flux (Φ ) :
 The magnetic lines of force produced by a magnet is
called magnetic flux.
 Its unit is Weber
 1 wb = 108 magnetic lines
= 108 Maxwells
Definition of Magnetic Quantities
Definition of Magnetic Quantities
Definition of Magnetic Quantities
 Definition of Magnetic Quantities

7. Reluctance (S):
 Reluctance is the property of an magnetic circuit by
which the setting up of flux is opposed. i.e. S = NI/Φ
 Its unit is Amp-turns/web
 Definition of Magnetic Quantities
8. Permeance (P):
 It is the reciprocal of reluctance and it is the readiness
with which magnetic flux is developed.
 Its unit is web/Amp-turns
Comparison Between Magnetic and Electric Circuits
Ohm’s Law of Magnetic Circuit
 Analysis of Simple Magnetic Circuit
♪ Consider a circular solenoid or a toroidal iron ring having a magnetic path of l
meters, area of cross-section ‘a’ m2 and a coil of N turns carrying I amperes.
Analysis of Simple Magnetic Circuit
 Hysteresis loop
The graphical representation of flux density (B) and magnetizing force (H) in a
magnetic material subjected to cycles of magnetization is known as magnetic
hysteresis curve.
 Magnetic Hysteresis Loop (or) B-H Curve
♪ The Magnetic Hysteresis loop above, shows the behavior of a ferromagnetic core
graphically as the relationship between B and H is non-linear. Starting with an
unmagnetised core both B and H will be at zero, point 0 on the magnetisation
curve.
♪ If the magnetisation current, ‘I’ is increased in a positive direction to some value
the magnetic field strength H increases linearly with ‘I’ and the flux density B will
also increase as shown by the curve from point ‘0’ to point ‘a’ as it heads towards
saturation.
♪ Now if the magnetising current in the coil is reduced to zero, the magnetic field
circulating around the core also reduces to zero. However, the coils magnetic flux
will not reach zero due to the residual magnetism present within the core and this
is shown on the curve from point a to point b.
 Magnetic Hysteresis Loop (or) B-H Curve
♪ To reduce the flux density at point ‘b’ to zero we need to reverse the current
flowing through the coil. The magnetising force which must be applied to null the
residual flux density is called a “Coercive Force”. This coercive force reverses the
magnetic field re-arranging the molecular magnets until the core becomes
unmagnetised at point ‘c’.
♪ An increase in this reverse current causes the core to be magnetised in the
opposite direction and increasing this magnetisation current further will cause
the core to reach its saturation point but in the opposite direction, point ‘f’ on the
curve.
♪ If the magnetising current is reduced again to zero the residual magnetism
present in the core will be equal to the previous value but in reverse at point ‘e’.
 Magnetic Hysteresis Loop (or) B-H Curve
♪ Again reversing the magnetising current flowing through the coil this time into a
positive direction will cause the magnetic flux to reach zero, point ‘d’ on the curve
and as before increasing the magnetisation current further in a positive direction
will cause the core to reach saturation at point ‘a’.

♪ The B-H curve follows the path of a-b-c-f-e-d-a as the magnetising current flowing
through the coil alternates between a positive and negative value such as the
cycle of an AC voltage. This path is called a Magnetic Hysteresis Loop.
 Circuit Diagram & Symbol for a Transformer

Circuit Diagram of Transformer Symbol of Transformer

♪ An electrical power transformer is a static device, which transforms electrical

energy from one circuit to another without with out changing its power and
frequency, but may be at different voltage levels depending upon the need.
Constructional detail : Shell type

• Windings are wrapped around the center leg of a

laminated core.
 Core type

• Windings are wrapped around two sides of a laminated square

core.
Principle of operation

It is based on
principle of MUTUAL
INDUCTION.
According to which
an e.m.f. is induced
in a coil when
current in the
neighbouring coil
changes.
The Principle of Operation of a Transformer
 E.M.F. Equation of A Transformer

♪ Consider an alternating voltage V 1 of frequency f is applied to the primary as

shown in figure, the sinusoidal flux Φ produced by the primary winding can be
represented as:
  m sin t
♪ The instantaneous E.M.F. induced in the primary is
d d
e1   N1   N1 (m sin t )
dt dt
 2 f N1m sin(t  900 )
E1  4.44 fN1m
E2  4.44 fN 2m
Voltage Transformation Ratio (K)
 Construction of Transformer
♪ The three main parts of a transformer are:
1. Primary Winding: The winding that takes electrical power, and produces
magnetic flux when it is connected to an electrical source.
2. Magnetic Core: Provides a path for the magnetic lines of flux produced by
the primary winding. The flux passes through a low reluctance path linked
with secondary winding creating a closed magnetic circuit.
3. Secondary Winding: The winding that provides the desired output voltage
due to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
Transformer with conservator and
breather
Non-Ideal Transformer or Practical Transformer
 Transformer on No Load
For Ideal Transformer
♪The core flux is common to both primary and secondary
windings in a transformer and is thus taken as the
reference phasor in a phasor diagram.
♪On no-load the primary winding takes a small no-load
current I0 and since, with losses neglected, the primary
winding is a pure inductor, this current lags the applied
voltage V1 by 900.
♪The primary induced e.m.f. E1 is in phase opposition to
V1 (by Lenz’s law) and is shown 1800 out of phase with V1
and equal in magnitude.
♪The secondary induced e.m.f. is shown for a 2:1 turns
ratio transformer.
Transformer on No Load
 Transformer on load

Fig. a: Ideal transformer on load

Fig. b: Main flux and leakage
flux in a transformer
Equivalent circuit parameters referred to
primary and secondary sides respectively
Equivalent circuit of a transformer

No load equivalent circuit:

Transformer on Load
 Transformer on Load
♪ Thus the primary current I1 of transformer under load has two components.

1. The first one is no load current Io

2. Other current is the load component of current I 2’.

♪ The load component of current I2’ is anti phase with secondary current I 2. The
phase of this current is decided by the nature of load connected.
Transferring secondary parameters to
primary side
 Contd.,
• The effect of circuit parameters shouldn’t be changed while
transferring the parameters from one side to another side
• It can be proved that a resistance of R2 in sec. is equivalent to
R2/k2 will be denoted as R2’(ie. Equivalent sec. resistance w.r.t
primary) which would have caused the same loss as R2 in
secondary,
I 12 R2'  I 22 R2
2
 I2 
R  
'
2
 R2
 I1 
R2
 2
k
 Equivalent circuit referred to
secondary side
•Transferring primary side parameters to secondary side

Similarly exciting circuit parameters are also transferred to

secondary as Ro’ and Xo’
equivalent circuit w.r.t primary

where
 Approximate equivalent circuit
The voltage regulation is the percentage of
voltage difference between no load and full
load voltages of a transformer with respect to
its no load voltage.
In terms of secondary values
0 V2  V2 I 2 R02 cos 2  I 2 X 02 sin 2
% regulation  
0 V2 0 V2

where ' ' for lagging and '-' for leading

In terms of primary values
V1  V2' I1 R01 cos 1  I1 X 01 sin 1
% regulation  
V1 V1
where ' ' for lagging and '-' for leading
no - load voltage  full - load voltage
Voltage regulation 
no - load voltage
 Transformer Phasor Diagram

Based upon the equivalent circuit, apply Kirchoff Voltage Law,

VP
 VS  Req I S  jX eq I S
k

Electrical Machines
 Transformer Phasor Diagram
For lagging loads.

When the power factor is unity.

05/21/23 Electrical Machines

 Aamir Hasan Khan
48
 Transformer Phasor Diagram

With a leading power factor.

05/21/23 Electrical Machines

 Aamir Hasan Khan
49
 Transformer Losses and Efficiency
There are broadly two types of losses in transformers on load, these being copper
losses and iron losses.

Losses in Transformer

Copper Losses Iron Losses

Hysteresis Losses Eddy Current Losses

 Transformer Efficiency
Transformer efficiency is defined as (applies to motors, generators and
transformers):
Pout
   100%
Pin
Pout
  100%
Pout  Ploss
Types of losses incurred in a transformer:
Copper or I2R losses
Hysteresis losses
Eddy current losses
Therefore, for a transformer, efficiency may be calculated using the following:
VS I S cos 
 x100%
PCu  Pcore  VS I S cos 

Electrical Machines
 Condition for maximum efficiency
• Cu loss = I12 R01 Iron loss =Wh  We  Wi
considering primary side
Primary input = V1 I1 cos 1

V1 I1 cos 1  losses

V1 I1 cos 1
2
V1 I1 cos 1  I1 R01  Wi

V1 I1 cos 1
I1 R01 Wi
 1 
V1 cos 1 V1 I1 cos 1
Differentiating both sides w.r.t I1, we get
 dη R 01 Wi
 0 
dI1 V1cosφ1 V1 I 21cosφ1

dη
For η to be maximum, dI1
0

R 01 Wi
0  0 
V1cosφ1 V1 I 2 1 cosφ1
R 01 Wi
 
V1cosφ1 V1 I 2 1 cosφ1
 I 2 1 R 01  Wi
Cu loss  Iron loss
Core or Iron loss:

Copper loss:
All-day efficiency of a transformer
• The performance of transformer is judged by
all-day efficiency also known as operational
efficiency
• It is calculated on the basis of energy
consumed during a day of 24hours
out put in watts
ordinary commercial efficiency 
input in watts

output in kWh
 all day  ( for 24 hours)
Input in kWh
 Open-circuit Test
In Open Circuit Test the transformer’s secondary winding is open-circuited, and
its primary winding is connected to a full-rated line voltage.

• Usually conducted on Core loss  Woc  V0 I 0 cos 0

L.V. side Woc
cos 0 
• To find V0 I 0
(i) No load loss or core I c or I w  I 0 cos 0
loss I m or I   I 0 sin 0  I 02 -I w2
(ii) No load current Io
which is helpful in
finding Ro and Xo
No load equivalent circuit
 Short-circuit Test
In Short Circuit Test the secondary terminals are short circuited, and the
primary terminals are connected to a fairly low-voltage source
The input voltage is adjusted until the current in the short circuited
windings is equal to its rated value. The input voltage, current and power is
measured.
W A

LV
supply V

High Voltage winding Low Voltage winding

• Usually conducted on H.V. side

• To find
(i) Full load copper loss – to pre determine the
efficiency
(ii) Z01 or Z02; X01 or X02; R01 or R02 - to predetermine the
voltage regulation
Contd…

Full load cu loss  Wsc  I sc2 R01

Wsc
R 01 
I sc2
Vsc
Z 01 
I sc
 X 01  Z 012  R012
 Problems
? An ideal transformer has a turns ratio
of 8:1 and the primary current is 3 A
when it is supplied at 240 V. Calculate
the secondary voltage and current.
Sol:
? An ideal transformer, connected to a
240 V mains, supplies a 12 V, 150 W
lamp. Calculate the transformer turns
ratio and the current taken from the
supply.
Sol:
?
Problems
A 5 kVA single-phase transformer has a turns ratio of 10:1 and is fed from a 2.5 kV supply. Neglecting losses, determine (a) the full load secondary current,
(b) the minimum load resistance which can be connected across the secondary winding to give full load kVA and (c) the primary current at full load kVA.
? A single-phase, 50 Hz transformer has 25 primary turns and 300 secondary turns. The cross-sectional area of the core is 300 cm 2. When the primary winding
is connected to a 250 V supply, determine (a) the maximum value of the flux density in the core, and (b) the voltage induced in the secondary winding.

Sol: Sol:
?
Problems
A single-phase 500 V/100 V, 50 Hz transformer has a maximum core flux ? A 2400 V/400 V single-phase transformer takes a no-load current of 0.5 A and the core
density of 1.5 T and an effective core cross-sectional area of 50 cm 2. loss is 400 W. Determine the values of the magnetizing and core loss components of the
no-load current. Draw to scale the no-load phasor diagram for the transformer.
Determine the number of primary and secondary turns.
Sol:
Sol:
?
Problems
A transformer takes a current of 0.8 A when its primary is connected to a 240 volt, 50 Hz supply, the ? Find (i) active and reactive components of no-load current; and (ii) no-load current of a 440/220 V single-
secondary being on open circuit. If the power absorbed is 72 watts, determine (a) the iron loss current, (b) phase transformer if the power input on no-load to the high voltage winding is 80 W and power factor of no-
the power factor on no-load and (c) the magnetizing current. load current is 0.3 lagging.
Sol: Sol:
THANKS