What is Electromagnetism?

Introduction in Pictures
Branislav K. Nikolić
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, U.S.A.

PHYS 208 Honors: Fundamentals of Physics II

http://www.physics.udel.edu/~bnikolic/teaching/phys208/phys208.html
Electromagnetism: Fundamentals

PHYS 208 Honors: What is Electromagnetism?

Electromagnetism: Applications

PHYS 208 Honors: What is Electromagnetism?

Origin of Charged Objects:
Elementary Particles, Standard Model, and All That

PHYS 208 Honors: What is Electromagnetism?

Fundamental Forces Between
Elementary Particles

PHYS 208 Honors: What is Electromagnetism?

History of Elementary Particles

PHYS 208 Honors: What is Electromagnetism?

Coulomb Force vs. Gravitational Force

1 q1 q2 m1m2
=F = = 2 on 1 = G
Coulomb Coulomb
F F1gravity F gravity
4πε 0
1 on 2 2 on 1
r2 on 2
r2

Coulomb 2
Felectron qelectron 1
on proton
= ∼ 1039
gravity
Felectron on proton 4πε 0 Gmelectron m proton
PHYS 208 Honors: What is Electromagnetism?
Expressing Force Action Through Field

Fon q at ( x , y , z )
E ( x, y , z ) =
q

PHYS 208 Honors: What is Electromagnetism?

Examples of Gravitational Fields

PHYS 208 Honors: What is Electromagnetism?

Electric Field of Point Charges

PHYS 208 Honors: What is Electromagnetism?

Where Does Magnetism Come From?
(Ga,Mn)As

Magnetic fields are produced by electric currents, which can be macroscopic currents
in wires, or microscopic currents associated with electrons in atomic orbits – magnetic
field sources are essentially dipolar in nature, having a north and south magnetic pole.

PHYS 208 Honors: What is Electromagnetism?

How strong is “Magnetic” Force?
 Lorentz   
F = qE + q v × B
 
v v  1 q    
µ 0 qv × r
E (2) = r B (2) =
4πε 0 r 3
4π r 3
 
  v × E(2)

r B(2) = ε 0 µ0v × E(2) = 2
q 1 2 q c
 magnetic vE (2)  magnetic
F1 on 2 = q vB (2) = q v 2 F1 on 2 v
2
c  electric =   ≈ 10−24
 electric q F1 on 2 c for two copper
F1 on 2 = q = q E (2)
4πε 0 r 2 wires

PHYS 208 Honors: What is Electromagnetism?

Electric vs. Magnetic vs. Electromagnetic
Field

   
E′ = E+ v×B
 
v0 ≪ c ⇒    
v0 × E
B′ = B−
 c2

Electric and magnetic fields are

not invariant entities themselves,
but are aspects of a single entity,
the electromagnetic field, which
manifests itself differently to
different moving observers.

PHYS 208 Honors: What is Electromagnetism?

Electrodynamics:
Electromagnetic Waves

PHYS 208 Honors: What is Electromagnetism?