NEXT EXIT

Chapter 2
Electrostatic Fields
(in free space)
 Content
1. Introduction the Electrostatic Fields
Maxwell’s Equations

Coulomb’s law

Gauss’s law

2. Electric Charge Distribution

Electric Intensity due to Single Point Charge

Electric Intensity due to Multiple Point Charges

Electric Field of a Line Charge

Electric Field of a Sheet Charge

Electric Field of a Ring Charge PREVIOUS NEXT

 Electromagnetic Fields (Maxwell’s Equations )

1. Modern electromagnetism is based on four fundamental relations

Gauss’s Law Gauss’s Law
   
  D  v B  0
Electric Magnetic
Faraday’s Law Phenomenon Ampere’s Law Phenomenon
 
  B    D
 E    H  J 
t t

 
where E is the electric field, H is the magnetic field,

D is the electric flux density or electric displacement,
 
B is the magnetic flux density, J is the current density,

v is the charge density.

PREVIOUS NEXT
 Electrostatic Fields
1. In the static case, all charges are permanently fixed in space.


2. If the charges move, they move at steady rate, so  v and J are
constant in time ( dB dt  0 )

3. Thus, for electrostatics, Maxwell’s equations are:

  v  
E   E  0
o

(a) (b)

(a) The electric field intensity over any closed surface in free space is
equal to the total charge enclosed in the surface.

(b) The static electric fields are irrotational.

PREVIOUS NEXT
 Coulomb’s law (Experimental law) (1)

1. Coulomb’s law states that the force F between two point charges
Q1 and Q2 with distance R is:

a) Directly proportional to the product Q1Q2 of the charges.

F  Q1Q2

b) Inversely proportional to the square of the distance R between them.

1
F 2
R
2. Formulation:
 kQ1Q2
F 2
aˆ n
R
where k is the proportionality constant depends on the choice of
system.
PREVIOUS NEXT
 Coulomb’s law (2)
Example Determine force F between two point charges
Z 20 μC Q1 and Q2 with distance R21
Q1
(0, 1, 2) m Step 1

 R
R21  xˆ dx  yˆ dy  zˆ dz aˆ 21  21
-300 μC R21
Y  0  2 xˆ  1  0 yˆ  2  0 zˆ
Q2  2 xˆ  yˆ  2 zˆ
 2 xˆ  yˆ  2 zˆ 
(2, 0, 0) m 3
X

Step 2 Step 3
 kQ1Q2
F aˆ 21 F
  

 20  10 6 C  300  10 6 C   2 xˆ  yˆ  2 zˆ 

R212
4 o 3 m 
2
 3 
kQ1Q2   2 xˆ  yˆ  2 zˆ 
 2   N  2 xˆ  yˆ  2 zˆ 
3 m   3   6
 3
N

1
k  4 xˆ  2 yˆ  4 zˆ N PREVIOUS NEXT
4 o
 Introduction of Gauss’s law (1)

Before Gauss’s law has been studied, some parameters are requested to know:

1. Total electric flux, Ψ

2. Total charge, Q

3. Electric field intensity, E (so-called Electric field strength)

4. Electric flux density, D (so-called Electric displacement)

5. Charge density, ρ

The relationship between flux, Ψ and flux density, D is given as:

  E
E
A
C m  2

Also  Q
D
A
C m  2
Area A
 Introduction of Gauss’s law (2)

Gauss’s law states that the total electric flux, Ψ through any closed surface is equal to
the total charge, Q enclosed by that surface.

Q   o

The relationship between electric field intensity, E and flux density, D is given as:

D   o r E

where  o is the permittivity of free space. On the other hand,  r is the relative
permittivity of medium.
 Introduction of Gauss’s law (3)

In practise, the Gauss’s law is normally expressed in term of D into two forms, namely
integral and differential forms:

Integral form Differential form

   
  D  v
Q S
D  dS

 
Q  S
 o r E  dS  
E  v
   o r
   E  dS
S

If 
D  D  nˆ
 s
 Gauss’s law (Experimental law)

1. Electric field intensity, E is the force per unit charge when placed
in an electric field.

 F
E
Q
kQ
 2 aˆ n
R
Q
 aˆ Only valid for point charge.
4 o R 2 n

2. Gauss’s law state that the electric flux passing through any closed
surface is equal to the total charge enclosed by that surface.
 
Q S
D  dS

PREVIOUS NEXT
 Gauss’s law (2)
Example

Find E at the origin due to a point charge of 64.4 nC located at (-4 , 3 , 2) m in Cartesian
coordinates.

Solution

The E due to a point charge Q at the origin in spherical coordinates:
 Q
E aˆ r
4 o r 2

Solve unit vector


r  64.4  10 9 C 4 xˆ  3 yˆ  2 zˆ
aˆ r   E
r  
4 8.8542  10 12 Fm 1 29m  29
4 xˆ  3 yˆ  2 zˆ  4 xˆ  3 yˆ  2 zˆ 
  20   V/m
4   3   2 
2 2
 29 
4 xˆ  3 yˆ  2 zˆ
 PREVIOUS NEXT

29
 Gauss’s law (3)
Example

Proof that the E field of the point charge:

Q
E
4 o  2

Using Gauss’s law and spherical coordinates:

Solution
 
Q   o  E  dS
From Gauss’s law S
  2 
Q   D  dS  o   Eˆ   2 sin  d d ˆ
S 0 0
  2 
  o  E  dS  oE   2 sin  d d
S 0 0


  o E 4 2 
and
 Thus,
dS   2 sin  d d ˆ Q
 E
E  E ̂ 4 o  2
Similarities and differences between Coulomb's Law and Gauss's Law

(1736 - 1806) (1777 - 1855)

Coulomb’s Law (Experimental Result) Gauss’s Law (Mathematical Derivation)

 Charles-Augustin de Coulomb was the first  Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was the first
to give definition to the phenomenon of to give definition to the phenomenon of
force between static charges in 1784. the electric field in a static state in 1813.

 The experimental result conducted by C. A.  The Gauss’s divergence theorem

de Coulomb, to describe the phenomenon derived by J. C. F. Gauss was applied
of electrostatic force is called the into electrostatic fields is called the
Coulomb’s Law. Gauss’s Law for the electric field.

The Coulomb’s Law can be mathematically proof by Gauss’s divergence theorem vice versa.
Thus, both ‘Law’ that apparently seems to be the same.
 Electric Intensity due to Multiple Point Charges(1)
1. If more than one charge at a different location in a vacuum, the total electric
field, E in the space external to the location of these charges is the vector
summation of the electric field originating from each individual charge.
    
E  E1  E 2  E3    E N
N 
  En
n 1

Example:
There has a point charge  another point charge Q2  0.55 C
Q1  0.35 C at (0, 4, 0) m and
at (3, 0, 0) m. Determine the total electric intensity, E at (0, 0, 5) m due to the both charges.
 
R1  4 yˆ  5 zˆ R2  3 xˆ  5 zˆ

E
 0.35  10 6   4 yˆ  5 zˆ    0.55 10 6   3 yˆ  5 zˆ 
E1    Vm 1 E2    Vm 1
4 o 41  41  4 o 34  34 
  
E  E1  E2
PREVIOUS NEXT
 74.9 xˆ  48.0 yˆ  64.9 zˆ
 PREVIOUS NEXT

Distribution of Charges (1)

1) Electric field due to point charges (Spherical Coordinates)

 Q
E aˆ r
4 o r 2

2) Electric field due to line charges (Cylindrical Coordinates)

 l
E aˆ r
2 o r

 l is the line charge density C m 

3) Electric field due to surface charges (Cylindrical Coordinates)

 s
E aˆ n
2 o

 S is the surface charge density C m 

2
 Distribution of Charges (2)
4) To determine the charge, Q for each distributions:
Line charge Surface charge
dQ   l dl dQ   s dS

Q    l dl Q    s dS
s
l

dQ   l dz dQ   l  d dQ   s  d dz dQ   s  d d
Q
Q

Q
Q

Volume charge (Special cases)

dQ   v dv
Q    v dv PREVIOUS NEXT
v
 Distribution of Charges (3)
Electric Field of a Line Charge

   
E  dE1  dE2    dE N
Line charge

dE3  1
dQ1  E dQ1 aˆ1  dQ2 aˆ2    dQN aˆ N 
dE 2 4 o R 2

 1 N
dE1 
4 o R 2  dQ aˆ
n1
n n

dQ2 1

4 o R 2  dQ aˆ r dQ1  dQ2    dQN
dQ3
Summation = Integration, if dQ → 0

  
PREVIOUS NEXT
 The Relationship between the Types of Coordinate Form of Static Fields Problem Cases.
Coordinate The problems most often encountered
Electrostatic Cases Magnetostatic Cases
Cartesian -Any uniform charge distribution using a -The current flowing on the horizontal
scale of Cartesian coordinates. infinite extent plane.

Cylindrical -Uniform charge distribution on -The current flowing in circumference.

cylindrical conductor.
-The current flowing in an infinite straight
-Uniform charge distribution on the infinite line.
length of line.
-The current flows in the solenoid and
-Uniform charge distribution on the infinite toroid.
extent horizontal plane.

-Uniform charge distribution on the

horizontal circle plane.

-Uniform charge distribution on the circle

line.

Spherical -Uniform charge distribution on the surface -Problem for the case of spheres less found.
of a sphere.

-Uniform charge distribution of the point.

 Distribution of Charges (4) PREVIOUS NEXT

Electric Field of a Line Charge

 dQ  ˆ  z  z zˆ 
dE   
4 o R 2   2  z 2 

z  ˆ  z  z zˆ 
dQ   l dl  l dz  

  l dz
4 o  2
z 2

2

  2
 z 2 


z  The component z is cancel out, the charge

R is contribute from location z and –z.

ρ    l dz  ˆ 
 
E 
-z
P


4 o   2  z2 
2 
  2  z 2 
dE   l  dz
 


4 o   z 2 2 32

ˆ

z   
l   z 
   ˆ
4 o   2
  z  
2 2

l
 ˆ
2 o 
Example:

Develop the expression in Cartesian coordinates for E due to an infinitely long, straight
charge configuration of uniform density,  l

Solution:

From previous slide:

 l
E ˆ
2 o 
z
As known that:

xxˆ  yyˆ
 x y
2 2 2
ˆ  y
x2  y2

Finally: x

  l xxˆ  yyˆ
E
2 o x 2  y 2
Example: Finite Line Charge
 d Q  ˆ  z  z zˆ 
dE 
4 o R 2   2  ( z  z ) 2 
  
z dE
 l dz  ˆ  z  z zˆ 
P   
ρ 2  
z  2
 2 
4 o    z  z     2
  z  z  2

α  
 Trigonometry:
R
 z  z  
cos   sin  
z’ R R
    
 

z  z   
  2  z  z 2    2  z  z 2 
   
y

x R
 z  z  R sin  z
 R sin 
z  R sin 
cos   sin   
  
cos   cos 2 

cos 2 
  d Q  ˆ  z  z zˆ 
dE 
4 o R 2   2  ( z  z ) 2 
 

z dE  l dz  ˆ  z  z zˆ 
  
P 2  
4 o   2  z  z      z  z 
ρ α2 2 2 2
z 
 
α1   
 l  2 d 
 cos 
R   2
 cos  ˆ  sin  zˆ 
  
4 o  
 cos  
z’
    
   
 l  2   cos 2   
 
4 o 1     2
E  cos  ˆ  sin  ˆ
z d

y 
  cos   
x  l  2
  cos  ˆ  sin  zˆ d
4 o   1

l
  sin  2  sin 1 ˆ  cos  2  cos 1 zˆ 
4 o 
 Distribution of Charges (5) PREVIOUS NEXT

Electric Field of a Sheet Charge

 d Q   ˆ  zzˆ 
dE 
4 o R 2   2  z 2 
Z
 s  d d   ˆ  zzˆ 
  


4 o  
2

 2  z2    z 
2 2 

dE
The component radial, ρ is cancel out,
P because of all direction of component
dQ   s dS
radial ρ around z
  s  d d
z   2   s  z d d
R E  
0 0

4 o   z 2

2 32
zˆ


ρ
Y s z  1 
Ø    zˆ
2 o   2  z 2  0

X s
   zˆ
2 o
 Distribution of Charges (Example) PREVIOUS NEXT

Electric Field of a Sheet Charge

Determine the force, F between the point charge, Q1= 50 μC at (0, 0, 5) m

and the disk charge, Q2= 500 πμC with radial of ρ = 5 m and z = 0 m.

z Step 1 Q2 500  10 6 C
s  
A  2
Q1 500  10 6 C

 5m 2
z
dQ2   s dS  0.2  10  4 C m 2

ρ Step 2
y   ˆ  5 zˆ
R   ˆ  5 zˆ aˆ R 
 2  25
x
Step 3
 Q1dQ2    ˆ  5 zˆ 
 

F  

2 5 50  10
6

0.2  104 5  d d
zˆ

dF 

4 o  2  25     25 

2

0 0
4 o   25
2
32

Q1  s  d d  16.56 zˆ Newton
  ˆ  5 zˆ 

4 o   25 2

3 2
 PREVIOUS NEXT

Example:
 the circular disk with r ≤ a, z = 0 and density charge  s   o sin 
2
Charge lies on C/m 2
Determine E at (0, ϕ, h).

Solution:  dQ   r rˆ  h zˆ 
dE   

4 o r 2  h 2  
 r h 
2 2 

 s r dr d
  rrˆ  hzˆ 
4 o r  h 
2 3 2

 o sin 2  r dr d
  rrˆ  hzˆ 
4 o r  h 
2 3 2

The charge distribution not uniform, but symmetrical, thus radial component, ϕ cancel.
 dQ
E
  r r  h z 
ˆ ˆ

4 o r 2  h 2
o 2 a sin 2  r dr d

4 o   r
0 0 2
h 3 2
hzˆ

 o h  1 1
 zˆ
 
4 o  a2  h2 h 
 Distribution of Charges (6)
Electric Field of a Ring Charge

 d Q   ˆ  zzˆ 
z dE 
4 o R 2   2  z 2 

  s  d   ˆ  zzˆ 
dE   

z
4 o  
2
 2 2
 2  z2    z 

The component radial, ρ is cancel out,

ρ because of all direction of component
y radial ρ around z

x dQ   l dl
 2 l  z d
  l  d E zˆ
0
4 o   z 
2 2 32

l  z
 zˆ
PREVIOUS NEXT 2 o   z 
2 2 32
 The relationship between the types of coordinate form of static fields problem cases

Coordinate The problems most often encountered

Electrostatic Cases Magnetostatic Cases
Cartesian - Any uniform charge distribution using a - The current flowing on the horizontal
scale of Cartesian coordinates. infinite extent plane.

Cylindrical - Uniform charge distribution on - The current flowing in circumference.

cylindrical conductor.
- The current flowing in an infinite
- Uniform charge distribution on the straight line.
infinite length of line.
- The current flows in the solenoid and
- Uniform charge distribution on the toroid.
infinite extent horizontal plane.

- Uniform charge distribution on the

horizontal circle plane.

- Uniform charge distribution on the

circle line.

Spherical - Uniform charge distribution on the - Problem for the case of spheres less
surface of a sphere. found.

- Uniform charge distribution of the

point.
 Example: Electromagnetic Fields for Antennas (1)

Circular Loop Antenna Horn Antenna

2-D Field Pattern

3-D Field Pattern

PREVIOUS

NEXT
Example: Electromagnetic Fields for Antennas (2)

Dipole Antenna

3-D Field Pattern

PREVIOUS NEXT
 Analogous Coulomb’s Law and Newton’s Law of universal gravitation

Newton’s Law of Universal Coulomb’s Law

Gravitation (Microscopic Perspective)
(Macroscopic Perspective)
The magnitude of the gravity force, F of The magnitude of the electrostatic force, F of
interaction between two point masses (m1 and interaction between two point charges (q1 and
m2) is given as: q2) is given as:
mm q1q2
F  G 12 2 F k 2
r r

where G is the gravitational constant (≈ 6.674 where k is the Coulomb’s constant (≈ 8.988 ×
× 10-11 N m2 kg-2). m1 and m2 are the first mass 109 N m2 C-2). q1 and q2 are the first charge
and second mass, respectively. r is the and second charge, respectively. r is the
distance between the centers of the masses. distance between the charges.

Both "Law" was proposed based on empirical observations by Sir Isaac Newton (English
physicist) in 1687 and Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (French physicist) in 1784,
respectively.
 Similarities and differences between Coulomb's Law and Gauss's Law

Coulomb’s Law Gauss’s Law

(Experimental Result) (Mathematical Derivation)

 Charles-Augustin de Coulomb was the  Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was the
first to give definition to the phenomenon first to give definition to the
of force between static charges in 1784. phenomenon of the electric field in a
static state in 1813.
 The experimental result conducted by C.
A. de Coulomb, to describe the  The Gauss’s divergence theorem derived
phenomenon of electrostatic force is called by J. C. F. Gauss was applied into
the Coulomb’s Law. electrostatic fields is called the Gauss’s
Law for the electric field.

The Coulomb’s Law can be mathematically proof by Gauss’s divergence theorem vice
versa. Thus, both ‘Law’ that apparently seems to be the same.
 Indefinite Integrals

1  a dx  ax  C
1
2  sin ax dx   a
cosax   C

1
3  cosax dx  a
sin ax   C

dx  x
4  a2  x2
 sin 1    C
a

5  x a
dx
2 2

 ln x  x2  a2  C 
dx x a2
6  x 2
a 
2 32

x a
2 2
C

xdx 1
7  x 2
a 
2 32

x a
2 2
C