Magnetism and Matter Ipe

SR Physics-II : IPE Material 8.
Magnetism and Matter
8. MAGNETISM AND MATTER
formulae
 Magnetic dipole moment M  2m .
 0 m1m 2
 Coulomb’s law F  .
4 r 2
 Magnetic field of a bar magnet of length 2 and magnetic moment (or) dipole moment ‘M’ at a
distance from its centre.
0 2M.r
Baxial  .

 r 2  2

2
1) (on the axial line)
0 M
Bequitorial  .

4 r 2  2

3/2
2) (on the equitorial line)
For short bar magnet r >> 

 0 2M
3) Ba  .
4 r 3
0 M
4) Be  .
4 r 3
 Torque   MBsin  (or)   M  B .
 Work done inturning the dipole (or) Potential Energy of a dipole is
W  u   MB  cos 2  cos 1 
 If initially the dipole is perpendicular to the field u   MBcos  .
 When M is perpendicular to the field, u = –MB. Potential energy of the dipole is minimum. It is in a
state of stable equilibrium.
 When M is perpendicular to B,   900 , u  0 .
 When M is parallel to B,   1800 ,u   MB . Potential energy of the dipole is maximum.
 Magnetic moment of a current loop M = NIA.
evr e  eh 
 Orbital magnetic moment of an electron in nth orbit 1  2  2m .  n  4m  .
e  e
 Bohr magnetron is the magnetic moment of an electron in first (n = 1) orbit

eh
 B    min 
4me
 Declination (  ) : Angle between geographic meridian and magnetic meridian.
 Relation between elements of earth’s magnetic field are BH  B cos  and BV  Bsin 
BV
 tan  and B  B 2  B 2
BH H V
VISWASAI 1
SR Physics-II : IPE Material 8. Magnetism and Matter
 For a magnet placed with its N-pole pointing north, neutral points lie at its equitorial line.
0 M 0 M
BH  .  .
4 3
4 r 3 (For a short magnet)
 r 
2 2 2

 For a magnet placed with its N-pole pointing South neutral points lie on its axial line.
0 2M 0 M
BH  .  .

4 r 2   2
 4 r 3
3/2
M
 Intensity of magnetisation I  .
V
B
 
BH

 r 
0
M
 m 
H
C
 m 
T
 B  0  H  M 
 r  1  m
very short answer questions

1. A magnetic dipole placed in a magnetic field experiences a net force. What can you say about
the nature of the magnetic field?
Ans. When a magnet is suspended in a uniform magnetic field, then the two poles experience same
magnitude of force but in opposite direction. Net force acting on the magnet is zero.
Fnet  m( B1  B2 )  0 ( B1  B2 )
When a magnet is suspended in non - uniform magnetic field, then net force exists
Fnet  m( B1  B2 ) ( B1  B2 )
So the nature of the magnetic field is non uniform magnetic field.
2. What happens to compass needles at the Earth’s poles?
Ans. Compass needles does not work at magnetic poles of the earth because, at poles BH  0 .
Dip needle is totally vertical.
3. What do you understand by the “magnetisation” of sample?
Ans. When a magnetic sample is placed in a magnetic field then atomic magnets align in the
direction of magnetic field. Hence the sample acquires a net magnetic moment  M net  0
M net
It is defined as net magnetic moment per unit volume i.e., I (or) M  , units : Am1
V
VISWASAI 2
4. What is the magnetic moment associated with a solenoid?
Ans. The magnitude of the magnetic moment of the solenoid is
M=Total number of turns x current x cross-sectional area
M  n  2l  i   a 2 ( 2l =length, a= radius,n=number of turns per unit length)
5. What are the units of Magnetic moment, Magnetic induction and Magnetic field ?
Ans. (i) Magnetic Moment  Am 2
N J Wb
(ii) Magnetic induction  (or ) 2
(or ) 2 (or )tesla(T )
Am Am m
(iii) Magnetic field  A /m
6. Magnetic lines form continuous closed loops. Why?
Ans. Magnetic lines of force always starts from northpole and forming curved path, enter southpole and travel
to northpole inside the magnet. Thus lines of force are formed closed loops.
7. Define magnetic declination. (Mar - 14)
Ans. Magnetic declination   : At a given place, the angle between geographical meridian and magnetic
meridian is called as magnetic declination  
8. Define magnetic inclination (or) angle of dip.
Ans. The angle of dip   at a place is defined as the angle made by the direction of earth’s magnetic field with
the horizontal direction in magnetic meridian.
9. Classify the following materials with regard to magnetism :
i) Manganese, ii) Cobalt, iii)Nickel iv) Bismuth, v) Oxygen, vi) Copper
Ans. (i) Manganese  Para Magnetic Material

(ii) Cobalt  Ferro Magnetic Material

(iii) Nickel  Ferro Magnetic Material

(iv) Bismuth  Dia Magnetic Material

(v) Oxygen  Para Magnetic Material

(vi) Copper  Dia Magnetic Material

short answer questions
1. Derive an expression for the axial field of a solenoid of radius “r”,containing “n” turns per
unit length and carrying current “i”.
Ans. Field at an axial point of solenoid:
If many turns of an insulated wire are wound around a cylinder the resulting coil is called a solenoid
The solenoid consists of n turns per unit length. Let its length be 2l and radius a. We can evaluate the axial
field at a point P, at a distance r from the centre O of the solenoid. To do this, consider a circular element
of thickness dx of the solenoid at a distance x from its centre. It consists of n dx turns. Let i be the current
VISWASAI 3
in the solenoid. we have calculated the magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop.
The magnitude of the field at point P due to the circular element is
x dx
a
O
r
P
2l
l
 0 nidxa 2
dB  3
2  r  x   a 2 
2 2
 
If n is the number of turns per unit length, then N = ndx
The magnitude of the total field is obtained by integrating from x = –l to x = +l Thus
l
0 nia 2 dx
B
2  2
3
r  x 2 2
l a
 
The range of x is from -l to +l, r >>a and r >>x Then the denominator is
3
 r  x 2  a2   r 3
2
 
l
 0 nia 2  0 ni 2 la 2
and B
2r3  dx 
2r 3
l
0 2 M
0 2  n  2l  i   a 
2

 4 r 3
4 r3
2. The force between two magnetic poles separated by a distance ‘d’ in air is ‘F’. At what distance
between them does the force becomes doubled ?
2
1 F d 
Ans. From Coulomb’s inverse square law, F 2  2   1  
 (1)
d F1  d2 
H ere F1 = F d1 = d ; F2 = 2F d2 = ?
VISWASAI 4
2
2F  d  d
(1)     d2 
F  d2  2
4. Explain the elements of the Earth’s magnetic field and draw a sketch showing the relation
between the vertical component ,horizontal component and angle of dip.
Ans. Angle of dip   :
The angle of dip   at a place is defined as the angle made by the direction of earth’ss
magnetic field with the horizontal direction in magnetic meridian.
Actually, this is the angle which the axis of a freely suspended magnet subtends with the horizontal in
magnetic meridian at a given place.
VISWASAI 5
In figure, AP represents the direction of earth’s magnetic field (B), i.e., if a compass needle is freely
suspended at point A, this points in the direction AP. AB is the horizontal line in magnetic meridian.
The angle BAP represents the magnetic dip or angle of dip.
Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field(BH) :
At a given place, the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field is defined as the component of earth’s
magnetic field along the horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian.
Let BH and BV represent the horizontal and vertical components of earth’s magnetic field B respectively.
Then BH  Bcos  ...(1)
and BV  Bsin  ....(2)
Now B2H  B2V  B2 cos 2   B2 sin 2   B2
 B B2H  B2V  ....(3)
Bsin  BV BV
Again Bcos   B or tan  
BH ... (4)
H
BH is always directed from geographic south to north

5. Define retentivity and coercivity. Draw the hysteresis curve for soft iron and steel .
What do you infer from these curves ?
Ans. Retentivity: The retentivity or remanence is defined as the intensity of magnetisation remaining in
the substance when the magnetising field has been reduced to zero.
Coercivity: The coercivity is a measure of the magnetising field intensity required to destroy the
residual magnetism in the specimen.
I
I Soft iron
L A S tee l
R e te n tiv ity
B
M C F K H
O H
C o e rc ivity
D E
The hysterisis loops of soft iron and steel reveal that

i) The retentivity of soft iron is greater than the retentivity of steel.
ii) Soft iron is more strongly magnetised than steel.
iii) Coercivity of soft iron is less than coercivity of steel. It means soft iron loses its magnetisation
VISWASAI 6
more rapidly than steel does.
iv) As area of I-H loop for soft iron is smaller than the area of I - H loops for steel. Therefore
hysterisis loss in case of soft iron is smaller than the hysterisis loss in case of steel.
6. If B is the magnetic field produced at the centre of a circular coil of one turn of length L
carrying current I then what is the magnetic field at the centre of the same coil which is made
into 10 turns?
0 nI
Ans. B
2r
L
L  n 2 r , r 
2 n
0nI
B   B n2
 L 
2 
 2 n 
B2 n 22
 
B1 n12
B2 102
  2  B2  100 B
B 1
7. If the number of turns a solenoid is double ,keeping the other factors constant ,how does the
magnetic field at the axis of the solenoid change?
Ans. B  0 ni  B n
B2 n2
 
B1 n1
B2 2n
   B2=2B
B n
long answer questions
1. Derive an expression for the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a current carrying circular
loop.
Ans. Expression for the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a current carrying circular loop:
Consider ‘O’ is the centre of a circular coil of one turn and radus ‘a’ . Let P is a point at a distance r
VISWASAI 7
from the centre, along the axis of coil. The plane of the coil is perpendicular to the plane of paper.
Consider two elements AB and A 1B1 each of length dlwhich are diametrically opposite then, the
magnetic fields at P due to these two elements will be dB and dB1 in the direction PM and PN
respectively. These directions are perpendicular to the lines joining the mid point of the elements with
the point. Resolve these fields into two components parallel (dB sin  ) and perpendicular (dB cos  )
to the axis of the coil. The dB cos  components cancel one another and dB sin  components are in
the same direction and add up due to the symmetric elements of the circular coil. Therefore, the total
magnetic field along the axis B   dB sin  of the circular coil along PC ....................(I)
The magnetic field at ‘P’ due to current elements of length ‘dl’ is
 o Idl sin   o Idl

dB  

4 a  x
2 2
 
4  a  r 2 ....................(II)
2

  90 o 
From equations (I) and (II)
o Idl
B  sin 

 a  r2
2

a
From  OPE  sin  
le
a 2
 r2 
o Idla  o Ia
B    dl

4 a  r 2   
3/ 2 3/ 2
2
4 a 2  r 2
But  dl  circumference of the coil = 2a
 o Ia o Ia 2
B   2a 
   
3/ 2 3/2
4 a 2  r 2 2 a2  r 2
along the direction of PC. If the coil contains N
o NIa 2
B
turns, then
 
3/ 2
2 a2  r 2
Note: At the centre of the coil r = 0
 o NIa 2  o NI
B 
2a 3 2a
VISWASAI 8
2. Prove that a bar magnet and a solenoid produce similar fields.
Ans. Barmagnet produce similar field of Solenoid: We know that the current loop acts as a magnetic
dipole. According to Ampere’s law magnetic phenomena can be explained interms of circulating
currents. Cutting bar magnet is like cutting a solenoid. We get two smaller solenoids with weaker
magnetic properties.
The magnetic field lines remain continuous, emerging from one face of solenoid and entering into other
face of other solenoid.
Number of turns in the element = ndx.
o Ia 2  ndx 
dB 
Magnitude of magnetic field at P due to this current element is 2  r  x   a 2  /2
2
 
3/2  Ia ndx
2
If P lies at a very large distance from 0, i.e., r >> a and r >> x, then  r  x  a2   r3 dB  o 3
2
2r
To get total magnetic field, integrating the above equation between the limits from x = – l to x = + l i.e,
l l o Ia 2 ndx  o nIa 2  l
B   dB     x l
l l 2r 3 2r 3
 o 2 n  2l  I a
2
 o nI a 2
B   2 l  
2 r3 4 r3
The magnitude of the magnetic moment of the solenoid is, M = n (2l) I(  a2)
o 2M
B
4 r 3
Therefore, magnetic moment of a bar magnet is equal to magnetic moment of an equivalent solenoid
that produces the same magnetic field
3. A small magnetic needle is set into oscillations in a magneticfield”B” Obtain an expression for
the period of oscillation
Ans. Consider that a magnet of magnetic moment M is freely suspended in Earth’s magnetic field
BH = B. If the magnet is displaced through an angle θ and released, it makes vibrations about the field
direction.
VISWASAI 9
 The restoring torque  = MB sin θ ................... (1)

 tries to bring the magnet to the field direction
Deflecting couple = I α ............... (2)
in equalibrium
I α = – MB sin θ ............. (3)
 α = – MB sin θ ............... (4)

I
When θ is very small sin θ = θ in radians and the equation. (4) becomes
MB θ
α= – .......... (5)
I
since the angular acceleration α is proportional to the angular displacement θ , the magnet performs
angular simple harmonic motion
But for a body executing angular S.H.M.
α= –  2 .................... (6)
comparing equations (5) and (6)
MB
2 
I
MB
 ...................... (7)
I
2 MB
 
T I
I
HenceT  2 ................. (8)
MB
T is the time period of oscillation of the magnet.
4. A bar magnet, held horizontally, is set into angular oscillation in the Earth’s magnetic fields. It
has time periods T1 and T2 at different places.Where the angle of dip are 1 and  2 respectively..
Deduce an expression for the ratio of the resultant magnetic fields at the two places.
I
Ans. we know that the time period of oscillation of the magnet is T  2
MBH
VISWASAI 10
1
There fore, T  B (or ) n  BH
H
If B1 and B2 be the earth’s magnetic induction at two different places having angles of dip 1 and 2
then
BH1  B1 cos 1 & BH 2  B2 cos  2
T1 BH2 B 2 C o s 2
 
T2 B H1 B 1 C o s 1
T 2
B cos  1 B T 2  cos  2 
2
 1  1  22  
T1
2
B 2 cos  2 B2 T1  cos  1 
5. Define magnetic susceptibility of a material .Name two elements one having positive
susceptibility and other having negative susceptibility.
Ans. Magnetic susceptibility   
The ratio of magnitude of intensity of magnetisation to that of magnetising field is called magnetic
I
susceptibilty, i.e.,  
H
It is a scalar with no units and dimensions and physically represents the ease with which a magnetic
material can be magnetised, i,e., large value of  implies that the material is more susceptible to the
field and hence can be easily magnetised.
 For ferromagnetic materials, (Ex:- Fe, Co, Steel, Nickel etc), Relative permeability   r  is much
greater than unity   r  1 , susceptibility is +ve.
 For paramagnetic materials, (Ex:-Al,Mn, Pt, Oxygen etc) r is slightly greater than unity  r  1 ,
susceptibility is +ve.
 For Dia magnetic materials, (Ex:- Cu, Ag, H2O, Au, Sb, Bi, Hg and diamond etc), r is slightly
less than unity   r  1 , susceptibility is -ve
6. Obtain Gauss law for magnetism and explain it.
Ans. MAGNETIC FLUX:
Consider a small surface of area A. Let n̂ be the unit vector which is drawn normal to the surface. If

' ' is the angle between n̂ and the uniform magnetic field B , then the magnetic flux    through the
surface is defined as
  
 
  B. A  B . nˆ A
where n̂ = unit vector along the normal drawn to the plane of the surface.
A = Area of the magnetic field bounded by the surfaces.
   B cos  A
Now Bcos  is the component of the magnetic field normal to the plane of the surface
Thus, magnetic flux over a given surface is defined as the product of the area of the surface and the
component of the magnetic field normal to the surface  B n  .
The SI unit of flux is weber(Wb).
VISWASAI 11
Magnetic fields which are continuous and form closed loops.Then the number of magnetic fields lines
leaving the surface is balanced by number of lines entering it.The net magnetic flux is zero for both the
surfaces.
Consider a small vector area element S of a closed surface S.The magnetic flux through S is
defined as B  B.S where B is the field at S
Then ,the net flux B is

 B    B   B.S  0
all all
Magnetic element is a dipole or current loop.Thus Gauss’s law for magnetism is:The net magnetic
flux through any closed surface is zero
B   B   B.S  0
all all
7. What do you understand by “hysterisis”? How does this property influence the choice of
materials used in different appliances where electromagnets are used?
Ans.C ycle of m agnetisation: When a ferromagnetic specimen is slowly magnetised, the intensity of
magnetisation varies with magnetic field through a cycle is called cycle of magnetisation.
Hysterisis: The lagging of intensity of magnetisation (I) and magnetic induction (B) behind magnetic field
intensity (H) when a magnetic specimen is subjected to a cycle of magnetisation is called hysterisis
Retentivity: The value of I for which H = 0 is called retentivity of residual magnetism
Coercivity: The value of magnetising force required to reduce I is zeroin reverse direction of H is called
coercive force or coercivity.
Hysterisis curve: The curve represents the relation between B or I of a ferromagnetic material with
magnetising force or magnetic intensity H is known as Hysterisis curve.
Explaination of hysterisis loop or curve:

a) In figure, a closed curve ABCDEFA in H- I plane, called hysteris loop is shown in figure.
b) When ferromagnetic specimen is slowly magnetised, I increases with H
c) Part OA of the curve whows that I increases with H
VISWASAI 12
d) At point A, the value I becomes constant is called saturation value
e) At B, I has some value while H is zero
f) In figure. BO represents retentivity and OC represents coercivity and hysterisis loss help us to choose
the material for specific purpose
i) Permanent magnets: A permanent magnet should have both large retentivity and large coercivity. Per-
manent magnets are used in galvanometers, voltmeters, ammeters etc.,
ii) An electromagnet core: The electromagnet core material should have maximum induction field B even
with smalll fields H, low hysterisis loss and high initial permeability
iii) Transformer cores: dynamo core chokes, Telephone diaphragms. The core material should have high
initial permeability, low hysterisis loos and high specific resistance to reduce eddy currents. Soft iron is the
best suited material.
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1 The magnetic needle has magnetic moment 6.7  10 2 Am 2 and moment of inertia
I  7.5  10 6 kg m 2 . It performs 10 complete oscillations in 6.70 s. What is the magnitude of
the magnetic field ?
Sol : The time period of oscillation is
6.70
T  0.67 s
10
I
We know that T  2
MB
4 2 I
2  4   3.14   7.5  10 = 6.7  10 2   0.67  = 0.01T
B 2 6 2
MT
2 A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 300 with an external field of 800G experienes a
torque f 0.016 Nm.
(a) What is the magnetic moment of the magnet ?
(b) what is the work done in moving it from its most stable to most unstable position ?
(c) The bar magnet is replaced by a solenoid of cross sectional area 2 10 4 m 2 and 1000
turns, but of the same magnetic moment . Determine the current flowing through the sole-
noid.
Sol : (a)   MB sin  ,  300 , hence sin   1/ 2
Thus, 0.016  M   800 10 T   1/ 2 

4
M  160  2 / 800  0.40 AM 2

(b) the most stable position is   0 0 and the most unstable position is   1800 .
Work done is given by
W  U m   1800   U m   00   2mB  2  0.40  800  10 4  0.064 J
(c) M s  NIA from part (a) M s  0.40 AM 2

0.40  1000  1 2  10 4
I  0.40 104 / 1000  2   2 A
VISWASAI 13
3. (a) What happens if a bar magnet is cut into two pieces :
(i) transverse to its length. (ii) along its length ?
(b) A magnetised needle in a uniform magnetic field experiences a torque but no net force.
An iron nail near a bar magnet, however, experiences a force of attraction in addition
to a torque. why ?
(c) Must every magnetic configuration have a north pole and a south pole ? what about the
field due to a toroid ?
(d) Two identical looking iron bars A and B are given, one of which is definitely known to be
magnetised. (we do not know which one ) How would one ascertain whether or not both
are magnetised ? If only one is magnetised, how does one ascertain which one ? [
Use nothing else but the bars A and B ]
Sol : (a) In either case, one gets two magnets, each with a north and south pole
(b) No force if the field is uniform. The iron nail experiences a non uniform field due to the bar
magnet. There is induced magnetic moment in the nail. therefore, it experiences both force and
torque. The net force is attractive because the induced south pole (say) in the nail is closer to the
north pole of magnet than induced north pole.
(c) Not necessarily. True only if the source of the field has a net non zero magnetic moment. This is
not so for a toroid or even for a straight infinite conductor.
(d) Try to bring different ends of the bars closer. A repulsive force in some situation establishes that
both are magnetised. if it is always attractive, then one of them is not magnetised. In a bar magnet
the intensity of the magnetic field is the strongest at the two ends (poles) and weakest at the
central region. This fact may be used to determine whether A or B is the magnet. In this case, to
see which one of the two bars is a magnet pick up one , (say, B) and then on the middle of B. If
you notice that in the middle of B, A experiences no force, then B is magnetised. if you do not
notice any change from the end to the middle of B, then A is magnetised
4. What is the magnitude of the equatorial and axial fields due to a bar magnet of length 8.0 cm
at a distance of 50cm from its mid-point ? The magnetic moment of the magnet is 0.40 Am2,
the same as in Example 2.
0 M 107  0.4 107  0.4

Sol: BE     3.2 10 7 T
4 r 3  0.5 
2
0.125
0 2 M
BA   6.4 107 T
4 r 3
5. Figure shows a small magnetised needle p placed at a point O. The arrow shows the direction
of its magnetic moment. The other arrows show different positins
(and orientations ofthe magnetic moment) of another identical magnetised needle Q.
(a) In which configuration the system is not in equilibrium ?
(b) In which configuration is the system in (i) stable, and(ii) unstable equilibrium?
(c) Which configuration corresponds to the lowest potential energy among all the
configurations shown ?
VISWASAI 14
Q4
Q5 O P Q3
Q1 Q2
Q6
Sol : Potential energy of the configuration arises due to the potential energy of one dipole (say.Q) in the
magnetic field due to other (P) . Use the result that the field due to P is given by the expression
0 M p
Bp   (on the normal bisector )
4 r 3
0 2 M p
Bp  ( on the axis)
4 r 3
where Mp is the magnetic moment of the dipole P. Equilibrium is stable when MQ is parallel to Bp, and
unstable when it is anti parallel to Bp
For instance for the configuration Q3 for which Q is along the perpendicular bisector of the dipole
P, the magnetic moment of Q is parallel to the magnetic field at the position 3. Hence Q3 is stable
Thus,
(a) PQ1 and PQ2
(b) (i) PQ3, PQ6 ( stable); (ii) PQ5, PQ4 ( unstable) (c) PQ6
6. Many of the diagrams given in Fig. show magnetic field lines (thick lines in the figure)
wrongly. point out what is wrong with them. Some of them may describe electrostatic field
lines correctly. point out which ones.
>
>
(b)
(a)
VISWASAI 15
>>
> >
>>
(d)
(C)
N S
(g)
Sol :
(a) Wrong . Magnetic field lines can never emanate from a point, as shown in figure, over any closed
surface. the net flux of B must always be zero. i.e., pictorially as many field lines should seem to enter
the surface as the number of lines leaving it. The field lines shown, in fact, represent electric field of a
long positively charged wire. The correct magnetic field lines are circling the straight conductor.
(b) Wrong. Magnetic field lines ( like electric field lines) can never cross each other, because other wise
the direction of field at the point of intersection is ambiguous. There is further error in the figure.
Magnetostatic field lines can never form closed loops around empty space. A closed loop of static
magnetic field line must enclose a region across which a current is passing .By contrast, electrostatic
field lines can never form closed loops,. neither in empty space, nor when the loop encloses charges.
VISWASAI 16
(c) Right.Magnetic lines are completely confined within a toroid. Nothing wrong here in field across
which a current passes. Note for clarity of figure, only a few field lines within the toroid have been
shown . Actually the entire region enclosed by the windings contains magnetic field
(d) Wrong. Field lines due to a solenoid at its ends and outside connot be so completely straightand
confined ; such a thing violates Ampere’s law. The lines should curve out at both ends. and meet
eventually toform closed loops
(e) Right. These are field lines outside and inside a bar magnet. Note carefully the direction of field lines
inside. Not all field lines emanate out of a north pole (or converge into a south pole). Around both the
N-pole,and the S-pole the net flux of the field is zero
(f) Wrong. These field lines cannot possibly represent a magnetic field Look at the upper region. All the
field lines seem to emanate out of the shaded plate. The net flux through a surface surrounding the
shaded plate is not zero. This is impossible for a magnetic field. The given field lines. in fact, show the
electrostatic field lines around a positively charged upper plate and a negatively charged lower plate.
The difference between Fig. [(e) and (f)] should be carefully grasped.
(g) Wrong. Magnetic field lines between two pole pieces can not be precisely straight at the ends. Some
fringing of lines is inevitable. otherwise, Ampere’s law is violated. This is also true for electric field
lines
7. (a) Magnetic field lines show the direction (at every point) along which a small magnetised
needle aligns (at the point). Do the magnetic field lines also represent the lines of force
on a moving charged particle at every point ?
(b) Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid, but not within a
straight solenoid. why ?
(c) If magnetic monopoles existed, how would The Gauss’s law of magnetism be modified ?
(d) Does a bar magnet exert a torque on itself due to its own field ? does one element of a
current - carrying wire exert a force on another element of the same wire ?
(e) Magnetic field arises due to charges in motion. Can a system have magnetic moments
even though its net charge is zero ?
Sol :
(a) No. The magnetic force is always normal to B ( remember magnetic force = qv  B ) .
It is misleading to call magnetic field lines as lines of force.
(b) If field lines were entirely confined between two ends of a straight solenoid. The flux through the
cross- section at each and would be non - zero. But the flux of field B through any closed surface
must always be zero. For a toroid, this diffiulty is absentbecause it has no ‘ends’
(c) Gauss’s law of magnetism states that the flux of B through any closed surface is always zero
 s B.ds  0
If monopoles existed, the right hand side would be equal to the monopole (magnetic charge) qm
enclosed by S. [ Analogous to Gauss’s law of electrostatics.
 B .ds  
s
0 qm
where qm is the (monopole) magnetic charge enclosed by S.]
(d) No. There is no force or torque on an element due to the field produced by that element itself. But
there is a force (or torque) on an element of the same wire.
(For the special case of a straight wire, this force is zero)
(e) Yes. The average of the charge in the system may be zero. Yet, the mean of the magnetic moments
due to various current loops may not be zero. we will come across such examples in connection with
paramagnetic material where atoms have net dipole moment through their net charge is zero.
VISWASAI 17
HE 0.26
BE    0.52G
cos 60 0
1/ 2 
8. The earth’s magnetic field at the equator is approximately 0.4G. Estimate the earth’s dipole
moment.
0 M
Sol : The equitorial magnetic field is BE 
4 r 3
We are given that BE  0.4G  4 105 T . For ‘r’ we take the radius of the earth 6.4  106 m.
4  10 5   6.4  10 6 
3
 4  10 2   6.4  10 6 
3
Hence, M   1.05  10 23 Am 2
 0 / 4
This is close to the value 8  10 22 Am 2 quoted in geomagnetic texts.
9. In the magnetic meridian of a certain place, the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic
field is 0.26G and the dip angle is 600. What is the magnetic field of the earth at this location?
HE
It is given that H E  0.26G we have cos 60  B
0
Sol :
E
HE 0.26
BE    0.52G
cos 600 1/ 2 
10. A solenoid has a core of a material with relative permeability 400. The windings of the
solenoid are insulated from the core and carry a current of 2A. If the number of turns is
1000 per metre. calculate (a) H, (b)B (c) M and (d) the magnetising current Im
Sol : (a) The field H is dependent of the material of the core, and is
H  nl  1000  2.0  2 103 A / m
(b) The magnetic field B is given by
B  r 0 H = 400  4  10  N / A   2  10  A / m  = 1.0 T
7 2 3
(c) Magnetisation is given by

M   B  0 H  / 0 =  r 0 H  0 H  / 0   r  1 H  399  H  8  105 A / m
(d) The m agnetising currentIM is the additional current that needs to be passed through the windings
of the solenoid in the absence of the core which would give a B value as in the presence of the
core. Thus B  r n0  I  I M  . Using I = 2A, B= 1 T, we get IM = 794A.
11. A domain in ferromagnetic iron is in the form of a cube of side length 1 m. Estimate the
number of iron atoms in the domain and the maximum possible dipole moment and
magnetisation of the domain. The molecular mass of iron is 55g/mole and its density is
7.9g/cm3. Assume that each iron atom has a dipole moment of 9.27 1024 A m 2 .
The volume of the cubic domain is V  106 m   10 18 m3  10 12 cm3

3
Sol :
Its mass is volume x density = 7.9 gcm 3  1012 cm3  7.9  10 12 g
It is given that Avagadro number  6.023  10 23  of iron atoms have a mass of 55g.
VISWASAI 18
7.9 1012  6.023 1023

Hence, the number of atoms in the domain is N   8.65 1010 atoms
55
The maximum possible dipole moment mmax is achieved for the (unrealistic) case when all the
atomic moments are perfectly aligned
Thus, mmax  8.65  1010    9.27  1024  = 8.0  10 13 Am 2
The consequent magnetisation is
M max  mmax / Domain volume = 8.0  10 13 Am 2 /10 18 m 3  8.0  10 5 Am 1
PROBLEMS
1. What is the torque acting on a plane coil of ‘n’ turns carrying a current 'i' and having an area
A, when placed in a constant magnetic field B?
Sol.
Consider a rectangular current loop ABCD having length AB  CD  l and breadth AD  BC  b

and carrying current 'i' be suspended in a magnetic field of induction or flux density 'B' with normal on
to its field direction.
   
There are four forces F1 , F2 , F3 and F4 are acting on the four sides AB,BC,CD and AD of the
loop.Magnitude of these forces are
F1  Bil , F2  Bib cos  F3  Bil , F4  Bib cos 
By Fleming's left hand rule , forces F2 and F4 acts on sides BC and AD exactly in opposite direction
along same line . Hence they cancel.
By Fleming's left hand rule the two equal forces F1 and F3 acts on vertical sides of the loop in
opposite directions at different points on the same loop . If the coil is made to rotate about vertical
axis yy1 as shown in figure, these couple forces which tends to rotate the loop(in the above example,
VISWASAI 19
the coil rotates in clock wise direction about the vertical axis).
 The moment of couple or torque ,   force x perpendicular distance between the two forces.
Here F  F1  F3  Bil sin 
  F  PR  Bil  b sin   sin   PR / PQ  PR  PQ sin   b sin  

  Bilb sin 
If area of the loop is A  lb , then   BiA sin 
For a coil of n turns ,   niAB sin 
2. A coil of 20 turns has an area of 800mm 2 and carries a current of 0.5A. If it is placed in a
magntic field of intensity 0.3T with its plane parallel to the field., what is the torque that it
experiences?
Sol. N  20 turns, i  0.5 A , A  800  10 6 m 2 , B  0.3T
we know that   NiAB
   20  0.5  800  10 6  0.3  24  10  4  2.4  10  3 N m
3. In the Bohr atom model the electrons move around the nucleus in circular orbits. Obtain an
expression the magnetic moment (  ) of the electron in a Hydrogen atom in terms of its
angular momentum L.
Sol. Consider an electron revolving in a circular orbit of radius 'r' with a speed 'v' and frequency 'f'.The
revolving electron is equivalent to a circular current.
2 r 1 V
Time period of revolution of electron, T  s;  Frequency , f  
V T 2 r
If 'P' is any point in the orbit , then electric current at this point,
i  charge passing through the point 'P' per second
ch arg e of electron charge
i 
Time taken for one revolution Time period
ev
i = charge of electron x frequency ; i  ef 
2 r
This creates magnetic field and the electronic orbit can be taken as a circular loop that encloses
an area A   r 2 .There fore, the magnetic dipole moment is
ev
  niA    r 2 Here n=1
2 r
evr

2
L
We know that L  mvr  vr 
m
e L 
  
2m
VISWASAI 20
4. A solenoid of length 22.5 cm has a total of 900 turns and carries a current of 0.8A. What is
the magnetising field H near the centre and far away from the end of the solenoid?
 0 Ni 
Sol. N  900turns , i  0.8 A , L  22.5  10 2 m  B  
 L 
B Ni 900  0.8
We Know that H    L  2
 3200 Am1
0 22.5 10
5. A bar magnet of length 0.1 m and with a magnetic moment of 5Am 2 is placed in a uniform
magnetic field of intensity 0.4T, with its axis making an angle of 600 with the field. What is
the torque on the magnet?
Sol. M  5 Am 2 , B  0.4T ,   60 0
 3
  MB sin   5  0.4 sin 60 =  2   1.732 Nm
2 0
 
6. If the Earth’s magnetic field at the equator is about 4 10 5 T , what is its approximate
magnetic dipole moment? (radius of Earth = 6.4  10 6 m )
Sol. BE  4  10 5 T , r  6.4  106 m ,
0 M BE  r 3
The equatorial magnetic field is BE   M 
4 r 3 0 / 4
4  105   6.4 106 
3
 4 10 2   6.4 106    / 4  107 

3
M
0 / 4 0
M  1.05  10 23 Am 2
7. The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at a certain place is 2.6 10 5 T and
the angle of dip is 600 . What is the magnetic field of the earth at this location?
Sol. BH  2.6 10 5 T ,   60 0
BH 2.6  10 5
We know that B  =  2.6  2 105  5.2 105 T
cos  cos 60 0
8. A solenoid of insulated wire is wound on a core with relative permeability 400. If the number
of turns per metre is 1000 and the solenoid carries a current of 2A. Calculate H, B and the
magnetisation M.
Sol. r  400 , n  1000turns per meter , I  2 A
(a) The field H is dependent of the meterial of the core, and is
H  nI  1000  2  2  10 3 A / m
(b) The magnetic field B is given by B  r 0 H
B  400  4  10 7  2  103 = 1T
(c) Magentisation M   B  0 H  / 0
M =  r 1 H  (4001)H  399  2  10 3  8  10 5 A / m
EXCERCISE PROBLEMS
1. Answer the following questions regarding earth’s magnetism:
VISWASAI 21
(a) A vector needs three quantities for its specification. Name the three independent
quantities conventionally used to specify the earth’s magnetic field.
(b) The angle of dip at a location in southern India is about 18º. Would you expect a greater
or smaller dip angle in Britain?
(c) If you made a map of magnetic field lines at Melbourne in Australia, would the lines
seem to go into the ground or come out of the ground?
(d) In which direction would a compass free to move in the vertical plane point to, if located
right on the geomagnetic north or south pole?
(e) The earth’s field, it is claimed, roughly approximates the field due to a dipole of magnetic
moment 8 × 1022 JT–1 located at its centre. Check the order of magnitude of this number
in some way.
(f ) Geologists claim that besides the main magnetic N-S poles, there are several local
poles on the earth’s surface oriented in different directions. How is such a thing possible
at all?
Ans. (a) The three independent quantities conventionally used for specifying earth’s magnetic field are:
(i) Magnetic declination,
(ii) Angle of dip, and
(iii) Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field
(b) The angle of dip at a point depends on how far the point is located with respect to the North Pole
or the South Pole. The angle of dip would be greater in Britain (it is about 70°) than in southern
India because the location of Britain on the globe is closer to the magnetic North Pole.
(c) It is hypothetically considered that a huge bar magnet is dipped inside earth with its north pole
near the geographic South Pole and its south pole near the geographic North Pole.
Magnetic field lines emanate from a magnetic north pole and terminate at a magnetic south pole.
Hence, in a map depicting earth’s magnetic field lines, the field lines at Melbourne, Australia
would seem to come out of the ground.
(d) If a compass is located on the geomagnetic North Pole or South Pole, then the compass will be
free to move in the horizontal plane while earth’s field is exactly vertical to the magnetic poles. In
such a case, the compass can point in any direction.
1
(e) Magnetic moment, M  8  10 22 J T
Radius of earth, r = 6.4 × 106 m
Magnetic field strength,
Where, = Permeability of free space =
This quantity is of the order of magnitude of the observed field on earth.

(f) Yes, there are several local poles on earth’s surface oriented in different directions. A magnetised
mineral deposit is an example of a local N-S pole.
VISWASAI 22
2. Answer the following questions:
(a) The earth’s magnetic field varies from point to point in space. Does it also change with
time? If so, on what time scale does it change appreciably?
(b) The earth’s core is known to contain iron. Yet geologists do not regard this as a source
of the earth’s magnetism. Why?
(c) The charged currents in the outer conducting regions of the earth’s core are thought to
be responsible for earth’s magnetism. What might be the ‘battery’ (i.e., the source of
energy) to sustain these currents?
(d) The earth may have even reversed the direction of its field several times during its
history of 4 to 5 billion years. How can geologists know about the earth’s field in such
distant past?
(e) The earth’s field departs from its dipole shape substantially at large distances (greater
than about 30,000 km). What agencies may be responsible for this distortion?
(f ) Interstellar space has an extremely weak magnetic field of the order of 10-12 T. Can
such a weak field be of any significant consequence? Explain.
Ans. (a) Earth’s magnetic field changes with time. It takes a few hundred years to change by an appreciable
amount. The variation in earth’s magnetic field with the time cannot be neglected.
(b) Earth’s core contains molten iron. This form of iron is not ferromagnetic. Hence, this is not
considered as a source of earth’s magnetism.
(c) The radioactivity in earth’s interior is the source of energy that sustains the currents in the outer
conducting regions of earth’s core. These charged currents are considered to be responsible for
earth’s magnetism.
(d) Earth reversed the direction of its field several times during its history of 4 to 5 billion years.
These magnetic fields got weakly recorded in rocks during their solidification. One can get clues
about the geomagnetic history from the analysis of this rock magnetism.
(e) Earth’s field departs from its dipole shape substantially at large distances (greater than about
30,000 km) because of the presence of the ionosphere. In this region, earth’s field gets modified
because of the field of single ions. While in motion, these ions produce the magnetic field
associated with them.
(f) An extremely weak magnetic field can bend charged particles moving in a circle. This may not be
noticeable for a large radius path. With reference to the gigantic interstellar space, the deflection
can affect the passage of charged particles.
3. A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 30º with a uniform external magnetic field of 0.25
T experiences a torque of magnitude equal to 4.5 × 10-2 J. What is the magnitude of magnetic
moment of the magnet?
Sol. Magnetic field strength, B = 0.25 T
Torque on the bar magnet, T = 4.5 × 10-2 J
Angle between the bar magnet and the external magnetic field,θ = 30°
Torque is related to magnetic moment (M) as:
VISWASAI 23
T = MB sin θ
Hence, the magnetic moment of the magnet is 0.36 J T-1.

4. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment M = 0.32 J T-1 is placed in a uniform magnetic field
of 0.15 T. If the bar is free to rotate in the plane of the field, which orientation would
correspond to its (a) stable, and (b) unstable equilibrium? What is the potential energy of
the magnet in each case?
Sol. Moment of the bar magnet, M = 0.32 J T-1

External magnetic field, B = 0.15 T
(a) The bar magnet is aligned along the magnetic field. This system is considered as being in stable
equilibrium. Hence, the angle θ, between the bar magnet and the magnetic field is 0°.
Potential energy of the system
(b) The bar magnet is oriented 180° to the magnetic field. Hence, it is in unstable equilibrium.
θ = 180°
Potential energy = - MB cos θ
5. A closely wound solenoid of 800 turns and area of cross section 2.5 × 10-4 m2 carries a current
of 3.0 A. Explain the sense in which the solenoid acts like a bar magnet. What is its associated
magnetic moment?
Sol. Number of turns in the solenoid, n = 800
Area of cross-section, A = 2.5 × 10-4 m2
Current in the solenoid, I = 3.0 A
A current-carrying solenoid behaves as a bar magnet because a magnetic field develops along its
axis, i.e., along its length.
The magnetic moment associated with the given current-carrying solenoid is calculated as:
M = n I A = 800 × 3 × 2.5 × 10-4 = 0.6 J T–1
along the axis of the solenoid determined by sense of flow of current
VISWASAI 24
6. If the solenoid in Exercise 5 is free to turn about the vertical direction and a uniform horizontal
magnetic field of 0.25 T is applied, what is the magnitude of torque on the solenoid when its
axis makes an angle of 30° with the direction of applied field?
Sol. Magnetic field strength, B = 0.25 T
Magnetic moment, M = 0.6 J T-1
The angle θ, between the axis of the solenoid and the direction of the applied field is 30°.
Therefore, the torque acting on the solenoid is given as:
7. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 1.5 J T-1 lies aligned with the direction of a uniform
magnetic field of 0.22 T.
(a) What is the amount of work required by an external torque to turn the magnet so as to
align its magnetic moment: (i) normal to the field direction, (ii) opposite to the field direction?
(b) What is the torque on the magnet in cases (i) and (ii)?
Sol. (a) Magnetic moment, M = 1.5 J T-1
Magnetic field strength, B = 0.22 T
(i) Initial angle between the axis and the magnetic field, θ1 = 0°
Final angle between the axis and the magnetic field, θ2 = 90°
The work required to make the magnetic moment normal to the direction of magnetic field is given
as:
(ii) Initial angle between the axis and the magnetic field, θ1 = 0°
Final angle between the axis and the magnetic field, θ2 = 180°
The work required to make the magnetic moment opposite to the direction of magnetic field is given
as:
(b) For case (i):

Torque,   MB sin 
VISWASAI 25
For case (ii):

8. A closely wound solenoid of 2000 turns and area of cross-section 1.6 × 10-4 m2, carrying a
current of 4.0 A, is suspended through its centre allowing it to turn in a horizontal plane.
(a) What is the magnetic moment associated with the solenoid?
(b) What is the force and torque on the solenoid if a uniform horizontal magnetic field of
7.5 × 10-2T is set up at an angle of 30º with the axis of the solenoid?
Sol. Number of turns on the solenoid, n = 2000
Area of cross-section of the solenoid, A = 1.6 × 10-4 m2
Current in the solenoid, I = 4 A
(a) The magnetic moment along the axis of the solenoid is calculated as:
M = nAI = 2000 × 1.6 × 10-4 × 4 = 1.28 Am2
(b) Magnetic field, B = 7.5 × 10-2 T
Angle between the magnetic field and the axis of the solenoid, θ = 30°
Since the magnetic field is uniform, the force on the solenoid is zero. The torque on the solenoid is
9. A circular coil of 16 turns and radius 10 cm carrying a current of 0.75 A rests with its plane
normal to an external field of magnitude 5.0 × 10-2 T. The coil is free to turn about an axis in
its plane perpendicular to the field direction. When the coil is turned slightly and released,
it oscillates about its stable equilibrium with a frequency of 2.0 s-1. What is the moment of
inertia of the coil about its axis of rotation?
Sol. Number of turns in the circular coil, N = 16
Radius of the coil, r = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Cross-section of the coil, A = πr2 = π × (0.1)2 m2
Current in the coil, I = 0.75 A
Magnetic field strength, B = 5.0 × 10-2 T
Frequency of oscillations of the coil, v = 2.0 s-1
Magnetic moment, M = NIA = 16 × 0.75 × π × (0.1)2 = 0.377 J T-1
Where, I = Moment of inertia of the coil
VISWASAI 26
Hence, the moment of inertia of the coil about its axis of rotation is
10. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical plane parallel to the magnetic meridian has its
north tip pointing down at 22º with the horizontal. The horizontal component of the earth’s
magnetic field at the place is known to be 0.35 G. Determine the magnitude of the earth’s
magnetic field at the place.
Sol. Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field, BH = 0.35 G
Angle made by the needle with the horizontal plane = Angle of dip =
Earth’s magnetic field strength = B
We can relate B and BHas:
BH  B cos 
Hence, the strength of earth’s magnetic field at the given location is 0.377 G.
11. At a certain location in Africa, a compass points 12º west of the geographic north. The north
tip of the magnetic needle of a dip circle placed in the plane of magnetic meridian points
60º above the horizontal. The horizontal component of the earth’s field is measured to be
0.16 G. Specify the direction and magnitude of the earth’s field at the location.
Sol. Angle of declination,θ = 12°
Angle of dip,
Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field, BH = 0.16 G
Earth’s magnetic field at the given location = B
VISWASAI 27
We can relate B and BHas:
Earth’s magnetic field lies in the vertical plane, 12° West of the geographic meridian, making an angle
of 60° (upward) with the horizontal direction. Its magnitude is 0.32 G.
12. A short bar magnet has a magnetic moment of 0.48 J T-1. Give the direction and magnitude
of the magnetic field produced by the magnet at a distance of 10 cm from the centre of the
magnet on (a) the axis, (b) the equatorial line (normal bisector) of the magnet.
Sol. Magnetic moment of the bar magnet, M = 0.48 J T-1
(a) Distance, d = 10 cm = 0.1 m
The magnetic field at distance d, from the centre of the magnet on the axis is given by the relation:
The magnetic field is along the S - N direction.

(b) The magnetic field at a distance of 10 cm (i.e., d = 0.1 m) on the equatorial line of the magnet
is given as:
The magnetic field is along the N - S direction.
VISWASAI 28
13. A short bar magnet placed in a horizontal plane has its axis aligned along the magnetic
north-south direction. Null points are found on the axis of the magnet at 14 cm from the
centre of the magnet. The earth’s magnetic field at the place is 0.36 G and the angle of dip
is zero. What is the total magnetic field on the normal bisector of the magnet at the same
distance as the null point (i.e., 14 cm) from the centre of the magnet? (At null points, field
due to a magnet is equal and opposite to the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic
field.)
Sol. Earth’s magnetic field at the given place, H = 0.36 G
The magnetic field at a distance d, on the axis of the magnet is given as:
Where, = Permeability of free space, M = Magnetic moment

The magnetic field at the same distance d, on the equatorial line of the magnet is given as:
Total magnetic field,
Hence, the magnetic field is 0.54 G in the direction of earth’s magnetic field.
14. If the bar magnet in Q.13 is turned around by 180º, where will the new null points be located?
Sol. The magnetic field on the axis of the magnet at a distance d1 = 14 cm, can be written as:
Where, M = Magnetic moment , = Permeability of free space

H = Horizontal component of the magnetic field at d1
If the bar magnet is turned through 180°, then the neutral point will lie on the equatorial line.
Hence, the magnetic field at a distance d2, on the equatorial line of the magnet can be written as:
Equating equations (1) and (2), we get:
VISWASAI 29
The new null points will be located 11.1 cm on the normal bisector.
15. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 5.25 × 10-2 J T-1 is placed with its axis perpendicular
to the earth’s field direction. At what distance from the centre of the magnet, the resultant
field is inclined at 45º with earth’s field on
(a) its normal bisector and (b) its axis. Magnitude of the earth’s field at the place is given
to be 0.42 G. Ignore the length of the magnet in comparison to the distances involved.
Sol. Magnetic moment of the bar magnet, M = 5.25 × 10-2 J T-1
Magnitude of earth’s magnetic field at a place, H = 0.42 G = 0.42 × 10-4 T
(a) The magnetic field at a distance R from the centre of the magnet on the normal bisector is given
by the relation: ; Where, = Permeability of free space = 4π × 10-7 Tm A-1
When the resultant field is inclined at 45° with earth’s field, B = H
(b) The magnetic field at a distance from the centre of the magnet on its axis is given as:
VISWASAI 30
The resultant field is inclined at 45° with earth’s field.
ADDITIONAL EXCERCISE PROBLEMS

(a) Why does a paramagnetic sample display greater magnetisation (for the same
magnetising field) when cooled?
(b) Why is diamagnetism, in contrast, almost independent of temperature?
(c) If a toroid uses bismuth for its core, will the field in the core be (slightly) greater or
(slightly) less than when the core is empty?
(d) Is the permeability of a ferromagnetic material independent of the magnetic field? If
not, is it more for lower or higher fields?
(e) Magnetic field lines are always nearly normal to the surface of a ferromagnet at every
point. (This fact is analogous to the static electric field lines being normal to the surface
of a conductor at every point.) Why?
(f ) Would the maximum possible magnetisation of a paramagnetic sample be of the same
order of magnitude as the magnetization of a ferromagnet?
Ans. (a) Owing to the random thermal motion of molecules, the alignments of dipoles get disrupted at high
temperatures. On cooling, this disruption is reduced. Hence, a paramagnetic sample displays
greater magnetisation when cooled.
(b) The induced dipole moment in a diamagnetic substance is always opposite to the magnetising
field. Hence, the internal motion of the atoms (which is related to the temperature) does not affect
the diamagnetism of a material.
(c) Bismuth is a diamagnetic substance. Hence, a toroid with a bismuth core has a magnetic field
slightly greater than a toroid whose core is empty.
VISWASAI 31
(d) The permeability of ferromagnetic materials is not independent of the applied magnetic field. It is
greater for a lower field and vice versa.
(e) The permeability of a ferromagnetic material is not less than one. It is always greater than one.
Hence, magnetic field lines are always nearly normal to the surface of such materials at every
point.
(f) The maximum possible magnetisation of a paramagnetic sample can be of the same order of
magnitude as the magnetisation of a ferromagnet. This requires high magnetising fields for saturation.
(a) Explain qualitatively on the basis of domain picture the irreversibility in the
magnetisation curve of a ferromagnet.
(b) The hysteresis loop of a soft iron piece has a much smaller area than that of a carbon
steel piece. If the material is to go through repeated cycles of magnetisation, which
piece will dissipate greater heat energy?
(c) ‘A system displaying a hysteresis loop such as a ferromagnet, is a device for storing
memory?’ Explain the meaning of this statement.
(d) What kind of ferromagnetic material is used for coating magnetic tapes in a cassette
player, or for building ‘memory stores’ in a modern computer?
(e) A certain region of space is to be shielded from magnetic fields. Suggest a method.
Sol. The hysteresis curve (B-H curve) of a ferromagnetic material is shown in the following figure.
(a) It can be observed from the given curve that magnetisation persists even when the external field
is removed. This reflects the irreversibility of a ferromagnet.
(b) The dissipated heat energy is directly proportional to the area of a hysteresis loop. A carbon steel
piece has a greater hysteresis curve area. Hence, it dissipates greater heat energy.
(c) The value of magnetisation is memory or record of hysteresis loop cycles of magnetisation.
These bits of information correspond to the cycle of magnetisation. Hysteresis loops can be used
for storing information.
VISWASAI 32
(d) Ceramic is used for coating magnetic tapes in cassette players and for building memory stores in
modern computers.
(e) A certain region of space can be shielded from magnetic fields if it is surrounded by soft iron
rings. In such arrangements, the magnetic lines are drawn out of the region.
18. A long straight horizontal cable carries a current of 2.5 A in the direction 10º south of west
to 10° north of east. The magnetic meridian of the place happens to be 10º west of the
geographic meridian. The earth’s magnetic field at the location is 0.33 G, and the angle of
dip is zero. Locate the line of neutral points (ignore the thickness of the cable). (At neutral
points, magnetic field due to a current-carrying cable is equal and opposite to the horizontal
component of earth’s magnetic field.)
Sol. Current in the wire, I = 2.5 A
Angle of dip at the given location on earth, = 0°

Earth’s magnetic field, H = 0.33 G = 0.33 × 10-4 T
The magnetic field at the neutral point at a distance R from the cable is given by the relation:
Hence, a set of neutral points parallel to and above the cable are located at a normal distance of
1.51 cm.
19. A telephone cable at a place has four long straight horizontal wires carrying a current of 1.0
A in the same direction east to west. The earth’s magnetic field at the place is 0.39 G, and
the angle of dip is 35º. The magnetic declination is nearly zero. What are the resultant
magnetic fields at point 4.0 cm below the cable?
Sol. Number of horizontal wires in the telephone cable, n = 4
Current in each wire, I = 1.0 A
Earth’s magnetic field at a location, H = 0.39 G = 0.39 × 10-4 T
Angle of dip at the location, δ = 35°
Angle of declination, θ < 0°
For a point 4 cm below the cable:
Distance, r = 4 cm = 0.04 m
The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field can be written as:
Hh = Hcosδ - B
VISWASAI 33
Where, B = Magnetic field at 4 cm due to current I in the four wires
= Permeability of free space = 4π × 10-7 Tm A-1
= 0.2 × 10-4 T = 0.2 G
Hh = 0.39 cos 35° - 0.2 = 0.39 × 0.819 - 0.2 H= 0.12 G

The vertical component of earth’s magnetic field is given as:
Hv = Hsinδ = 0.39 sin 35° = 0.22 G
The angle made by the field with its horizontal component is given as:
The resultant field at the point is given as:
For a point 4 cm above the cable:

Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field:
Hh = Hcosδ + B = 0.39 cos 35° + 0.2 = 0.52 G
Vertical component of earth’s magnetic field:
Hv = Hsinδ = 0.39 sin 35° = 0.22 G
Angle, θ = 22.9°
And resultant field:
20. A compass needle free to turn in a horizontal plane is placed at the centre of circular coil of
30 turns and radius 12 cm. The coil is in a vertical plane making an angle of 45º with the
magnetic meridian. When the current in the coil is 0.35 A, the needle points west to east.
(a) Determine the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at the location.
VISWASAI 34
(b) The current in the coil is reversed, and the coil is rotated about its vertical axis by an
angle of 90º in the anticlockwise sense looking from above. Predict the direction of the
needle. Take the magnetic declination at the places to be zero.
Sol. Number of turns in the circular coil, N = 30
Radius of the circular coil, r = 12 cm = 0.12 m
Current in the coil, I = 0.35 A
Angle of dip, δ = 45°
(a) The magnetic field due to current I, at a distance r, is given as:
Where, = Permeability of free space = 4π × 10-7 Tm A-1
= 5.49 × 10-5 T
The compass needle points from West to East. Hence, the horizontal component of earth’s
magnetic field is given as:
BH = Bsin δ = 5.49 × 10-5 sin 45° = 3.88 × 10-5 T = 0.388 G
(b) When the current in the coil is reversed and the coil is rotated about its vertical axis by an angle
of 900 , the needle will reverse its original direction. In this case, the needle will point from East to
West.
21. A magnetic dipole is under the influence of two magnetic fields. The angle between the field
directions is 60º, and one of the fields has a magnitude of 1.2  10 2 T . If the dipole comes to
stable equilibrium at an angle of 15º with this field, what is the magnitude of the other field?
Sol. Magnitude of one of the magnetic fields, B1 = 1.2  10 2 T
Magnitude of the other magnetic field = B2
Angle between the two fields, θ = 60°
At stable equilibrium, the angle between the dipole and field B1, θ1 = 15°
Angle between the dipole and field B2, θ2 = θ - θ1 = 60° - 15° = 45°
At rotational equilibrium, the torques between both the fields must balance each other.
 Torque due to field B1 = Torque due to field B2
MB1 sinθ1 = MB2 sinθ2
Where, M = Magnetic moment of the dipole
Hence, the magnitude of the other magnetic field is 4.39 × 10-3 T.
VISWASAI 35
22. A monoenergetic (18 keV) electron beam initially in the horizontal direction is subjected
to a horizontal magnetic field of 0.04 G normal to the initial direction. Estimate the up or
down deflection of the beam over a distance of 30 cm (me= 9.11 × 10-31 C).
Sol. Energy of an electron beam, E = 18 keV = 18 × 103 eV
Charge on an electron, e = 1.6 × 10-31 C
E = 18 × 103 × 1.6 × 10 -19 J
Magnetic field, B = 0.04 G
Mass of an electron, me = 9.11 × 10-19 kg
Distance up to which the electron beam travels, d = 30cm = 0.3 m
We can write the kinetic energy of the electron beam as:
The electron beam deflects along a circular path of radius, r.

The force due to the magnetic field balances the centripetal force of the path.
Let the up and down deflection of the electron beam be
Where, θ = Angle of declination
Therefore, the up and down deflection of the beam is 3.9 mm.
VISWASAI 36
23. A sample of paramagnetic salt contains 2.0 × 10 atomic dipoles each of dipole moment
24
1.5 × 10-23 J T–1. The sample is placed under a homogeneous magnetic field of 0.64 T, and
cooled to a temperature of 4.2 K. The degree of magnetic saturation achieved is equal to
15%. What is the total dipole moment of the sample for a magnetic field of 0.98T and a
temperature of 2.8 K? (Assume Curie’s law)
Sol. Number of atomic dipoles, n = 2.0 × 1024
Dipole moment of each atomic dipole, M = 1.5 × 10-23 J T-1
When the magnetic field, B1 = 0.64 T
The sample is cooled to a temperature, T1 = 4.2°K
Total dipole moment of the atomic dipole, Mtot = n × M = 2 × 1024 × 1.5 × 10-23 = 30 J T-1
Magnetic saturation is achieved at 15%.
Hence, effective dipole moment,
When the magnetic field, B2 = 0.98 T

Temperature, T2 = 2.8°K
Its total dipole moment = M2
According to Curie’s law, we have the ratio of two magnetic dipoles as:
Therefore, is the total dipole moment of the sample for a magnetic field of 0.98 T
and a temperature of 2.8 K.
24. A Rowland ring of mean radius 15 cm has 3500 turns of wire wound on a ferromagnetic core
of relative permeability 800. What is the magnetic field B in the core for a magnetising
current of 1.2 A?
Sol. Mean radius of a Rowland ring, r = 15 cm = 0.15 m
Number of turns on a ferromagnetic core, N = 3500
Relative permeability of the core material,
Magnetising current, I = 1.2 A
The magnetic field is given by the relation:
VISWASAI 37
 r 0 I N
B
2 r
Where, μ0 = Permeability of free space  4 107 T m A 1
800  4 107 1.2  3500

B  4.48T
2  0.15
Therefore, the magnetic field in the core is 4.48 T.
25. The magnetic moment vectors μ sand μ lassociated with the intrinsic spin angular
momentum S and orbital angular momentum l, respectively, of an electron are predicted by
quantum theory (and verified experimentally to a high accuracy) to be given by :
e  e 
S     S , l     l,
 m  2m 
Which of these relations is in accordance with the result expected classically? Outline
the derivation of the classical result.
Sol. The magnetic moment associated with the orbital angular momentum is valid with the classical
mechanics.
The magnetic moment associated with the orbital angular momentum is given as
 e 
l     l
 2m 
For current i and area of cross-section A, we have the relation:
Magnetic moment
 e 
l  iA  l     r 2 ...............................(1)
T 
Where, e= Charge of the electron, r= Radius of the circular orbit
T= Time taken to complete one rotation around the circular orbit of radius r
Orbital angular momentum, I= mvr
2 r
l  m  r ..................................(2)
T
Where, m = Mass of the electron , v = Velocity of the electron
r = Radius of the circular orbit
Dividing equation (1) by equation (2), we get:
e
   r2
l T e
     e 
 l  
l 2 r 2 m l
m r  2m 
T
VISWASAI 38
exercise
Note : Students have to write the answers from the text book.
1) What are magnetic monopoles ?
2) What is gauss’s law in magnetism?
3) What is dynamo effect ?
4) Define geographic meridian and magnetic meridian.
5) In the magnetic meridian of a certain place. The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field is
0.26 G and the dip angle is 600. What is the magnetic field of the eartgh at this location?
6) What is Meissner effect ?
7) What is curie temperature ?
8) Define retentivity and coercivity.
9) Define magnetic intensity.



VISWASAI 39

Magnetism and Matter Ipe

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Magnetism and Matter Ipe

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SR Physics-II : IPE Material 8.

Magnetism and Matter

8. MAGNETISM AND MATTER

For short bar magnet r >> 

 Bohr magnetron is the magnetic moment of an electron in first (n = 1) orbit

very short answer questions

 B B2H  B2V  ....(3)

BH is always directed from geographic south to north

The hysterisis loops of soft iron and steel reveal that

The magnetic field at ‘P’ due to current elements of length ‘dl’ is

 o Idl sin   o Idl

From equations (I) and (II)

But  dl  circumference of the coil = 2a

along the direction of PC. If the coil contains N

Note: At the centre of the coil r = 0

 The restoring torque  = MB sin θ ................... (1)

 α = – MB sin θ ............... (4)

Then ,the net flux B is

Explaination of hysterisis loop or curve:

Thus, 0.016  M   800 10 T   1/ 2 

M  160  2 / 800  0.40 AM 2

(c) M s  NIA from part (a) M s  0.40 AM 2

0 M 107  0.4 107  0.4

(c) Magnetisation is given by

The volume of the cubic domain is V  106 m   10 18 m3  10 12 cm3

7.9 1012  6.023 1023

Consider a rectangular current loop ABCD having length AB  CD  l and breadth AD  BC  b

  F  PR  Bil  b sin   sin   PR / PQ  PR  PQ sin   b sin  

 4 10 2   6.4 106    / 4  107 

Magnetic field strength,

Where, = Permeability of free space =

This quantity is of the order of magnitude of the observed field on earth.

Hence, the magnetic moment of the magnet is 0.36 J T-1.

Sol. Moment of the bar magnet, M = 0.32 J T-1

(b) For case (i):

For case (ii):

Where, I = Moment of inertia of the coil

Where, = Permeability of free space =

The magnetic field is along the S - N direction.

The magnetic field is along the N - S direction.

Where, = Permeability of free space, M = Magnetic moment

Total magnetic field,

Where, M = Magnetic moment , = Permeability of free space

Equating equations (1) and (2), we get:

by the relation: ; Where, = Permeability of free space = 4π × 10-7 Tm A-1

When the resultant field is inclined at 45° with earth’s field, B = H

The resultant field is inclined at 45° with earth’s field.

ADDITIONAL EXCERCISE PROBLEMS

Angle of dip at the given location on earth, = 0°

Where, = Permeability of free space =

= Permeability of free space = 4π × 10-7 Tm A-1

= 0.2 × 10-4 T = 0.2 G

Hh = 0.39 cos 35° - 0.2 = 0.39 × 0.819 - 0.2 H= 0.12 G

The resultant field at the point is given as:

For a point 4 cm above the cable:

And resultant field:

Where, = Permeability of free space = 4π × 10-7 Tm A-1

Hence, the magnitude of the other magnetic field is 4.39 × 10-3 T.

The electron beam deflects along a circular path of radius, r.

Let the up and down deflection of the electron beam be

Where, θ = Angle of declination

Therefore, the up and down deflection of the beam is 3.9 mm.

Hence, effective dipole moment,