Q. Define Magnetic Susceptibility. Mention its units.

FIITJEE LTD
NARAYANGUDA
Ans. Magnetic Susceptibility(X-chi) is the physical quantity that gives the influence of
external field on magnetisation of a material. PHYSICS-II
It is the ratio of magnetisation(I) and magnetic intensity(H)
X(chi) = I/H
IPE NOTES - 2023
Magnetic Susceptibility has no units.

CHAPTER 8
MAGNETISM AND MATTER

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. A magnetic dipole placed in a magnetic field experiences a net force. What can you say
about the nature of the magnetic field?
Ans. If a magnetic dipole experiences a net force in a magnetic field, it shows that the field is
a non-uniform magnetic field.
If the magnetic field were uniform, the net force would be zero, but the net torque would be
greater than or equal to zero.

2. What happens to compass needles at the Earth’s poles?

Ans. At the poles, earths field is exactly vertical. So, for the compass placed in the horizontal plane
the needle is free to rotate in the horizontal plane only may point out in any direction.
If the compass is placed in a vertical plane, then the needle would point vertically down at the
North Pole and vertically down at the South Pole.
Up
3. What do you understand by the magnetization of a sample?

Ans. Magnetisation M of a sample is defined as the net magnetic moment per unit volume i.e.,

 m
M  net .
V

4. What is the magnetic moment associated with a solenoid?

  
Ans. The magnetic dipole moment m associated with a solenoid is defined to be m  NIA where N

is the number of turns in the loop, I the current and A the area vector.

5. What are the units of magnetic moment, magnetic induction and magnetic field?
Ans. Unit of 1) magnetic moment m is Am2 or J T–1.
2) Magnetic induction – Wb m2 or Tesla(T)
3) magnetic field – Tesla. A/m

6. Magnetic lies form continuous closed loops. Why?

Ans. Magnetic lines of force always start from north pole and forming curved path, enter south pole
and travel to north pole inside the magnet. Thus, lines of force are forming closed loops.

7. Define magnetic declination.

Ans. Magnetic Declination (D):
The angle between the true geographic north and the north shown by a compass needle is
called magnetic declination or simply declination (D).
8. Define magnetic inclination or angle of dip.
Ans. Inclination or Dip (I): The angle which the total intensity of earth’s magnetic field makes with
the horizontal at any place is called magnetic inclination (I) or the angle of dip.

9. Classify the following materials with regard to magnetism : Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel,
Bismuth, Oxygen, Copper.
Ans. Ferromagnetic materials – Cobalt, Nickel.
Paramagnetic materials – Oxygen, Manganese
Diamagnetic materials – Bismuth, copper

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Derive an expression for the axial field of a solenoid of radius “r”, containing ‘n” turns
per unit length and carrying current “i”.
Ans. Expression for the axial field of a solenoid:
1) Consider a solenoid of length ‘2  ’ and radius ‘a’
having ‘n’ turns per unit length.
2) Let ‘I’ be the current in the solenoid.
3) To calculate magnetic field at any point P on the
axis of solenoid, where OP = r, consider a small
element of thickness dx of the solenoid, at a
distance ‘x’ from ‘O’.
4) Number of turns in the element = n dx .
5) Let ‘I’ be the current in the solenoid.
6) The magnitude of the field at point P due to the circular element is
0n dxIa2
dB  3
2  r  x   a2 
2 2
 
7) Consider the far axial field of the solenoid, i.e., r >> a and r >> l.
3
Then, the denominator is approximated by  r  x   a2   r 3
2 2
 
8) And by integrating from x = – l to x = + l,
 nIa2  l
B  0 3  dx
2r l

 nI 2l a2
B 0
2 r3
9) The magnitude of the magnetic moment of the solenoid is, m = n (2l) I (πa2).
 2m
Thus, B  0 3
4 r

2. The force between two magnet poles separated by a distance ‘d’ in air is ‘F’. At what
distance between them does the force become doubled?
Ans. Force between two magnetic poles F1 = F
Distance between two magnetic poles d1 = d
Let the distance be increased to d2.
Force between the two magnetic poles when the distance is increase, F2 =2F
From Coulomb’s Inverse Square Law,
d
F1d12  F2 d22  Fd2  2Fd22  d2 
2

3. Compare the properties of para, dia and ferromagnetic substances.

Ans.
Diamagnetic substances Paramagnetic substances Ferromagnetic substancen
a) When these materials a) When these materials a) When these materials
 placed
in a magnetic field, they are
magnetised feebly in the
opposite direction to the
applied external field.
b) When a rod of
diamagnetic
material is suspended freely
in a uniform magnetic field,
it comes to rest in the
perpendicular direction to
the
magnetic field.
c) When they kept in a
nonuniform magnetic field,
they moves from the region
of greater field strength to
the region of less field
strength.
placed
in a magnetic field, they are
magnetised feebly in the
direction of the applied
magnetic field.
b) When a rod of
paramagnetic
material is suspended freely
in a uniform magnetic field,
it comes to rest in the direct-
ion of the applied magnetic
field.
c) When they kept in a non-
uniform magnetic field, they
moves from the region of less
field strength to the region of
greater field strength.
placed
in a magnetic field, they are
magnetised strongly in the
direction of the applied
external field.
b) When a rod of
ferromagnetic
material is suspended freely
in
a uniform magnetic field, it
comes to rest in the direction
of the applied magnetic field
c) When they kept in a non-
uniform magnetic field they
moves from the regions of
lesser (magnetic field)
strength to the regions of
stronger (magnetic field)
strength.

d) The relative permeability d) The relative permeability is d) The relative permeability is

is
less than 1, r < 1 and
positive.
e) The susceptibility () is
low and negative.
E.g. : Copper, Silver, water,
gold, antimony, bismuth,
mercury, quartz diamond etc.
less than 1, r > 1 and
positive.
e) The susceptibility () is
small and positive.
E.g. : Aluminium, Magnetism,
Tungsten, Platinum,
Manganese, liquid oxygen,
ferric Chloride, cupric
chloride etc.
less than 1, r >> 1 and
positive.
e) The susceptibility () is
high and positive.
E.g. : Iron, Cobalt, Nickel,
Gadolinium and their alloys.

4. Explain the elements of the Earth’s magnetic field and draw a sketch showing the
relationship between the vertical component, horizontal component and angle of dip.
Ans. The magnetic field of the earth at a point on its surface can be specified by the declination D,
the angle of dip or the inclination I and the horizontal component of the earth’s field HE. These
are known as the elements of the earth’s magnetic field.
Explanation:
1) The total magnetic field at P can be resolved into a horizontal
component HE and a vertical component ZE.
2) The angle that BE makes with HE is the angle of dip, I.
3) Representing the vertical component by ZE, we have
ZE = BE Sin I
HE = BE Cos I
ZE
Which gives Tan I =
HE

5. Define retentivity and coercivity. Draw the hysteresis curve for soft iron and steel.
What so you infer from these curves?
Ans. Retentivity: The property of the magnetic material to retain magnetism even in the absence of
the magnetizing field is known as retentivity or remanence.
Coercivity: The magnetizing field (H) needed to demagnetize the magnetic material
completely is known as its coercivity.
 INFERENCE FROM THE HYSTERESIS CURVES OF SOFT-IRON AND STEEL:
1. Retentivity of soft-iron is greater than the retentivity of steel.
2. Soft-iron is more strongly magnetised than steel.
3. Coercivity of soft-iron is less than that of steel.
4. Hence, soft-iron loses its magnetism more rapidly than steel does.

6. If B is the magnetic field produced at the centre of a circular oil of one turn of length L
carrying current I, then what is the magnetic field at the centre of the same coil which
is made into 10 turns?
Ans. Let the length of the conductor be L’
L
Then, the radius of coil of one turn, R 
2
I I  I
Magnetic field at the centre of the single-turn coil, B  0  0  0
2R 2L 2 L
L
Radius of the coil of 10 turns, r 
20
0nI 100I 1000 I
Magnetic field at the centre of the 10-turn coil, B10     100B
2r 2L 20 L

7. If the number of turns of a solenoid is doubled, keeping the other factors constant,
how does the magnetic field at the axis of the solenoid change?
Ans. Let the magnetic field of the given solenoid be ‘B’ and the let the number of turns be ‘N’’
 nI 2l a2
The magnetic field at the axis of a long solenoid is given by, B  0
2 r3
Thus, with all parameters of the solenoid remaining same, the magnetic field at the axis is
directly proportional the number of turns.
Therefore, when the number of turns of the solenoid is doubled the magnetic field at the axis
too doubles.

PROBLEMS
1. What is the torque acting on a plane coil of ‘n’ turns carting a current “I” and having
an area “A”, when placed in a constant magnetic field B?
 
Sol. Torque,   m  B  mB sin   nIAB sin 

2. A coil of 20 turns has an area of 800 mm2 and carries a current of 0.5 A. If it is placed in
a magnetic field o induction 0.3 T with its place parallel to the field, what is the torque
that it experiences?
Sol. Given:
Number of turns, n = 20;
Area, A =800 mm2 = 8 x 10-2 m2;
Current, I = 0.5 A;
 Magnetic Induction = 0.3 T
 
Torque,   m  B  mB sin   nIAB sin 
Sine the plane of the coil is parallel to the field, the area vector will be perpendicular to the
field vector.
 
  nIAB sin   20  0.5  800  106  0.3  2.4  103 N-m

3. In the Bohr atom model, the electrons move around the nucleus in circular orbits.
Obtain the expression for the magnetic moment (µ) of the electron in a Hydrogen atom
in terms of tis angular momentum L.
Sol. Magnetic moment is the product of the current and area of the circular orbit,
  iA where i is the current and A is the area.
e
That is, i  and A  r 2
2
e 2 e
Thus, orbital magnetic moment,  
2
r 
2m

mr 2  
But angular momentum is, L  mr 2 
 e 
Therefore,    L
 2m 

4. A solenoid of length 22.5 cm has a total of 900 turns and carries a current of 0.8 A.
What is the magnetising field H near the centre and far away from the ends of the
solenoid?
Sol. Given:
Length of the solenoid, L = 22.5 cm = 0.225 m
Number of turns, n = 900
Current, i = 0.8 A
Near the centre of a solenoid, the magnetizing field, H  Ni where N is the number of turns
per unit length.
n 900
Therefore, the magnetising field, H  i   0.8  3,200 A m-1.
L 0.225

5. A bar magnet of length 0.1 m and with a magnetic moment of 5 A m2 is placed in

uniform magnetic field of induction 0.4 T with its axis making an angle of 60⁰ with the
field. What is torque on the magnet?
Sol. Given:
Length of the magnet, l = 0.1 m
Magnetic moment of the magnet, M = 5 A m2.
Magnetic field induction, B = 0.4 T
Angle between the axis and the field, θ = 60⁰
3
Torque   MB sin   5  0.4   1.732 N-m
2

6. If the Earth’s magnetic field at the equator is about 4 x 10-5 T, what is its approximate
magnetic dipole moment? (Radius of the Earth =6.4 x 106 m)
Ans. Given:
Beq = 4 x 10-5 T
Radius of the Earth = R = 6.4 x 106 m
Considering the Earth as a bar magnet with North and South poles being the geographical
South and North poles respectively, a point on the equator will be along the equatorial line of
the magnet.
The magnetic field at an equatorial point of bar magnet at a distance ‘r’ from the axis is,
 m
Beq  0 3
4 r
  4  10    6.4  10 
3
5 6
Beqr 3
m   7
 1.05  1020 A m2
0 4 10

7. The horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field at a certain place is 2.6 x 10-5 T
and the angle of dip is 60⁰. What is the magnetic field of the Earth at this location?
Ans. Given:
HE  2.6  105 T
Angle of dip,   60
HE  BE cos 
HE 2.6  105
 BE    5.2  10 5 T
cos  0.5

8. A solenoid with insulated wire wound on a core of material of relative permeability 400.
If the number of turns per metre is 1000 and the solenoid carries a current of 2 A,
calculate H, B and magnetisation M
Sol. Given:
Number of turns per unit length, N = 1000
Relative permeability, r  400
Current in the solenoid, i = 2 A
Magnetic intensity, H = Ni = 1000 x 2 = 2000 A/m
Magnetic Field, B  Ni  r oNi  400   4  107   1000  2  32  10 2  1.0 T
B
Magnetisation, M   H   r  1 H   400  1  2000  7.98  105  8  105 A/m
o