Department of Physics

Magnetism
FIS1104: Physics: Science and Technology

Department of Physics IPB

Lecture Outline

• Magnetic Poles • Magnetic field around currents

• Magnetic Line Force • Lorentz Force
• Magnetic Materials • Magnetic Flux
• Faraday Induction
➢ Diamagnetic • Lenz Law
➢ Paramagnetic
➢ Feromagnetic
Outcome
Learning Outcomes:
After this lecture you should be able to…
1. understand the concept of magnetism, e.g. magnetic fields and
forces, the interaction of electric magnets and magnetic forces, and
magnetic induction.
2. explain the application of magnetism in everyday life and the latest
related technologies, e.g. motors, electric generators, medical
equipment, and modern research equipment.
Magnetism
The word magnet comes from the
Greek magnitis lithos which means
Magnesian stone. Magnesia was a
region in Greece in the past, now it
is called Manisa located in Turkey

City of
Manisa
Magnetic Poles

Magnets contains two poles:

- North pole
- South pole
Electric and Magetic Force Lines

Electric force lines Magnetic force lines

From (+) charges to (–) charges - Outside the magnet from the N pole towards
the S pole
- Inside the magnet from S pole to N pole

N pole → + pole
S pole → - pole
Microscopic view of magnets
Macroscopic Microscopic

Figure: electron orbits the nuclei

As a result of the orbiting motion and the spin motion of the electrons in
the atom, a resultant atomic magnetic field is created
Magnetic Material
Diamagnetic
• Materials in which the resultant atomic magnetic field of each atom/molecule is zero
(the magnetic field due to its orbit and spin is non-zero). Diamagnetic materials repel
magnets.
• If a diamagnetic material is subjected to an external field, the electrons in the atoms
will change their motion in such a way as to produce a resultant atomic field whose
direction is opposite to that of the external field.
Diamagnetic
Examples:
Copper (3d10 4s1),
Gold (5d10 6s1),
Zinc (3d10 4s2),
Silver (4d¹⁰ 5s¹) Atomic net
magnetic field
External Magnetic Field
Magnetic Materials (2)
Paramagnetic
• Materials whose atomic/molecular magnetic Examples of these materials are Aluminum,
field resultants are NOT zero, but the total (3s² 3p¹), Magnesium (2s2 2p6 3s2), Tungsten
(4f¹⁴ 5d⁴)
atomic magnetic field resultants are all zero
• As a result of the random vibrations of the
atoms/molecules, the resultant atomic
magnetic fields cancel each other out.
• Paramagnetic materials are attracted very
weakly by magnets
• If a paramagnetic material is subjected to an
external field, the electrons are pulled in
= net atomic magnetic field
such a way that the resultant atomic
magnetic field is in the same direction as the
external magnetic field.
Magnetic Material (3)
Feromagnetic
• Materials with a very large atomic magnetic field resultant which will then form
magnetic domains, each of these domains having a parallel magnetic moment. This
domain contains billions of atoms. Domain area can be on the order of millimeters
or centimeters.
• Ferromagnetic materials are attracted
very strongly by magnets
• If a ferromagnetic material is subjected
to an external field, the electrons are
pulled in such a way that the resultant
atomic magnetic field of each atom or
molecule is in the same direction as the
external magnetic field. Magnetic Domain

• Examples of these materials are Iron (3d6 4s2), Cobalt (3d⁷ 4s²), Nickel (3d⁸ 4s²)
Oersted experiment

Hans Cristian Oersted (1819)

showed that the presence of a
current-carrying wire causes a
deflection of the compass
needle when the current-
carrying wire is brought close
to the compass needle.
Gambar: Percobaan Oersted

Conclusion of the Oersted Experiment:

A current-carrying wire creates a static magnetic field around it.
Electricity and magnetism are related
Magnetic Field around a Current Wire

The magnitude of the magnetic field

around a very long current wire
Lorentz Force

If theta = 90 degree, then

The SI unit for the magnetic field B

is the Tesla (T)
Lorentz fore

For a particle q moving with 𝑣റ

inside an external 𝐵
 Lorentz Force Application
Mass Spectrometry
If a charge moves into a magnetic field
with direction perpendicular to the field, it
will follow a circular path. The magnetic
force, being perpendicular to the velocity,
provides the centripetal force.
Force between two current wires

Side and top view

Figure 1 Figure 2

Force per unit

length
Magnetic Flux

Φ = Magnetic Flux (weber / Wb)

A = Loop Area (m2)
B Magnetic Field (Wb/m2)
or in T ( tesla)
ϑ = Angle between B and line
normal to A
Faraday Induction Law

∆Φ 𝜀 = electromotive force (volt)

𝜀 = −𝑁 N = number of coils
∆𝑡 𝑑Φ
= rate of magnetic flux
𝑑𝑡
(Wb/s)
or
(–) sign = compatible with
𝑑Φ lenz law (the induced emf
𝜀 = −𝑁 produces a B field to counter
𝑑𝑡
the changing external B field)
∆Φ = Φ2 − Φ1
∆𝑡 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
Lenz Law

Notes:
N S
B = Change in magnetic flux
Binduction = Magnetic field due to
induced current
The direction of B and Binduction is
N S always opposite

Lenz's law: An induced electromotive force (emf) always generates a

current whose magnetic field is opposite to the direction of the flux
change
Application of Faraday Induction
https://youtube.com/shorts/N6TBEKMJmHE?feature=share
Faraday Induction Law Application

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlIzG5kqhQc

Gambar: Induction stove

 Thank you!

Department of Physics
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural
Science