Lesson 11.

Magnetism
 discuss the nature of
1 magnets;
Objectives
At the end explain the theories
of the
2 behind magnetism; and
lesson, you
should be
able to: compute the amount of
3 magnetic force that an
object may experience.
 Learn about It!

Magnets and Magnetic Field

• Magnetism is a phenomenon wherein an object is
attracted by another object without the presence of any
contact.
• This usually happens to metals like iron, nickel, cobalt,
some alloys of rare-earth metals, and some naturally
occurring minerals such as lodestone.
 Learn about It!

Magnets and Magnetic Field

• A magnet is an object that displays magnetic properties. It
has two magnetic poles, the north and the south pole.
• There are two kinds of magnets - permanent magnets and
temporary magnets.
 Learn about It!

Magnet

Magnets always have two poles, the north and

south pole.
 Learn about It!

Magnets
• Permanent magnets typically consist of iron, nickel and
other earth alloys that make up hard magnets. Once these
materials are magnetized, they tend to maintain their
magnetism for long periods of time.
• Temporary magnets or soft magnets consist of materials
such as annealed iron.
 Learn about It!

Magnets
• The difference between hard and soft magnetic materials
is their coercivity or the threshold of the electric or
magnetic field that must be exceeded in order to
demagnetize the material.
 Learn about It!

Magnetic Field
• Magnetic field is a region around a magnet that causes a
magnetic force.
• Like an electric field, the magnetic field around an object is
represented by field lines.
 Learn about It!

Magnetic Field
• Magnetic field lines begin and end in the magnetic poles.
The magnitude of the field is given in a unit called the Tesla
(T).
• The Weber per square meter (Wb / m2) is an older name
for Tesla. Therefore, 1 T = 1 Wb / m2 . Also, 1 T = 1 kg / s2 / A
.
 Learn about It!

Magnetic Field

Magnetic field lines

on a bar magnet.
 Basic Law of Magnetism
Opposite poles attract, while like magnetic
poles repel one another.
 Learn about It!

Magnetic Field

(a) Field lines are used to represent the magnetic field around a bar magnet. The
interactions between magnetic fields result in either an (b) attraction or a (c)
repulsion.
The magnetic field lines coming from the north
pole of a magnet always terminate at the other
end called the south pole
 Learn about It!

Magnetic Force
• An electron charge or a negative charge is expressed as
–1.6 × 10-19 C.
• The negative sign indicates the charge of the electron,
while a proton charge has exactly the same opposite value.
• If an electric charge, either a proton or an electron, moves
with a velocity through a magnetic field, a magnetic force
is exerted on the charge.
 Learn about It!

Magnetic Force
• Mathematically, the magnitude of the force and the
magnetic field induction are defined as:

where Fm is the magnetic force in Newton (N), q is the

charge of the proton or electron in Coulomb (C), v is the
velocity of the electron or proton in meter/second (m/s), B
is the magnetic field in Tesla (T) and θ is the angle (180o or
less) between the direction of velocity and magnetic field.
 Try it!

What is the magnitude of the force on an electron traveling

7.89 × 105 m/s horizontally to the east in a vertically upward
magnetic field of strength 0.77 T?
 Try it! Solution

What is the magnitude of the force on an electron traveling

7.89 × 105 m/s horizontally to the east in a vertically upward
magnetic field of strength 0.77 T?
Step 1 Identify what is required to find in the problem.
You are asked to find for the magnitude of the force.

Step 2 Identify the given in the problem.

The velocity and charge of the electron, the magnitude
of the magnetic field, as well as, the angle between the
direction of the velocity and magnetic field are given.
 Try it! Solution

What is the magnitude of the force on an electron traveling

7.89 × 105 m/s horizontally to the east in a vertically upward
magnetic field of strength 0.77 T?
Step 3 Write the working equation.

Step 4 Substitute the given values.

Step 5 Find the answer.

Key Points

Magnetism is a phenomenon wherein an object is

1 attracted by another object without the presence of
any contact. This usually happens with metals.

A magnet is an object that displays magnetic

2 properties. It has two magnetic poles, the north and
the south pole.

Basic law of magnetism states that opposite poles

3 attract, while like magnetic poles repel one another.
Key Points

Magnetic field is a region around a magnet that causes a

magnetic force.
The magnitude of the magnetic force and the magnetic
4 field induction are defined as:
 Check Your Understanding

Write true if the statement is correct and false if

not.
1. Magnets are attracted to objects that contain iron, nickel,
cobalt or steel.
2. Opposite poles attract each other.
3. All metals stick to magnets.
4. All magnets have a North and South Pole.
5. A magnet wrapped in a paper will attract paper clips.
 Challenge Yourself

An aircraft carries a static charge of 0.75 C. It travels at 235

m/s perpendicular to a 1.9 × 10-4 T magnetic field. What
magnetic force does an aircraft experience?
 Bibliography

Faughn, Jerry S. and Raymond A. Serway. 2006. Serway’s College Physics, 7th Edition. Singapore:
Brooks/Cole

Gardose-Figueras, Geraldine. 2009. Science Fundamentals for High School IV: Physics. Philippines:
Trinitas Publishing Inc.

Giancoli, Douglas C. 1985. Physics: principles with applications. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Hewitt, Paul G. 2002. Conceptual Physics, 9th Edition. Singapore: Pearson Education