JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV ALTERNATING CURRENT

ALTERNATING CURRENT
SYNOPSIS I or E


Introduction : When a resistor is connected

across the terminals of a battery, a current is
established in the circuit. The current has a
unique direction, it goes from the positive
terminal to the negative terminal via the external
resistor. The magnitude of the current also
remains almost constant. This is called direct
current (dc).
If the direction of the current in a resistor or in
any other element changes alternately, the
current is called an alternating current (ac). In
this chapter, we shall study the alternating
current that varies sinusoidally with time.
ALTERNATING CURRENT(A.C.)
• Electric current, which keeps on changing in
magnitude and direction periodically is defined
as alternating current.
• It obeys Ohm’s law and Joule’s heating law.
It is produced using the principle of
electromagnetic induction.
• Graphical representations for alternating
quantities can be represented in the form of the
following graphs.
ALTERNATING VOLTAGE (A.V)
• The voltage, which changes in magnitude and
direction with respect to time is defined as
alternating voltage.
• The alternating voltage in general use is
sinusoidal voltage. It is produced by rotating a
coil in a uniform magnetic field with uniform
angular velocity.
I or E

t

t

Square form of ac
ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATING
CURRENT OVER DIRECT
CURRENT
• The cost of generation of ac is less than that of dc.
• ac can be conveniently converted into dc with the
help of rectifiers.
• By supplying ac at high voltages, we can
minimise transmission losses or line losses.
• ac is available in a wide range of voltages.
These volatages can be easily stepped up or
stepped down with the help of transformers.
DISADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATING
CURRENT OVER DIRECT CURRENT
• ac is more dangerous than dc.
• ac is transmitted more by the surface of the
conductor. This is called skin effect. Due to
this reason that several strands of thin insulated
wire, instead of a single thick wire, need be
used.
• For electrorefining,electro - typing
electroplating, only dc can be used but not ac.
INSTANTANEOUS VALUE OF
CURRENT OR VOLTAGE (I or E)
• The value of current or voltage in an ac circuit
at any instant of time is called its instantaneous
value.
• Instantaneous current,
I  I 0 sin wt (or) I  I 0 sin(w t  f)
• Instantaneous voltage,
E  E0 sin w t (or) E  E 0 sin(wt  f)

sinusoidal form of ac
Where (w t  f) is called phase
I or E

E 0 or I 0
Positive half cycle

+
+ + +
I or E
  
O T/4 t or 
_
T/2
Negative
half cycle
T
Triangular form of ac

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 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV

AMPLITUDE OF A.C. ( PEAK (+) Between A and C

I or E or
VALUE) (I0) or ( I m ): A
B C and B
It is the maximum value of A.C. The value of A.C. c) C t Iavg  0
becomes maximum twice in one cycle. (-) Eavg  0

Note: Average value of a function F  t  over a period FREQUENCY OF A.C. (f)

• It is the number of cycles completed by A.C. in
of T is given by
one second.
T TIME PERIOD OF A.C. (T)
 F t  dt 1
T • It is the time taken by A.C. to complete one cycle.
 F  t   Favg  0
 F  t dt
T 0
T f = 1/ T
 dt MEAN SQUARE VALUE OF A.C. < I2 >
0
I02
• < I2 > =
2
2 1  cos 2 t  1
Eg:-  sin t  : 2 R.M.S. VALUE (Irms) or EFFECTIVE
2
VALUE (I) or VIRTUAL VALUE OF A.C.
 sin 2t  0 ;  cos 2t  0
It is the square root of the average of squares
AVERAGE VALUE OF A.C. < I > of all the instantaneous values of current over
• The value of current at any instant ‘t’ is given by one complete cycle.
I  I0 sin wt . T T

I  I0 .sin
2 2 2
• The average value of a sinusoidal wave over .dt wt.dt
one complete cycle is given by 2
I rms  0  0
T T
T T
 dt
 I .dt  I 0 sin wt.dt 0

I avg  0
T
 0
T
0 T T
I 02 1 cos 2wt  I 2  sin 2wt 
 dt  dt 
T  
 2
 dt  0 t 
 2T 

2w  0
0
0 0
For half cycle: I02 I0
 ;  I rms   0.707 I 0
T
2
T
2 2 2
 Idt I 0 sin t dt • It is equal to that direct current which produces
0 0 2I 0
I  T  T   0.636 I 0 same heating in a resistance as is produced by
2 2

 dt  dt the A.C. in same resistance during same time.
0 0
MEAN SQUARE VALUE OF A.C. < I2 >
I avg  63.7% of I 0 I02
• < I2 > =
2
2 Eo
• Similarly Eavg   0.637 E0  63.7% E0 FORM FACTOR

rms value
(+) Form factor = average value over half cycle
I or E Between A and B,
B Iavg = 0
A
Note: a) t Eavg = 0 I rms E
(-) Form factor   rms
I avg Eavg
(+) A
Between A and B, I0 2I 0
I or E Iavg = 0 We know that I rms  and Iave 
b) t Eavg = 0 2 p
(-) B

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 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV ALTERNATING CURRENT

I0 p p
 Form factor   
2 2I0 2 2
Note :
• ac ammeter and voltmeter read the r.m.s value
i.e., effective value of alternating current and
voltage respectively.
• ac can be measured by using hot wire ammeters
or hot wire voltmeters because the heat generated
is independent of the direction of current.
• ac produces the same heating effects as that
of dc of magnitude i = irms
• ac is more dangerous than dc of same voltage.
100V ac means Erms  100V , E0  100 2 V
100V dc is equivalent to Erms
• ac can be produced by the principle of
electromagnetic induction.
POWER IN ac CIRCUITS :
In dc circuits power is given by P = VI. But in
ac circuits, since there is some phase angle
between voltage and current, therefore power is
defined as the product of voltage and that
component of the current which is in phase with
the voltage.
Thus P = EI cos f , where E and I are r.m.s.
values of voltage and current.
Power factor:The quantity cos f is called
power factor.
a) In stantaneous power : Suppose in a circuit
E = E0 sin wt and I  I 0 sin wt  f then
Pinstantaneous = EI = E0I0 sin wt sin wt  f
b) Average power (True power) : The average
of instantaneous power in an ac circuit over a
full cycle is called average power. Its unit is
watt i.e.
T T
T
 1.11 W  E0 I 0 cos  X
2
Average power over complete cycle,
W E0 I 0
Pavg   cos 
T 2
E0 I 0
 cos   Erms I rms cos 
2 2
c) Apparent or virtual power : The product
of apparent voltage and apparent current in an
electric circuit is called apparent power. This
is always positive.
EI
Papp  E rms I rms  0 0
2
W.E-1: You have two copper cables of equal length
for carrying current. One of them has a single
wire of area of across section A, the other has
ten wires each of cross section area A/10.
Judge their suitability for transporting ac and
dc.
Sol: For transporting d.c.., both the wires are equally
suitable, but for transporting a.c., we prefer wire
of multiple strands.ac is transmitted more by the
surface of the conductor. This is called skin effect
.Due to this reason that several strands of thin
insulated wire, instead of a single thick wire,
need be used.
W.E-2: If the voltage in an ac circuit is represented
by the equation.
V  220 2 sin  314t    volt calculate (a)
peak and rms value of the voltage, (b) average
voltage, (c) frequency of ac.
Sol: (a) As in case of ac,
V  V0 sin  t    ; The peak value
V0  220 2  311V and as in case of ac.
V0
Vrms  ;Vrms  220V ; (b) In case of ac
2

 P.dt  P.dt T
2 2
W 0 0 Vavg  V0   311  198.17V
Pavg     
t T
T ; W   P.dt
 dt
0
0
(c) As   2 f , 2 f  314
T
E0 I 0
T 314
W  E0 I 0 cos   sin 2 tdt  sin   sin 2tdt i.e, f   50 Hz
0
2 0
2

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 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV

W.E-3: A current is made of two components a dc • RESISTANCE (R) It is the opposition offered
component i 1 = 3A and an ac component by a conductor to the flow of direct current.
i 2  4 2 sin t . Find the reading of hot wire • IMPEDANCE (Z) It is the opposition offered
ammeter? by a conductor to the flow of alternating current.
Sol: i  i1 +i2  3  4 2 sin w t | alternating emf |
Z = | alternating current |
T T

 3  4 
2


peak value of alternating voltage
2
i dt 2 sin wt dt = peak value of AC
2
irms  0
T
 0

T RMS value of alternating voltage

 dt = RMS value of AC
0

T • ADMITTANCE(Y): Reciprocal of impedance

2
rms
1
T 0

i   9  24 2 sin wt 32sin2 wt dt  of a circuit is called admittance of the circuit.
1
admittance (Y) =
 irms = 5A Z
S.I. Unit:ohm-1 i.e. mho or siemen.
W.E-4: If a direct current of value a ampere is • PHASE: The physical quantity which
superimposed on an alternating current represents both the instantaneous value and
I  b sin t flowing through a wire, what is direction of A.C. at any instant is called its phase.
the effective value of the resulting current in • It is dimensionless quantity and its unit is Radian
the circuit? • Phase Difference: The diffrerence between
the phases of current and voltage is called Phase
dc
I I difference.
a ac • If alternat ing emf and current are
b
 =? E  E0 sin  t  1  and i  i0 sin  t  2 
t t
then phase difference is   1  2
• The quantity varies sinusoidally with time and
Sol: As current at any instant in the circuit will be, can be represented as projection of a rotating
I  I dc  I ac  a  b sin  t vector, is called as phasor.
• A diagram, representing alternating emf and
1
current (of same frequency) as rotating
T 2  2

  I dt  T
1 vectors (Phasors) with phase angle between

  1  a  b sin  t  2 dt  2
them is called as phasor diagram.
I eff   0T   
So,   T 0 
  dt 
 0 
1
1 T 2 2
i.e, eff    a  2b sin t  b  sin t  dt 
2 2
I 
T 0 
But as
1 T 1 T 1
 sin t dt  0 and  sin 2 t dt 
T 0 T 0 2 • In the above figure , OA and OB represent two
1 
1/ 2 rotating vectors having magnitudes E0 and I0 in

So, I eff   a 2  b2  anti clock wise direction with same angular
 2 
velocity ‘ w ’.
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 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV ALTERNATING CURRENT

• OM and ON are the projections of OA and OB • instantaneous emf is E=E 0 sin t

on Y-axis respectively.
• instantaneous current I  I 0 sin t   
• OM = E and ON = I, represent the instantaneous
values of alternating emf and current.   
where    ; Current leads emf by
• BOA  f represents the phase angle by which  2 2
current I0 leads the alternating emf E0.
E

E and I
• The phasor diagram, in a simple representation I
is
t
Y Y O

I
I
E
 

t
X X E=E 0 sin t ; I  I 0 sin t    where   2
O O
• Current lags emf by  /2
WE-5: Use a phasor diagram to represent the sine or
waves in the following Figure. emf leads current by  /2
A.C THROUGH A RESISTOR
• A pure resistor of resistance R is connected
across an alternating source of emf
R

Sol:The phasor diagram representing the sine waves ~

is shown in figure.The length of each phasor E=E0 sin t
represents the peak value of the sine wave.
• The instantaneous value of alternating emf is
E = E0 sin t
• The instantaneous value of alternating current
E E0
is I    sint   I 0 sin t
R R
E0
• Peak value of current, I 0 
R
Note:If e.m.f (or voltage) in A.C. is E = E 0 sin t • Phasor diagrams:
and the current I = I0sin  ωt+φ  Where phase I,E E.m.f
Y
difference φ is Positive if current leads,Negative Current
if current lags and zero if current is inphase with
 2
the emf (or voltage). O t
 3
I 2 2
E and I

E O X
t I E
O

• emf and current will be in phase    0 

• emf and current have same frequency
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 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV

• Peak emf is more than peak current

E 0  E0
• The value of impedance (Z) is equal to R Where Peak value of current, I 0 
and reactance (X) is zero L X L
• Apart from instantaneous value, current in the • From equation 1 & 2
circuit is independent of frequency and Phase difference between alternating voltage
decreases with increase in R (similar to that in 
dc circuits). and current is
2
R=constt. f =constt • The alternating current lags behind the
slope
I0 1 
I
Irms R emf by a phase angle of
2 2
Irms  or f • Phasor diagram
R
I, E VL
POWER E.m.f
Current
• power factor cos   cos 0  1
 3
• Instantaneous power Pi  Eo I o sin 2  t 2 2 2
t
O  
• Average power over time ' T ' sec = 2

2 LL
Erms
Pavg  Erms I rms cos   Erms . I rms 
R
INDUCTIVE REACTANCE (XL)
A.C THROUGH AN INDUCTOR • The opposition offered by an inductor to the flow
• A pure inductor of inductance L is connected of ac is called an inductive reactance.
across an alternating source of emf E • The quantity  L is analogous to resistance and
L
is called reactance of Inductor represented by
XL .
• It allows D.C. but offers finite impedance to the
~ flow of A.C.
E=E0 sin t • Its value depends on L and f.
• The instantaneous value of alternating emf • Inductance not only causes the current to lag
is E = E0 sin t ...........(1) behind emf but it also limits the magnitude of
dI current in the circuit.
• The induced emf across the inductor =  L. E0 E
dt I0   L  0  X L ,
which opposes the growth of current in the • L I0
circuit. As there is no potential drop across the
circuit, so  X L   L  2 fL  X L f ; X L  f curve
 dI  dI X L  L curve
E    L.   0 or L.  E
 dt  dt
Y Y
dI E0
 sin t ; On integrating
dt L
E0  
I  cos t  I 0 sin  t   ..........  2  slope = tan = 2L slope = tan = 2f
L  2 XL XL
 
• The instantaneous value of alternating current X X
is f L
 
 I  I0 sin  t   • For dc, f  0  X L  0
 2

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For ac, high frequencies, X L   q=CE=CE0 sin t

 dc can flow easily through inductor.. dq  
• Inductive reactance in terms of RMS value I  C E0 cos t  I 0 sin  t   ............... 2 
dt  2
E • The instantaneous value of alternating current
is X L   L  rms
Irms is
Power supplied to inductor  
I  I 0 sin  t   ...............(2)
• The instantaneous power supplied to the inductor  2
  E0
is PL  iv  i0 sin   t    v0 sin  t  where peak value of current, I0 
 2  1 
 
 C 
i0 v0
 i0v0 cos t  sin t    sin  2 t  • From equation 1 & 2
2

So, the average power over a complete cycle is current leads the emf by an angle .
2
Pavg  Erms . I rms cos   0   90 PHASOR DIAGRAM
i0 v0 I,E
 sin  2 t   0 E.m.f
Current
IC
2
Since the average of sin  2t  over a complete 3
2 /2
 t
cycle is zero. O 
2
2

T hus, t he average power supplied to an

VC
inductor over one complete cycle is zero.
A.C THROUGH A CAPACITOR CAPACITIVE REACTANCE (XC)
• When an alternating emf is applied to a • The resistance offered by a capacitor to the flow
capacitor, then alternating current is constituted of ac is called capacitive reactence.
in the circuit. Due to this, charge on the plates
1
and electric field between the plates of capacitor • The quantity is analogous to resistance and
vary sinusoidally with time. C
• At any instant the potential difference between is called reactance of capacitor represented by
the plates of a capacitor is equal to applied XC
emf at that time. E0 1 1 E E
I0   XC    0  rms
C  1   C 2 fC I 0 I rms
 
 C 
• It is the part of impedance in which A.C. leads

the A.V. by a phase angle of .
~ 2
E=E0 sin t
1 1
• A capacitor of capacity C is connected across • Its value is Xc   .
C 2fC
an alternating source of emf • Its value depends on C and f.
• The instantaneous value of alternating emf is • It bypasses A.C. but blocks D.C.
E = E0 sin t ...................(1) • It is produced due to pure capacitor or induced
• Let q be the charge on the capacitor at any instant. charge.
Accoding to kirchhoff’s loop rule • X C  f curve
q
E  0  q  CE0 sin t X C  C curve
C
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 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV

C = const  = const WE-8: An inductor of 1 henry is connected across

a 220 v, 50 Hz supply. The peak value of the
XC XC current is approximately.
Sol: Peak value of current
 or f C E 2 Erms 2 Erms 2  220 
Note: Resistance, Impedance and Reactance have the i0  0     0.99 A
same units and Dimensional Formulae. XL L 2 fL 2  50 1
i.e. SI unit is ohm; Dimensional Formula is WE-9: A capacitor of 2 F is connected in a radio
 ML2T 3 A2  circuit. The source frequency is 1000 Hz. If
Power supplied to capacitor: the current through the capacitor branch is
• The instantaneous power supplied to the 2 mA then the voltage across the capacitor is
capacitor is 1 I
Sol: VC  IX C  I  
Pc  iv  i0 cos t  v0 sin t  C 2 fC
iv
 i0 v0 cos t  sin t  ;  0 0 sin  2 t  2 103
2   0.16V
So, the average power over a complete cycle is 2 103  2 106
zero A.C THROUGH LR SERIES CIRCUIT
since  sin  2t   0 over a complete cycle. • LR circuit consists of a resistor of resistance
R and an inductor of inductance L in series
Pavg  Vrms . I rms cos   Vrms . I rms cos 90  0 with a source of alternating emf
 no power is consumed in a purely • The instantaneous value of alternating emf is
capacitive circuit.
E  E 0 sin t
WE-6: An alternating voltage
L R
E  200 2 sin 100t  volt is connected to a
1 F capacitor through an ac ammeter. What VL VR

will be the reading of the ammeter? E

~
Sol: Comparing E  200 2 sin 100t  with
• The potential difference across the inductor is
E  E0 sin t ; E0  200 2V and   100  rad / s 
given by, VL  IXL .....(1)
1 1 • The potential difference across the resistor,
XC   6
 104 
C 100  10 VR  IR .....(2)
Erms E0 200 2 
I rms     20 mA current I lags the Voltage VL by an angle of ,
Z 2XC 2 104 2
Therefore, the resultant of VL and VR is
WE-7: Find the maximum value of current when
2 2
a coil of inductance 2H is connected to 150V, OC  OA 2  OB2 or E  VR  VL
50 cycles / sec supply.
y
Sol: Here L  2H, Erms  150 V , f  50 Hz
X L  L  L  2f = 2 2 3.14 50 = 628 ohm B C

RMS value of current through the inductor ,

Erms 150 XL
Irms    0.24A (or) E
XL 628 VL
Maximum value (or peak value) of current is
I0
given by I r m s  
2 x
or I0  2 Irms  1.414 0.24  0.339A VR (or) R A
I

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 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV ALTERNATING CURRENT
Using equations ( 1 ) and (2), we get capacitor,
2
E  I2R 2  I2 X L  I R 2  X L
2 VC  IX C .....(i)
where X L  L is the inductive reactance. 
E • The current leads emf by an angle when ac
or I  2
2 .....(3)
R2  XL flows through capacitor.
E
I 2 2 2 2 2
Z LR ; Z LR  R  X L  R  L  • The potential difference across the resistor,
The effective opposition offered by LR circuit VR = IR .....(ii)
to ac is called the impedance of LR circuit.
• The emf and current are in phase when ac flows
Let  be the angle made by the resultant of VL through resistor.
and VR with the X-axis, then from figure, we get Phasor diagram.
AC OB VL IX L
tan      I
OA OA VR IR O
VR (or) R A
X
X L L 
or tan   
R R
Note: In series LR circuit, emf leads the current or VC E
(or)
the current is said to lag behind the emf by an XC
angle 
 Current in L-R series circuit is given by B C
-Y
E E
I  0 sin(w t  f )
Z LR Z LR • In figure VC is represented by OB along negative
(or) I  I 0 sin( w t  f ) Y - axis and the current I is represented along
Note: X - axis.
• Z LR  R 2  L2  2  R 2  L2  4  2 f 2 . • VR is represented by OA along X - axis.
Thus Z LR increases with the frequency of ac, so
• The resultant potential difference of VC and VR is
ZLR is low for lower freqeuncy of ac and high
for higher frequency of ac represented by OC.
• The phase angle between voltage and current • Also, the emf and current are in phase when ac
increases with the increase in the frequency of flows through the resistor. So, VR is represented
ac by OA along X-axis.
C-R SERIES CIRCUIT WITH • Therefore, the resultant potential difference of
ALTERNATING VOLTAGE VC and VR is represented by OC and is given
• Let an alternating source of emf E =E0 sin w t is by
connected to a series combination of a pure OC  OA 2  OB2
2
or E  VR  VC
2

capacitor of capacitance (C) and a resistor of

Using equations (i) and (ii), we get
resistance (R) as shown in figure (a)
2 2
C R E  I2R 2  I2XC  I R 2  XC
E E
or I  
VC VR 2 2
R  XC Z CR
From the above equations of I and E, we have
~
 1 
2
E 2
Z CR  R  XC 2  R 2
 
 
 Cw 
• Let I be the r.m.s value of current flowing through
the circuit. The potential difference across the Where Z CR is the effective opposition offered
NARAYANA GROUP 77
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV

by the CR circuit to ac, which is the impedance of • The current I lags VL by an angle  / 2 .
CR circuit.
Let  be the angle made by E with X-axis • The P.D across capacitance is VC  I . X C .
AC VC IX C • The current I leads VC by an angle  / 2 .
tan    
OA VR IR
XC I • The voltage VL and VC are represented by OB
or tan   
R CR and OC respecitvely.
In series CR circuit, emf lags behind the current
or in other words, the current is said to lead the Y
emf by an angle  given by the above equation. B
 Current in C-R series circuit is given by VL
E E
I  0 sin( wt  f )
Z CR Z CR
(or) I  I0 .sin(wt  f ) O X
I
Note:
C
• The resultant potential difference of VC and VR is VC
represented by OC Impedance of CR circuit. -Y
2 1
Z CR  R 2  X C  R 2  2 2
C The resultant P.D of VL and VC is
1
 R2  2 2 2 V  VL  VC  I  X L  X C 
4 f C
• The resultant potential difference of VC and VR is  1 
 I  L   IZLC
represented by OC For very high frequency (f)  C 
of ac. Z  R and for very low frequency of ac, • From the above equations, Impedance of
Z L -C circuit is
• Phase angle between voltage and current is
 1 
given by Z LC   L  
tan  
1

1  C 
C  R 2  fC R
As f increases, phase angle  decreases. 1
• If  L  i.e, X L  X C then VL  VC potential
L - C SERIES CIRCUIT WITH C
ALTERNATING VOLTAGE difference V  VL  VC .
• Let an alternating source of emf E  E0 sin  t is • Now current lags behind voltage by  / 2 .
connected to the series combination of a pure 1
capacitor of capacitance (C) and an inductor of • If  L  then VL  VC resultant potential
C
inductance (L) is shown in fig.
difference V   VC  VL
L C
Now current leads emf by  / 2 .
VL VC
1 1
If  L  then Z   L  0
~ C C
E
E
• Let I be the rms value of current flowing in the Current I  
circut Z
In L - C, circuit, the phase difference between
• The P.D across ‘L’ is VL  I . X L
voltage and current is always  / 2 .

78 NARAYANA GROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV ALTERNATING CURRENT

Power factor cos   cos  / 2  0 . WE-11: When 100 volt dc is applied across a coil,
a current of 1 amp flows through it; when 100
So, power consumed in L - C circuit is V ac of 50 Hz is applied to the same coil, only
P  Vrms  I rms  cos   0 0.5 amp flows. Calculate the resistance and
inductance of the coil.
 In L - C circuit no power is consumed.
Sol: In case of a coil, i.e, L - R circuit,
Note:
V
1 I  with Z  R2  X L 2  R2   L 2
• In L - C, circuit, the impendence Z   L  Z
C So when dc is applied,   0, so Z  R
E V V 100
Current I  . and hence I  , i.e, R    100
Z R I 1
and when ac of 50 Hz is applied.
So, the impedence and current varies with
frequency. V V 100
I  , i,e. Z    200
Z I 0.5
1
• At a particular angular frequency,  L  but Z  R 2   2 L2 , i.e,  2 L2  Z 2  R 2
C
2
E i.e,  2 fL   2002  1002  3  104
and current I  becomes maximum  I 0  and
Z 3  102 3
resonance occurs. L  H  0.55H
2  50 
E WE-12: A 10µF capacitor is in series with a 50
At resonance Z  0 and I 0  0   . resistance and the combination is connected
Z
to a 220V, 50 Hz line. Calculate (i) the
1 capacitive reactance, (ii) the impedance of the
Resonant angular frequency 0  circuit and (iii) the current in the circuit.
LC
Sol: Here, C  10F  10  10 6  10 5 F
1 R  50 ohm, E rms  220V,   50Hz ,
Resonant frequecny f 0  . (i) Capacitive reactance,
2 LC
WE-10: A 0.21 H inductor and a 12 ohm 1 1 1
XC    = 318.5 
resistance are connected in series to a 220 V. C 2C 2  3.14  50  10 5
(ii) Impedance of CR circuit.
50 Hz ac source. Calculate the current in the 2 2
2
circuit and the phase angle between the ZCR  R 2  X C   50    318.5   322.4
current and the source voltage . E rms 220
Sol: Here (iii) Current, I rms   = 0.68A
Z CR 322.4
X L   L  2 fL  2  50  0.21  21  WE-13: A coil has an inductance of 0.7 H and is
joined in series with a resistance of 220  .
2 2 2 2
Z  R  X L  12   21   144  4348 When an alternating e.m.f of 220 V at 50 cps
is applied to it, then the wattless component
of the current in the circuit is
V 220
Z  4492  67.01 ; I  Z  67.02  3.28 A X  L 2  50  0.7
Sol: tan   L   1
R R 220
X   21 
  tan 1  L   tan 1     45, Z  R 2  X L2  2202  2202
 R   12 
The current will lag the applied voltage by an  220 2
Wattless component of currnet  I v sin 
1  21 
angle tan  . Ev 220 1
 12   sin 45    0.5 A
Z 220 2 2
NARAYANA GROUP 79
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV

A.C THROUGH LCR SERIES CIRCUIT E

E 
• A circuit containing pure inductor ofinductance (L),  I  1 
2
2 ;
R  X L X C 
2 2
pure capacitor of capacitance (C) and resistor R   L 
 C 
of resistance (R), all joined in series, is shown
in figure. • Let  be the phase angle between E and I, then
• Let E be the r.m.s value of the applied alternating
emf to the LCR circuit. from Phasor diagram
V  VC IX L  IX C X  XC
tan   L   L
VR IR R
 1 
I  L  C 
tan    
R
 Current in L-C- R series circuit is given by
E E
• The potential difference across L, I   0 sin( w t  f )
Z Z
VL  IX L .....(i) (or) I  I 0 .sin( wt  f )

• The potential difference across C, • If XL and XC are equal then Z = R i.e.,

VC  IX C .....(ii) expression for pure resistance
• The potential difference across R, circuit.
VR  IR .....(iii) If XL = 0 then Z  R 2  X C 2 i.e., expression
PHASOR DIAGRAM for series RC circuit.
Y • Similarly if XC = 0 then Z  R 2  X L 2 i.e.
B expression for series RL circuit.
VL
D L R
(VL-VC)
Also, cos  
or
Z
E
(XL-XC) 
X
Case (i) : If X L  X C then  is +ve. In this case
O
VR or R A I
VC
the current lags behind the emf by a phase
C XL  XC 
1 
angle   Tan  R

 
-Y
Case (ii) : If X L  X C then  is -ve. In this case
• Since VL and VC are in opposite phase, so
the current leads the emf by a phase angle
their resultant (VL –VC) is represented by OD
(Here VL > VC)  X  XL 
  Tan 1  C 
• The resultant of VR and (VL–VC) is given by OL.  R 
The magnitude of OL is given by
Case (iii): If X L  X C then  is 0. In this case
2 2 2 2
OL   OA   OD ;  VR   VL  VC  the current and emf are in phase.
2
• If X L  X C , then the circuit will be inductive
 I R2   XL  XC 
E 2
• If X L  X C , then the circuit will be
Z  R2   X L  XC  capacitive
I
 Impedance (Z) of LCR circuit is given by • If X L  X C , then the circuit will be purely
Z  R2   X L  X C 
2 resistive.
• The LCR circuit can be inductive or
capacitive or purely resistive depending on
80 NARAYANA GROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV ALTERNATING CURRENT
the value of frequency of alternating source WE-14: In a circuit L, C and R are connected in
of emf. series with an alternating voltage source of
• At some frequency of alternating source, frequency f. The current leads the voltage
X L  X C and for some other frequency, X L  X C .
by 45 . The value of C is :
There exists a particular value of frequency Sol: As current leads the voltage by 45 ,
where X L  X C (This situation is XC  X L
 tan    tan 45  1
explained under resonance of LCR series R
circuit )  X C  X L  R or X C  X L  R
Note:Relation between applied pd & pd’s across 1 1
the components in L - C - R circuit or  L  R  C 
C   L  R 
L C R L C R
1
C
V V V V L V V
C R
2 f  2 fL  R 
L C R

WE-15: In a series LCR circuit, the voltage across

~ the resistance, capacitance and inductance is
V E 10V each. If the capacitance is short circuited
For ‘dc’ For ‘ac’ then the voltage across the inductance w i l l
be
V = VR + VL + VC V  IZ Sol: As VR  VL  VC ; R  X L  X C
Z  R ; V  IR  10 volt
(only before steady state) When capacitor is short circuited,
2 2
 I R2   X L  X C  ;   IR  2   IX L  IX C  Z  R 2  X L2  R 2  R 2  R 2
V 2 = VR 2 + VL - VC 
2
V 10
I New current, I '  V / Z  
where VL  IX L  I  L and VC  IX C  R 2 R 2
C Potential drop across inductance
and VR = IR 10  R 10
 I ' XL  I 'R   volt
Note: Rules to be followed for various R 2 2
combinations of ac circuits 200
WE-16 : An inductance of mH . a capacitance
• Compute effective resistance of the circuit as R 
• Calculate the net reactance of the circuit as 10 3
1 of F and a resistance of 10 are
X  X L  X C where X L   L , X C  . 
C connected in series with an AC source of 220
• Resistance offered by all the circuited elements
V, 50 Hz. The phase angle of the circuit is
to the flow of ac is impedance ( Z )
200 200  103 0.2
 Z  R 2  X 2  R 2  X L  X C 
2 Sol: Here, L  mH  H H
  
E0 103
• Calculate the peak value of current as 0 I  C  F , R  10 ; Ev  220V , n  50 Hz
Z 
• The phase difference between emf & current can 0.2
be known by constructing an ac triangle as X L   L  2 nL  2  50   20 
X 
tan f 
R 1 1 
X
XC     10
X
Z sin f 
Z
C 2 nC 2  50 103
co s f 
R
tan  
 X L  X C   20  10  1   
 Z ;
R
f R 10 4

NARAYANA GROUP 81
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV

WE-17: In a series LCR circuit, R  200 , the 2

voltage and the frequency of the main supply Z  R2   X C  X L 
is 220 V and 50 Hz. respectively. On taking 2
out the capacitance from the circuit, the current  100
2 
 3   90   21.3 
lags behind the voltage by 30 .On taking out  9 
the inductor from the circuit, the current
Power dissipated / cycle  Ev I v cos 
leads the voltage by 30 . The power
2
dissipated in the LCR circuit is E R E 
 E0  v    v   R
Sol: Here, R  200, Ev  220V  Z Z  Z 
XL  15 
3
In L -R circuit, tan 30 
R    3  0.744W
 2  21.3 
X WE-19: A 750 Hertz - 20 volt source is connected
In C - R circuit, tan 30  C
R to a resistance of 100 ohm, an inductance of
X X 0.1803 henry and a cpacitance of 10 F , all in
 L  C or X L  X C
R R series. What is the tim e in which the
In L - C - R circuit, if  is the phase difference resistance (Thermal capacity  2 joule/ C )
between voltage and current, then will get heated by 10C ?
X  XC 0 Sol: Here, v  750 Hz , Ev  20V , R  100 
tan   L   0    0
R 200
L  0.1803 H , C  10 F  105 F , t  ?
i.e., current and voltage are in the same
phase.   10C , thermal capacity  2J/C
Ev2 X L   L  2 vL  2  3.14  750  0.1803
 Average power  Ev  Iv cos    0
R 1 1
XC    21.2 
2 C 2  750  105

 220 
 242 W 2
200 Z  R2   X L  X C 
WE-18: An LCR circuit has L = 10 mH. R = 3
2
ohm and C  1 F connected in series to a  1002   850  21.2   835 
source of 15 cos t volt. What is average
Power dissipated  Ev I v cos 
power dissipated per cycle at a frequecny that
is 10% lower than the resonant requency? 2
 E  R  20  100
 Ev  v      0.0574W
Sol: Here, L  102 H , R  3, C  106 F  Z  Z  835 
2

Resonant frequency,
Heat produced in resistance  2 10  20J
1 1
0    10 4 rad/s If t is the required time, then
2 6
LC 10  10
20 20
P  t  20  t    348s
Actual frequency,    90%  0 P 0.0574
 9  103 rad/s RESONANT FREQUENCY
Electrical Resonance Series L-C-R Circuit
X L   L  9  103  10 2  90  Electrical resonance is said to take place in a
1 1 1000 series LCR circuit, when the circuit allows
XC   3 6
  maximum current for a given frequency of
 C 9  10  10 9
82 NARAYANA GROUP
JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV ALTERNATING CURRENT
alternating supply, at which capacitive reactance Note: Series LCR circuit at resonance admit
becomes equal to the inductive reactance. maximum current at particular frequencies, so they
The current (I) in a series LCR circuit is given by can be used to tune the desired frequency or filter
unwanted frequencies. They are used in transmitters
E E
I  and receivers of radio, television and telephone
Z 
2
1  .....(i)
2
R  L  carrier equipment etc.
 C  RESONANCE IN L - C CIRCUIT :
From the above equation (i), it is clear that At resonance ,
current I will be maximum if the impedance (Z) a) Net reactance X = 0
of the circuit is minimum. b) X L  XC
At low frequencies, L   L  2  f is very small c) Impedance Z = 0
1 1 E0
and C   C  2  f is very large. d) peak value of current I0  
Z
1 1
At high frequencies, L is very large and is e) Resonant frequency f 0 
C 2 LC
very small. p
1 f) Voltage and current differ in phase by
For a particular frequency (f0), L   i.e. 2
C
X L  X C and the impedance (Z) of LCR circuit g) Power factor cos f  0
is minimum and is given by Z = R. RESONANCE IN L - C - R CIRCUIT :
At resonance,
Therefore, at the particular frequency ( f0 ), the a) Net reactance X = 0
current in LCR circuit becomes maximum. The b) X L  XC
frequency ( f0 ) is known as the resonant c) Impedance Z = R ( minimum )
frequency and the phenomenon is called E0 E0
d) peak value of current I0   ( maximum but
electrical resonance. Z R
not infinity )
Again, for electrical resonance (XL–Xc) = 0. 1
i.e. XL = XC e) Resonant frequency f 0 
1 1
2 LC
or L   2  f) Voltage and current will be in phase
C LC g) power factor cos   1
1 1
or     2f 0   h) Resonant frequency is independent of value of R.
LC LC i) A series L - C - R circuit behaves like a pure
1 resistive circuit at resonance.
or f 0  .....(ii)
2  LC HALF POWER FREQUENCIES AND
This is the value of resonant frequency. BAND WIDTH.
The resonant frequency is independent of the • The frequencies at which the power in the circuit
resistanace R in the circuit. However, the is half of the maximum power (The power at
sharpness of resonance decreases with the resonance) are called half power frequencies.
increase in R.
Series LCR circuit is more selective when Pmax
resistance of this circuit is small.
Y

R3>R2>R1
I0 P Pmax
P=
R1 2
R2
I
R3
.
O X 1 2 3 V
f0
f

NARAYANA GROUP 83
 84
Table for values of different parameters for different components applied to ac

Parameter R-L circuit R-C circuit L-C circuit L-C-R circuit

1) Input emf E = E0 sin t E = E0 sin t E = E0 sin t E = E0 sin t


2) Resulting current I = I0 sin (t – ) I = I0 sin (t + ) I = I0 sin t  2 I = I0 sin (t  )
ALTERNATING CURRENT

3) Resistance R R 0 R

–1 1 1
4) Net reactance X = XL = L X = XC = X = L – X = L –
C C C

2 2 2
5) Impedance Z = R2 + (L)2 1 1 1
Z = R2 + Z = L – Z = R2 + L –
C C C

E0 E0 E0 E0
6) Peak value of current I0 = Z I0 = Z I0 = Z I0 = Z

7) Phase diff. between L –1 XL – XC

 = tan–1  = tan–1  = 90°  = tan–1
E&I R RC R

8) Lead / lag I lags E by  I lags E by  If XL > XC , I Lags E If XL > XC , I lags E

by 90° by 
If XL < XC , I leads E If XL > XC , I lags E
by 90° by 
If XL = XC , E and I are If XL > XC , I lags E
in phase by 
JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV

NARAYANA GROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV ALTERNATING CURRENT
• The current in the circuit at half power frequecies VL VC 0 L 1
(HPF) is 1 2 or 0.707 or 70.7% of maximum Q  factor  V or V  R or  CR
R R 0
current (current at resonance).
• There are two half power frequencies 1 L
 Q  factor 
1  called lower half power frequency. At this R C
frequency the circuit is capacitive. WATTLESS CURRENT:
3  called upper half power frequency. It is In an ac circuit , R  0  cos   0 so

greater than  2 . At this frequency the circuit is Pav  0, i.e.., in resistanceless circuit the power
inducitve. consumed is zero, Such a circuit is called the
wattless circuit and the current flowing is
• Band width    : The difference of half power called the wattless current.
frequencies 1 and  2 is called band width Or
The component of current which does not
   and   3  1 . contribute to the average power dissipation
• For series resonant circuit it can be proved is called wattless current.
   R / L  wattless current = I rms sin 
QUALITY FACTOR (Q - FACTOR) OF CHOKE COIL:
• Choke coil (or ballast) is a device having high
SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT.
inductance and negligible resistance.
• The characteristic of a series resonant circuit is
• It is used to control current in ac circuits and is
determined by the quality factor  Q  factor  of used in fluorescent tubes.
the circuit. • The power loss in a circuit containing choke coil
• It defines sharpness of i  v curve at resonance is least.
when Q  factor is large, the sharpness of • In a dc circuit current is reduced by means of a
rheostat.This resutls in a loss of electrical energy
resonance curve is more and vice - versa.
I 2 R per sec.
R=0
Q- factor =infinity Iron core
R = Very low Starter
Q- factor = large
Choke
i R = low Coil of Cu wire ~ coil
Q- factor = normal ~ L, R
R = High Choke coil Application of choke coil
Q- factor = low
• It consists of a copper coil wound over a soft
V0 V
Resonance curve iron laminated core. This coil is put in series
with the circuit in which current is to be reduced.
• Q  factor also defined as follows • Soft iron is used to improve inductance (L) of
the circuit.
Maximum energy stored
Q  factor  2  • The inductive reactance or effective opposition
energy dissipation
of the choke coil is given by X L   L  2 vL
2 Maximum energy stored • For an ideal choke coil r  0 , no electric cnergy
 
T Mean power dissipated is wasted, i.e., average power P = 0.
Resonant frequency 0 • In actual practice choke coil is equivalent to a
  R  L circuit.
Band width 

NARAYANA GROUP 85
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV

• Choke coil for different frequencies are made by WE-21 :An electric bulb has a rated power of 50
using different substances in their core. W at 100 V. If it is used on an AC source of
• For low frequency L should be large thus iron 200 V, 50 Hz, a choke has to be used in series
core choke coil is used. For high frequency ac circuit, with it. This choke should have an inductance
L Should be small, so air cored choke coil is used. of
• The choke coil can be used only in ac circuits not in Sol: Here, P  50W , V  100volt
dc circuits, because for dc frequency v  0 . Hence
P 50 V 100
X L  2 vL  0. I   0.5 A, R    200
V 100 I 0.5
• Choke coil is based on the principle of wattless Let L be the inductance of the choke coil
current.
E E 200
E  I v  v  or Z  v   400 
• The current in the circuit I  with Z Iv 0.5
Z
2 2 Now X L  Z 2  R 2  4002  200 2
Z   R  r    L  .
• The power loss in the choke  L  100  2 3
pav  Vrms I rms cos   0 200 3 200 3 200 3 2  1.732
L     1.1H
 2 v 100 3.14
r r r LC OSCILLATIONS
as cos   Z  2 
L
0
r  L2 2 A capacitor (C) and an inductor (L) are
WE-20: An ideal choke coil takes a current of 8 connected as shown in the figure. Initially the
ampere when connected to an AC supply of charge on the capacitor is Q
100 volt and 50 Hz. A pure resistor under the
same conditions takes a current of 10 ampere.
If the two are connected to an AC supply of
150 volts and 40 Hz. then the current in a
series combination of the above resistor and
inductor is
Sol: For pure inductor,
Q2
E0 100 25  Energy stored in the capacitor U E 
XL     2C
Iv 8 2 The energy stored in the inductor, UB = 0.
The capacitor now begins to discharge through
25 25 25 1 the inductor and current begins to flow in the
L  ;L    H
2 2 2  2  50 8 circuit. As the charge on the capacitor decreases,
1 2
V 100 U E decreases but the energy U B  LI in the
R   10 2
I 10 magnetic field of the inductor increases. Energy
For the combination, the supply is 150 v, 40 is thus transferred from capacitor to inductor.
Hz When the whole of the charge on the capacitor
disappears, the total energy stored in the electric
1 field in the capacitor gets converted into
 X L   L  2  40   10
8 magnetic field energy in the inductor. At this
stage, there is maximum current in the inductor.
Z  X L2  R 2  102  10 2  10 2ohm Energy now flows from inductor to the capacitor
except that the capacitor is charged oppositely.
Ev 150 15 This process of energy transfer continues at a
Iv   A A
Z 10 2 2 definite frequency (v). Energy is continuosly
shuttled back and forth between the electric field

86 NARAYANA GROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV ALTERNATING CURRENT
in the capacitor and the magnetic field in the
1  V
inductor. * In L - C oscilations  tells us the potential
If no resistance is present in the LC circuit, the C  q 
LC oscillation will continue infinitely as shown. difference required to store a unit charge
 F
+q0 * In a mechanical oscillation K    tells us the
t x
-q0
external force requred to produce a unit
displacement of mass
However in an actual LC circuit, some resistance * In L - C oscillations current is the analogous
is always present due to which energy is quantity for velocity of the mass in mechanical
dissipated in the form of heat. So LC oscillation oscillations
will not continue infinitely with same amplitude * In L - C oscillations energy stored in capacitor
as shown. is analagous to potential energy in mechanical
+q0
oscillations
* In L - C oscillations energy stored in inductor is
t
analogous to kinetic energy of the mass in
-q0 mechanical oscillations
Let q be the charge on the capacitor at any * In L - C oscillations maximum charge on
capacitor q 0 is analogous to amplitude in
di mechanical oscillations
time t and be the rate of change of current.
dt *  As Vmax = A  in mechanical oscillations,
Since no battery is connected in the circuit, I 0  q0 0 in L- C oscillations
q di dq
 L.  0 Analogies between Mechanical and Electrical Quantities
c dt but i   Mecha nical System Electrical System
dt
from the above equations, we get Mass m Inductance L
q d 2q d 2q 1 Force constant k Reciprocal capacitance 1/C
L 2 0 2  q0 Displacement x Charge q
C dt dt LC Velocity v = dx/dt Current I = dq/dt
d2 x Mechnical energy Electromagnetic
The above equation is analogus to 2
 2 x = 0 energy
dt
(differential equation of S.H.M)
Energy of LC Oscillations: Let q0 be the
2 1 1 initial charge on a capacitor. Let the charged
Hence on comparing   
LC LC capacitor be connected to an inductor of
1 1 induct ance L. LC ciruit will sust ain an
2f   f  1
LC 2 LC oscillations with frequency (  2 f  )
The charge therefore oscillates with a frequency LC
1 At an instant t, charge q on the capacitor and the
f  and varies sinusoidally with time. current i are given by; q(t )  q0 cos t ;
2 LC
i   q0 sin t
COMPARISON OF L - C OSCILLATIONS Energy stored in the capacitor at time t is
WITH SHM : The L - C oscillations can be
compared to S.H.M of a block attached to a 1 1 q 2 q02
U E  CV 2   cos2 (t )
spring 2 2 C 2C
1 Energy stored in the inductor at time t is
* In L - C oscillations  0  1
LC U M  Li 2
2
K
* In Mechanical oscillations  0  where K 1 2 2 2 q2 1
m  Lq0  sin t   0 sin 2 (t )(  2  )
2 2C LC
is the spring constant
Sum of energies
NARAYANA GROUP 87
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
q02 q2
UE UM  (cos 2 t  sin 2  t )  0 \
2C 2C
As q0 and C, both are time independent, this •
sum of energies stored in capacitor and induc
tor is constant in time. Note that it is
equal to the initial energy of the capacitor.
TRANSFORMER
• A transformer works on the principle of mutual
induction.
•` It is a static device that is used to increase or
decrease the voltage in an AC circuit.
• On a laminated iron core two insulated copper
coils called primary and secondary are wound.
• Primary is connected to an alternating source of •
emf, By mutual induction, an emf is induced in
the secondary.
VOLTAGE RATIO:
• If V1 and V2 are the primary and secondary •
voltages in a transformer, N1 and N2 are the
number of turns in the primary and secondary
V1 N1
coils of the transformer, then  .
V2 N2
• In a transformer the voltage per turn is the same
in primary and secondary coils.
• The ratio N2/N1 is called transformation ratio.
• The voltage ratio is the same as the ratio of the
number of turns on the two coils.
CURRENT RATIO:
• If the primary and secondary currents are I1 and
I 2 respectively, then for ideal transformer •
V2 I1 N lamination is coated with a paint of insulation to
  2 . reduce the ‘eddy current’ losses.
V1 I 2 N1
• In an ideal transformer the ampere turns are the •
same in primary and secondary coils.
• If N s  N P voltage is stepped up, then the
transformer is called step - up transformer.
• If N s  N P voltage is stepped down, then the
transformer is called step - down transformer. •
• In step - up transformer, VS  VP and I S  I P
• In step - down transformer, VS  VP and I S  I P
• Frequency of input a.c is equal to frequency of
output a.c
• Transformation of voltage, is not possible with
d.c
EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER ( )
Effeiciency is defined as the ratio of output •
power and input power.
output power
Efficiency 
input power
88
JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV
Pout Vs is
i.e.,  %  P  100  V i  100
in P P
For an ideal transformer Pout  Pin so
  100% (But efficiency of practical transformer
lies between 70% - 90 %)
For practical transformer Pin  Pout  Plosses
P
out
So   P  100
in
Pout  P  PL  100
  100  in
 Pout  PL  Pin
In an ideal transformer the input power is equal to
the output power. V1I1 = V2 I2
The efficiency of an ideal transformer is 100%.
LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER:
The losses in a transformer are divided in to two
types. They are copper losses and iron losses.
• The loss of energy that occurs in the copper coils
of the transformer (i.e. primary and secondary coils)
is called ‘copper losses’. These are nothing but joule
heating losses where electrical energy is converted
in to heat energy.
The loss of energy that occurs in the iron core of
the transformer (i.e. hysteresis loss and eddy current
loss) is called ‘iron losses’.
MINIMIZING THE LOSSES IN A
TRANSFORMER:
The core of a transformer is laminated and each
By choosing a material with narrow ‘hysteresis
loop’ for the core, the hysteresis losses are
minimized.
Uses of transformer:
• A transformer is used in almost all ac operations,
e.g
In voltage regulators for TV, refrigerator, computer,
air conditioner etc.
• In the induction furnaces.
• Step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
• In the transmission of ac over long distnace.
• Step down and step up transformers are used in
electical power distribution.
Audio Frequency transformers are used in
radiography, television, radio, telephone etc.
• Radio frequency transformers are used in radio
communication.
NARAYANA GROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV ALTERNATING CURRENT
WE- 22: A transformer having efficiency 90% is
working on 100 V and at 2.0 kW power. If the
C. U. Q
current in the secondary coil is 5A, calculate INSTANTANEOUS, PEAK,R.M.S &
(i) the current in the primary coil and (ii) AVERAGE VALUES OF A.C AND A.V
voltage across the secondary coil. 1. In an ac circuit the current
9 1) is in phase with the voltage
Sol: Here   90%  , I s  5A , E p  100V, 2) leads the voltage
10
3) lags the voltage
(i) E p I p  2kW  2000W 4) any of the above depending on t he
2000 2000 circumstances
Ip  or I p   20A
2. The average e.m.f during the positive half
Ep 100
cycle of an a.c. supply of peak value E0 is
Output power E s I s
(ii)    or E s Is   E p I p 1) E0 /  2) E0 / 2 3) E0 / 2 4) 2 E0 / 
Input power Ep Ip
3. Alternating current is transmitted to distant
9
  2000  1800W
places at
10 1) high voltage and low current
1800 1800 2) high voltage and high current
 Es    360 volt 3) low voltage and low current
Is 5
4) low voltage and high current
WE-23:A step up transformer operates on a 230 4. In case of a.c circuit, Ohm’s law holds good
V line and a load current of 2 ampere. The for
ratio of the primary and secondary windings a) Peak values of voltage and current
is 1 : 25. What is the current in the primary ? b) Effective values of voltage and current
Sol: Using the relation c) Instantaneous values of voltage and current
1) only a is true 2) only a and b are true
NP I N I
 S ; IP  S S 3) only c is true 4) a, b and c are true
NS IP NP 5. In case of AC circuits the relation V = i Z,
Here N p / Ns  1 / 25 (or) Ns / N p  25 / 1 = 25 where Z is impedance, can directly applied to
and IS = 2A 1) peak values of voltage and current only
2) rms values of voltage and current only
Current in primary, I P  25 2  50A 3) instantaneous values of voltage and current
SKIN EFFECT: only
• A direct current flows uniformly throughout the 4) both 1 and 2 are true
cross section of the conductor. 6. Alternating current can not be measured by
• An alternaitng current, on the other hand, flows direct current meters, because
mainly along the surface of the conductor. This 1) alternating current can not pass through an
ammeter
effect is known as skin effect.
2) the average value of current for complete cycle
• When alternating current flows through a is zero
conductor, the flux changes in the inner part of 3) some amount of alternating current is
the conductor are higher. destroyed in the ammeter
• Therefore, the inductance of the inner part is 4) peak value of current is zero
higher than that of the outer part. Higher the 7. The r.m.s. value of potential due to
frequency of alternating current, more is the skin superposition of given two alternating
effect. potentials E1 = E0 sin t and E2 = E0 cos t
• The depth upto which ac current flows through a will be
wire is called skin depth   . 1) E0 2) 2E0 3) E 0 2 4) Zero
8. If the instantaneous values of current is
VR2 I  2 cos(t  ) A in a circuit, the r.m.s. value
R  R  VR2
PR of current in ampere will be
VR  rated voltage, PR  rated power  1) 2 2) 2 3) 2 2 4) zero

NARAYANA GROUP 89
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
9. If a capacitor is connected to two different A.C.
generators, then the value of capacitive
reactance is
1) directly proportional to frequency
2) inversely proportional to frequency
3) independent of frequency
4) inversely proportional to the square of
frequency
10. In general in an alternating current circuit
1) the average value of current is zero
2) the average value of square of the current is
zero
3) average power dissipation is zero
4) the phase difference between voltage and
current is zero
A.C ACROSS R-L,R-C,L-C &
L-C-R SERIES CIRCUIT
11. The magnitude of induced e.m.f in an LR
circuit at break of circuit as compared to its
value at make of circuit will be
1) less 2) more
3) some times less and some times more
4) nothing can be said
12. The emf and current in a circuit are such that
E = E0 sin  t and I = I0 sin ( t   ) . This AC
circuit contains.
1) R and L 2) R and C 3) only R 4) only C
13. The correct graph between the resistance of
a conductor with frequency is
1) Y 2) Y
R R
f X f X
Y Y
3) 4)
R R
f X f X
14. Same current is flowing in two alternating
circuits. The first circuit contains only
inductance and the other contains only a
capacitor. If the frequency of the e.m.f. is
increased, the current will
1) increase in first circuit and decrease in the
other
2) increase in both circuits
3) decrease in both circuits
4) decrease in first circuit and increase in the 25. Statement ( A ) : With increase in frequency
other
15. When an a.c source is connected across a
resistor
1) The current leads the voltage in phase
2) The current lags behind the voltage in phase
3) The current and voltage are in same phase
4) The current and voltage are out of phase
90
JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV
16. The phase angle between current and voltage
in a purely inductive circuit is
1) zero 2)  3)  / 4 4)  / 2
17. Ratio of impedence to capacitive reactance
has
1) no units 2) ohm 3) ampere 4) tesla
18. An inductor coil having some resistance is
connected to an AC source. Which of the
following have zero average value over a
cycle
1) induced emf in the inductor only
2) current only 3) both 1 and 2 4) neither 1 nor 2
19. The current does not rise immediately in a
circuit containing inductance
1) because of induced emf
2) because of high voltage drop
3) both 1 and 2 4) because of joule heating
20. In an AC circuit containing only capacitance
the current
1) leads the voltage by 180º
2) lags the voltage by 90º
3) leads the voltage by 90º
4) remains in phase with the voltage
21. A bulb is connected first with dc and then ac
of same voltage.Then it will shine brightly with
1) AC 2) DC 3) Equally with both
4) Brightness will be in ratio 1/14
22. A capacitor of capacity C is connected in A.C.
circuit. If the applied emf is V = V0 sin t ,
then the current is
V0 V0  
1) I  sin t 2) I
C
sin  t  
2
L 
 
3) I  V0 C sin t 4) I  V0C sin  t  2 
 
23. At low frequency a condenser offers
1) high impedance 2) low impedance
3) zero impedance
4) impedance of condenser is independent of
frequency
24. Statement ( A ) : The reactance offered by
an inductance in A.C. circuit decreases with
increase of AC frequency.
Statement ( B ) : The reactance offered by a
capacitor in AC circuit increases with increase
of AC frequency.
1) A is true but B is false
2) Both A and B are true
3) A is false but B is true
4) Both A and B are false
of AC supply inductive reactance increases.
Statement ( B ) : With increase in frequency
of AC supply capacitive reactance increase
1) A is true but B is false
2) Both A and B are true
3) A is false but B is true
4) Both A and B are false
NARAYANA GROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV
26. In an A.C circuit having resistance and 32. In series L - C - R resonant circuit, to increase
capacitance
1) emf leads the current
2) current lags behind the emf
3) both the current and emf are in phase
4) current leads the emf.
27. Select the correct options among the 33. If in a series L - C - R ac circuit, the voltages
following: In an R-C circuit
a) instantaneous A.C is given by
I = I0sin ( wt   )
b) the alternating current in the circuit leads
the emf by a phase angle  .
2 2
c) Its impedance is R  ( c)
d) Its capacitive reactance is  c
1) a, b are ture 2) b, c, d are true
3) c, d are true 4) a, c are true
28. If the frequency of alternating e.m.f. is f in L-
C-R circuit, then the value of impedance Z 35. The phase difference between voltage and
will change with log (frequency) as
1) increases
2) increases and then becomes equal to
resistance, then it will start decreasing
3) decreases and when it becomes minimum
equal to the resistance then it will start increasing
4) go on decreasing
29. An inductance and resistance are connected
in series with an A.C circuit. In this circuit
1) the current and P.d across the resistance lead 37. An inductance L and capacitance C and
P.d across the inductance by  /2
2) the current and P.d across the resistance lags
behind the P.d across the inductance by angle
 /2
3) The current across resistance leads and the
P.d across resistance lags behind the P.d across
the inductance by  /2
4) the current across resistance lags behind and
the P.d across the resistance leads the P.d across 38. Consider the following two statements A and
the inductance by  /2
30. An LCR circuit is connected to a source of
alternating current. At resonance, the applied
voltage and the current flowing through the
circuit will have a phase difference of
1)  / 4 2) zero 3)  4)  / 2
31. The incorrect statement for L-R-C series
circuit is
1) The potential difference across the resistance
and the appleid e.m.f. are always in same phase
2) The phase difference across inductive coil is
90 0
3) The phase difference between the potential
difference across capacitor and potential
difference across inductance is 90 0 2) In a circuit containing a capacitor and an ac
4) The phase difference between potential
difference across capacitor and potential
0
difference across resistance is 90
NARAYANA GROUP
ALTERNATING CURRENT
the resonant frequency
1) L will have to be increased
2) C will have to be increased
3) LC will have to be decreased
4) LC will have to be increased
across R, L, C are V1 ,V2 ,V3 respectively.
Then the voltage of applied AC source is
always equal to
1) V1 +V2 +V3 2) V12  (V2  V3 )2
3) V1 -V2 -V3 4) V12  (V2  V3 ) 2
34. In non-resonant circuit, the nature of circuit
for frequencies greater than the resonant
frequency is
1) resistive 2) capacitive
3) inductive 4) both 1 and 2
current in an LCR series circuit is
1) zero always 2)  / 4 always
3)  4) between 0 and  / 2
36. In an LCR a.c circuit at resonance, the
current
1) Is always in phase with the voltage
2) Always leads the voltage
3) Always lags behind the voltage
4) May lead or lag behind the voltage
resistance R are connected in series across
an AC source of angular frequency  . If
1
2  then
LC
1) emf leads the current
2) both the emf and the current are in phase
3) current leads the emf
4) emf lags behind the current
B and identify the correct answer.
A) At resonance of L - C - R series circuit, the
reactance of circuit is minimum.
B) The reactance of a capacitor in an A.C
circuit is similar to the resistance of a
capacitor in a D.C. circuit
1) A is true but B is false
2) Both A and B are true
3) A is false but B is true
4) Both A and B are false
39. Choose the wrong statement of the following.
1) The peak voltage across the inductor can be
less than the peak voltage of the source in an
LCR circuit
source the current is zero at the instant source
voltage is maximum
91
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
3) When an AC source is connected to a 48. A step up transformer is connected on the primary
capacitor,then the rms current in the circuit gets
increased if a dielectric slab is inserted into the
capacitor.
4) In a pure inductive circuit emf will be in phase
with the current.
40. The essential difference between a d.c.
dynamo and an a.c. dynamo is that
1) a.c. has an electromagnet but d.c. has a
permanent magnet
2) a.c. will generate a higher voltage
3) a.c.has slip rings but the d.c. has a commutator
4) a.c. dynamo has a coil wound on soft iron, 50. In a step down transformer, the number of
but the d.c. dynamo has a coil wound on copper
41. The unit of impedence is
1) ohm 2) mho 3) ampere 4) volt
42. The power factor of a.c. circuit having L and
R connected in series to an a.c. source of
angular frequency  is given by
R 2  2L2 R L R 51. The transformer ratio of a step up transformer
1) 2) 3) 4)
R R 2  2 L2 R L
43. The capacitor offers zero resistance to
1) D.C. only 2) A.C. & D.C.
3) A.C. only 4) neither A.C. nor D.C.
44. Power factor is defined as
1) apparent power/true power
2) true power/apparent power
3) true power (apparent power)2
4) true power x apparent power
TRANSFORMER
45. The core of a transformer is laminated so that
1) energy loss due to eddy currents may be
reduced
2) rusting of the core may be prevented
3) change in flux may be increased
4) ratio of voltage in the primary to that in the
secondary may be increased
46. A step up transformer is used to
1) increase the current and increase the voltage 54. Transformers are used in
2) decrease the current and increase the voltage
3) increase the current and decrease the voltage
4) decrease the current and decrease the voltage 55. The magnitude of the e.m.f. across the
47. A transformer changes the voltage
1) without changing the current and frequency
2) without changing the current but changes the
frequency
3) without changing the frequency but changes the
current
4) without changing the frequency as well as the
current
92
JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV
side to a rechargable battery which can deliver a
large current. If a bulb is connected in the
secondary, then
1) the bulb will glow very bright
2) the bulb will get fused
3) the bulb will glow, but with less brightness
4) the bulb will not glow
49. The ratio of primary voltage to secondary
voltage in a transformer is ‘n’. The ratio of
the primary current to secondary current in
the transformer is
1) n 2) 1/n 3) n2 4) 1/n2
turns in the primary is always
1) greater than the number of turns in the
secondary
2) less than the number of turns in the secondary
3) equal to the number of turns in the secondary
4) either greater than or less than the number of
turns in the secondary
is
1) greater than one 2) less than one
3) less than one and some times greater than one
4) greater than one and some times less than one
52. A stepup transformer develops 400V in
secondary coil for an input of 200V A.C. Then
the type of transformer is
1) Steped down 2) Steped up 3) Same
4) Same but with reversed direction
53. Assertion(A) : If changing current is flowing
through a machine with iron parts, results in
loss of energy.
Reason(R): Changing magnetic flux through
an area of the iron parts causes eddy currents.
1)Both A and R are individually true and R is
the correct explanation of A
2)Both A and R are individually true but R is
not the correct explanation of A
3)A is true but R is false
4)Both A and R are false
1) d.c circuits only 2) a.c. circuits only
3) Both a.c and d.c circuits 4) Integrated circuits.
secondary of a transformer does not depend
on
1) The number of the turns in the primary
2) The number of the turns in the secondary
3) The magnitude of the e.m.f applied across the
primary
4)The resistance of the primary and the
secondary
NARAYANA GROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV
56. For an ideal transformer ratio of output to the
input power is always
1) greater than one 2) equal to one
3) less than one 4) zero
57. Consider the following two statements A and
B and identify the correct answer.
A) In a transformer a large alternating
current at low voltage can be transformed into
a small alternating current at high voltage
B) Energy in current carrying coil is stored in
the form of magnetic field.
1) A is true but B is false
2) Both A and B are true
3) A is false but B is true
4) Both A and B are false
58. Statement ( A ) : Flux leakage in a
transformer can be minimized by winding the
primary and secondary coils one over the
other.
Statement ( B ) : Core of the transformer is
made of soft iron
59. Statement (A ) : In high current low voltage
windings of a transformer thick wire is used
to minimize energy loss due to heat produced
Statement ( B ) : The core of any transformer
is laminated so as to reduce the energy loss
due to eddy currents
60. Statement ( A ) : Step up transformer
converts low voltage, high current to high
voltage, low current
Statement (B) : Transformer works on both
ac and dc
61. To reduce the iron losses in a transformer, the
core must be made of a material having
1) low permeability and high resistivity
2) high permeability and high resistivity
3) low permeability and low resistivity
4) high permeability and low resistivity
62. Maximum efficiency of a transformer depends
on
1) the working conditions of technicians.
2) weather copper loss =1/2 x iron loss
3) weather copper loss = iron loss
4) weather copper loss =2 x iron loss
63. For a LCR series circuit with an A.C. source
of angular frequency 
1
1) circuit will be capacitive if  
LC
1
2) circuit will be inductive if  
LC
3) power factor of circuit will be unity if
NARAYANA GROUP
ALTERNATING CURRENT
capacitive reactance equals inductive reactance
1
4) current will be leading voltage if   LC
64. The value of current in two series L C R
circuits at resonance is same when connected
across a sinusoidal voltage source. Then
1) both circuits must be having same value of
capacitance and inductance
2) in both circuits ratio of L and C will be same
3) for both the circuits X L / X C must be same at
that frequency
4) both circuits must have same impedance at
all frequencies
65. When an AC source of emf e  E0 sin 100t 
is connected across a circuit, the phase
difference betwen the emf e and the current

i in the circuit is observed to be ahead,If
4
the circuit consists possibly of R  C or
R  L or L  C in series, find the relationship
between the two elements:
1) R  1k , C  10  F 2) R  1k , C  1 F
3) R  1k , L  10 H 4) R  1k , L  1H
66. An AC voltage source of variable angular
frequency  and fixed amplitude V0 is
connected in series with a capacitance C and
an electric bulb of resistance R (inductance
zero). When  is increased
1) the bulb glows dimmer
2) the bulb glows brighter
3) total impendance of the circuit is unchanged
4) total impendance of the circuit increases
ASSERTION & REASON
1) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
2) Both Assertion and Reason are true but
Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
3) Assertion is true but Reason is false
4) Assertion is false but Reason is true
67. Assertion (A): The average value of
<sin 2t  is zero.
Reason (R): The average value of function
1 T
F  t  over a period T is  F  t    F  t dt
T 0
93
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV
68. Assertion (A): If current varies sinusoidally C. U. Q - KEY
the average power consumed in a cycle is
zero. 1) 4 2) 4 3) 1 4) 2 5) 4 6) 2 7) 1
Reason (R): If current varies sinusoidally the 8) 2 9) 2 10) 1 11) 2 12) 1 13) 1 14) 4
average power consumed is zero 15) 3 16) 4 17) 1 18) 3 19) 3 20) 3 21) 3
69. Assertion (A) : The power consumed in an 22) 4 23) 1 24) 4 25) 1 26) 4 27) 1 28) 3
electric circuit is never negative 29) 2 30) 2 31) 3 32) 3 33) 4 34) 3 35) 4
Reason (R) : The average power consumed 36) 1 37) 1 38) 1 39) 4 40) 3 41) 1 42) 2
V2 43) 4 44) 2 45) 1 46) 2 47) 3 48) 4 49) 2
in an electric circuit is P = = I2 R 50) 1 51) 1 52) 2 53) 1 54) 2 55) 4 56) 2
R
70. Assertion (A): The inductive reactance limits 57) 2 58) 4 59) 2 60) 1 61) 2 62) 3 63) 3
the current in a purely inductive circuit in the 64) 3 65) 1 66) 2 67) 4 68) 4 69) 1 70) 2
same way as the resistance circuit. 71) 4 72) 1 73) 1 74) 2 75) 1 76) 1
Reason (R): The inductive reactance is C. U. Q - HINTS
directly proportional to the inductance and to
the frequency of the varying current. 67.  sin 2  t  1/ 2
71. Assertion (A) : An ac emf which oscillates
symmetrically about zero, the current it 1 2
68.  P  im R
sustains also oscillates symmetrically about 2
zero. 69. I is scalar in Joules heating effect is independent
Reason (R): In any circuit element, current is an direction of current.
always in the phase with voltage V V
72. Assertion (A): A lamp is connected in series 70. I  X & i  R X L   L  2 vL
with a capacitor and ac source connected L
across their terminals consequently current 
flow in the circuit and the lamp will shine. 71. In inductor current lags the voltage by
Reaosn(R): capacitor block dc current and 2
allow ac current 
73. Assertion (A): An electric lamp is connected In capcitor current leads the voltage by
2
in series with a long solenoid of copper with
air core and then connected to AC source. If 1
an iron rod is inserted in solenoid the lamp 72. X C 
2 fC
will become dim.
Reason (R): If iron rod is inserted in solenoid, for dc f  0 then X L  
the induction of solenoid increases. for ac f  0 then X C  finite
74. An inductor, capacitor and resistance
connected in series. The combination is 73. L  r
connecte across AC source. more voltage is present across inductor
Assertion (A): Peak current through each so less voltage across bulb
remains same 74. In series current is same, inductor and capacitor
Reason (R) : Average power delivered by does not consume power
source is equal to average power consumed 75. At resonance X L  X C and frequency
by resistance.
75. Assertion (A): when frequency is greater than 1 1
resonance frequency in a series LCR circuit, f0  If f  f0 then X L  X C , so it
it will be an inductive circuit. 2 LC
Reason (R): Resultant voltage will lead the will be an inductive circuit. AC current must lag
current AC voltage.
76. Assertion (A): Maximum power is dessipated 2
76. At resonance P  I max R and VL and VC are out
in a circuit (through R) in resonance
Reason (R) : At resonance in a series LCR of phase. I max is due to Z min  R which is due
circuit, the voltage across indcutor and to out of phase of VL and VC .
capacitor are out of phase.

94 NARAYANA GROUP