UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEP.

Engineering Materials I
Cr.hr. 3
ECTS 4
 Chapter one
Introduction
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o Materials play an important role for our existence, even

for our day to day needs.
o Knowledge of material science and engineering will
make a better engineer and designer.
o In order to be a good designer, you must learn what
material will be appropriate for specific purpose to use
different applications.
1.1 Historical Perspectives
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 From the historical point of view, it can be said that human

civilization started with Stone Age where people used only
natural materials, like stone, clay, skin, and wood for the
purposes like to make weapons, instruments, shelter, etc.
 The increasing need for better quality tools brought forth
exploration that led to Bronze Age, followed by Iron Age.
 In fact, early civilizations of human being have been
designated by the level of their materials development:
 Stone Age → Bronze Age → Iron Age → Advanced Materials
1.1 Historical…
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 Stone Age (Started 2 million years ago)

 Beginning of the Material Science - People began to make
tools from stone.
 Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc.
 Bronze Age
 The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with introduction
of Bronze.
 Bronze is an alloys of copper, tin and other materials, it can
be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes.
1.1 Historical…
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 Iron Age
 The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues
today.
 Use of iron and steel, can have a stronger and cheaper
material.
 Age of Advanced materials:
 Throughout the Iron Age many new types of materials have
been introduced (ceramic, semiconductors, polymers,
composites…).
1.1 Historical…
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 The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number

of materials, exists naturally.
 With time, they discovered techniques for producing
materials that had properties superior to those of the natural
ones; these new materials are pottery and various metals.
 Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a
material could be altered by heat treatments and by the
addition of other substances.
 At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection
process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited
set of materials.
1.2 Material science and Engineering
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 Materials science and engineering is an interdisciplinary

field of science and engineering that studies and manipulates
the composition and structure of materials.
Materials science: is primarily concerned with the search
for basic knowledge about the internal structure, properties
and also investigate the relationships that exist between the
structures and properties of materials.
 The structure of materials has a deep influence on many
properties of materials, even if the overall composition does
not change. The changes in the material’s properties are due
to a change in its internal structure.
1.2 Material…
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Materials Engineering: is mainly concerned with the use

of fundamental and applied knowledge of materials, can be
converted into necessary products that are desired by the
society.
 On the basis of structure - property correlations, engineers
focus how to translate or transform materials into useful
devices or structures.
 1.2 Material…
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Structure : Internal make-up of materials, how the particular

materials is formed and what imparts it’s properties.
 Macroscopic Structure- Structural elements of a material that
may be visible with naked eye. Example: laminate of a table
top, stone chips, rods in reinforced concrete etc.
 Microscopic Structure- larger groups of atoms/molecules that
are agglomerated together, observed using microscopes.
 Atomic Structure- Organization of atoms/molecules in the
material forming crystalline, or other atomic level formation.
 Sub-atomic structure- electrons, protons, and nucleus within
individual atoms
 1.2 Material…
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Properties: Nature and magnitude of response/reaction of a
material to specific situation/load/action.
1. Mechanical properties: The properties displayed when a force

is applied to a material and include strength, stiffness, etc…

2. Electrical properties: These are the properties displayed when
a material is used in electrical circuits or components and
include conductivity, resistivity and die electric constants.
3. Thermal properties: These are displayed when there is a heat
input to a material and include expansivity, heat capacity,
thermal conductivity.
 1.2 Material…
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• Properties…
4. Optical properties: These are the properties involved when
light passes through the material. These include refractive
index and transmissivity.
5. Magnetic properties: The response of a material to the
application of a magnetic field.
6. Deteriorative/Chemical properties: characteristics relate to
the chemical reactivity of materials.
 1.2 Material…
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1. Strength: The ability of material that withstand the
application of forces without fracture.
 The forces can be tensile, compressive or shear.
2. Stiffness: The resistance of a material to elastic deformation
is called stiffness or rigidity. The modulus of elasticity is the
measure of stiffness.
3. Hardness: This is defined as the ability of a material to
withstands scratching (abrasion) or indentation by another hard
body. It is an indication of wears resistance of the material.
4. Toughness: It is the property of a material to resist fracture
due to subjected to shock or high impact loads.
5. Elasticity :This is the ability of the material to deform under load
and return to its original size and shape when the load is removed.
 1.2 Material…
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6. Plasticity: This property is the exact opposite to elasticity.
It is the state of a material, which has been loaded beyond the
elastic state the deformation of the material is permanent
deformation
7. Ductility: It is the property of a material enables to be drawn
into wire with the application of a tensile force. a measure of
ductility are percentage elongation & reduction area.
8. Brittleness: It is the property of a material opposite to
ductility. It is the property of breaking of a material with little
distortion.
9. Malleability: It is a special case of ductility which permits
materials to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets.
10. Wear and corrosion resistance
 1.2 Material…
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 In addition to structure and properties, two other important

components are involved in the science and engineering of
materials—namely, processing and performance.

 A photograph showing three thin

disk specimens placed over some
printed matter.
The optical properties (i.e., the
light transmittance) of each of
the three materials are different.
 1.2 Material…
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 All specimens are the same materials, Aluminum oxide.

 Each material was produced using a different processing
technique.
 The structure of material different from each other.
 If optical transmittance is an important parameter relative to
the ultimate in-service application, the performance of each
material will be different.
 The one on the left is transparent (virtually all of the reflected
light passes through it), whereas the disks in the center and
on the right are, respectively, translucent and opaque.
1.3 Why study Materials Science and Engineering
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 Scientists or engineers will at one time or another be exposed

to a design problem involving materials.
 Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right
material from the many thousands that are available.
 Engineering disasters are frequently caused by the misuse of
materials. So it is vital that the professional engineer should
know how to select the most suitable material for the
applications and to develop the best processing methods.
 Thus it is very important that every engineer must study and
understand the concepts of materials science and engineering.
1.3 Why study Materials…
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What will happen if wrong material is selected?

1.3 Why study Materials…
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How to select a material for specific application?
 1. Availability of material.
 2. It is necessary to trade off one characteristic for another
Example: if we need high strength and ductility; normally, a
material having a high strength has only a limited ductility.
 3. Any deterioration of material properties that may occur
during service operation.
Example: significant reductions in mechanical strength may
result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive
environments.
 4. Cost of material. What will be the finished product cost?
1.4 Classification of Materials
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 Based on primarily chemical makeup and atomic structure,
most materials have been conveniently grouped into three
basic classifications: Metals, Ceramics, and Polymers.
 In addition, there are composites, combinations of two or
more of the above three basic material classes.
 Another classification is advanced
materials: Those used in high-
technology applications semi-
conductors, biomaterials, smart-
materials, and nanoengineered
materials;
1.4 Classification of…
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 1.4 Classification of…
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Metals
 Metals are composed of one or more metallic elements (e.g.,
iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, nickel), and often also
nonmetallic elements (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, oxygen) in
relatively small amounts.
 Most utilized engineering materials

 Properties that satisfy a wide range of engineering design

requirements.
 Usually used in Alloys (mixed of 2 or more metals)
 Examples: Steel, Aluminium, magnesium, zinc, cast iron,
titanium, copper, nickel, etc.
 1.4 Classification of…
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 Metals can be classified as Ferrous and Non-ferrous:

 Ferrous material include iron and its alloys, steels and cast irons
 Non-ferrous materials include all other metals and alloys
except iron and its alloys.
 Non-ferrous materials include Cu, Al. Ni etc. and their alloys
such as brass, bronze, duralumin etc.
 The key feature that distinguish metals from non-metal is their bonding.

 Metallic material have free electron that are free to move easily from
one atom to the next.
 The existence of these free electron has a number of profound
consequence for the properties of metallic materials
 1.4 Classification of…
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General Properties of metals:

 High Strength & Stiffness
 High Toughness & Formability (ductility)
 High Electrical & Thermal (heat) Conductivity
 Have desirable magnetic properties
 Lustrous appearance
 Are not transparent to visible light
1.4 Classification of…
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 1.4 Classification of…
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 Ceramics
 Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements, they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, & carbides.
 Common ceramic materials include aluminum oxides (or
alumina, Al2O3), silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO), silicon carbide
(SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4).
 Ceramics divided into
 Traditional ceramics: composed of clay minerals (e.g. porcelain),
as well as cement and glass.
 Advanced ceramics: Bio ceramics, semi conductor and ferro-
magnetic materials.
 1.4 Classification of…
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 Properties of Ceramics
 With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramic materials are
relatively stiff and strong, comparable that of metals.
 They are typically very hard, extreme brittleness (lack of
ductility). But newer/advanced ceramics are being engineered
to have improved resistance to fracture.
 Ceramic materials are typically insulative to the passage of heat
and electricity.
 With regard to optical characteristics, ceramics may be
transparent, translucent, or opaque
 Some of the oxide ceramics (e.g., Fe3O) exhibit magnetic
behavior and chemically inert
1.4 Classification of…
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Common objects made of ceramic materials:

 1.4 Classification of…
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Polymers:
 Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials.
 Many of them are organic compounds formed by repeating
structural unit, that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen,
and other nonmetallic elements (i.e., O, N, and Si).
 Furthermore, they have very large molecular structures, often
chainlike in nature, that have a backbone of carbon atoms.

 Some of the common and familiar polymers are polyethylene

(PE), nylon, polyvinyl chloride(PVC), polycarbonate (PC),
polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber.
 1.4 Classification of…
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 Polymers are classified Thermoplastic and Thermoset based on

their thermal behavior
 Thermoplastic: Thermoplastic polymers can be subjected to
multiple heating and cooling cycles without substantially altering
the molecular structure of the polymer. Common thermoplastics
include polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, and nylon.
 Thermoset: Thermosetting polymers chemically transform (cure)
into a rigid structure on cooling from a heated plastic condition;
hence the name thermosetting. Members of this type include
phenolics, resins, and epoxies.
 Are polymers which change irreversibly into hard and rigid
materials on heating and can not be reshaped.
 1.4 Classification of…
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 Polymers are classified Thermoplastic and Thermoset based on

their molecular forces
 Elastomers can be easily stretched by applying small stress

Example: Natural Rubbers which are similar to plastic in structure

and the difference is largely based on the degree of extensibility or
stretching.
 Fibers which have strong intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonds
or dipole-dipole interactions between the polymer chains. They are
less elastic.
 1.4 Classification of…
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 Properties of polymers
 These materials typically have low densities.
 However, on the basis of their low densities, many times their
stiffness's and strengths on a per-mass basis are comparable to
those of the metals and ceramics.
 Many of the polymers are extremely ductile and pliable (i.e.,
plastic), which means easily formed into complex shapes.
 Chemically inert & unreactive in a large number of environments.

 Limitation of polymers is their tendency to soften and/or

decompose at modest temperatures.
 They have low electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic.
 1.4 Classification of…
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 Several common objects made of polymeric materials:

 1.4 Classification of…
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Composites:
 A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials
that come from the categories previously discussed—metals,
ceramics, and polymers.
 The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of
properties that is not displayed by any single material.
 One of the most common and familiar composites is fiberglass,
in which small glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric
material (normally an epoxy or polyester).
 The glass fibers are relatively strong and stiff (but also brittle),
whereas the polymer is more flexible.
.
 1.4 Classification of…
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Composites…
 Thus, fiberglass is relatively stiff, strong, and flexible. In
addition, it has a low density.
 Another technologically important material is the carbon
fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite
 Carbon fibers that are embedded within a polymer, these
materials are stiffer and stronger than glass fiber–reinforced
materials but more expensive.
 CFRP composites are used in some aircraft and aerospace
applications, as well as in high-tech sporting equipment.
1.4 Classification of…
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 1.4 Classification of…
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Advanced materials:
 Materials utilized in high-technology applications that operates
or functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated
principles, including electronic equipment (camcorders,
CD/DVD players), computers, fiber-optic systems, spacecraft,
aircraft, and military equipment's are required these types of
materials.
 Semi conductors
 Bio materials
 Smart materials
 Nano materials
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Thank you!!