0921703

Continuum Mechanics
Plane Linear Elasticity

University of Jordan
School of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Professor Bashar Tarawneh, P.E

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 Table of content

Plane stress

Plane strain

The plane linear elastic problem

Representative curves
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 Plane linear Elasticity

Setting the known direction as z ,the elastic problem analysis is reduced to the x-y plane, PLANE ELASTICITY.

3D problem 2D problem

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 Plane linear Elasticity

There are two main classes of plane linear elastic problems:

 Plane stress
 Plane strain

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 Hypothesis on the Stress Tensor

Simplifying hypothesis of a plane stress linear elastic problem:

 Only stresses “contained in the x-y plane” are not null.

 The stress are independent of the z direction.

σx = σx (x,y,t) , σy = σy (x, y,t) and τxy = τxy (x, y,t)

Note that :
t:time

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 Geometry and Actions in Plane Stress

These hypothesis are valid when:

1. The thickness e is much smaller than the typical dimension
associated with the plane of analysis x-y, e << L.

2. The actions b(x,t), prescribed u∗ (x,t) and t∗ (x,t) are contained

within the plane of analysis x-y (its z component is null) and, in addition,
do not depend on the third dimension.

Note that :
-b(x,t) : body force
-t(x,t) : traction vector

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 Geometry and Actions in Plane Stress

3- The traction vector t ∗ (x,t) is only non-zero on the boundary of

the piece’s thickness (boundary Γ e σ ), whilst on the
lateral surfaces Γ + σ and Γ − σ it is null.

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Why is the plane stress assumption useful ?

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Strain Field- Constitutive Equation

γxy = angular strain

V : poisson’s ratio
E : modulus of elasticity
G : shear modulus

γxy = 2εxy,
γxz = 2εxz ,
γyz = 2εyz

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Strain Field- Constitutive Equation

C : fourth-order stiffness tensor of material

properties or Elastic modulus.

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 Displacement Field

can be decomposed into two groups:

1-Those that do not affect the displacement uz (and are 2- Those in which the displacement uz intervenes.
hypothetically integrable in R 2 for the x-y domain)

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 Displacement Field

An ideal elastic plane stress problem reduced to the two dimensions of the
plane of analysis and characterized by the unknowns.

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Example1 :

- A Square plate is subjected to the following stress states, Determine the the in-plane strains(εx , εy , γxy ) and out-of-plane
(εz ) strain ?
Noted that :
50 MPa
V= 0.3
E= 2.6 Mpa
25 MPa

ANSWER :
80 MPa 80 MPa

50 MPa
x
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Using MATLAB

εX
εY
γxy

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References

- X. Oliver and C. Agelet de Saracibar Continuum Mechanics for Engineers.Theory and Problems.

- CONTINUUM MECHANICS for ENGINEERS, G.Thomas Mase George E. Mase.

- INTRODUCTION TO CONTINUUM MECHANICS ME 36003 Prof. M. B. Rubin Faculty of

Mechanical Engineering Technion.

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 Plane strain

 Plane strain: the strain that we reduced the number of spatial directions from three to two and both are in the
same plane (x, y) and doesn’t depend on the third one (z-direction).

 The interesting of studding this topic is that there are a real life engineering problems in which we can apply
this simplification solution.

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 Hypothesis ofthe plane Strain (Displacement Field)
 Simplifying hypothesis of a plane strain linear elastic problem:
1. The displacement field is

2. The displacement variables associated to the x-y plane are independent of the z direction.

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 Geometry and Actions in Plane Strain
These hypothesis are valid when:
 The body being studied is generated by moving the plane of analysis along a generational line.
*
 The actions b(x, y, t) ,u (x, y, t)and t*(x, y, t)are contained in the plane of analysis and independent of the third
dimension, z.

 In the central section, considered as the “analysis section” the following holds (approximately) true:

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 Strain Field in PlaneStrain
 The strain field is obtained from the geometric equations:

And the strain tensor for plane strain is:

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 Stress Field in Plane Strain
 Introducing the strain tensor into Hooke’s Law (σ = λTr (ε)1 + 2Gε) and operating on the
result yields:

As
σ = σ (x, y,t )

And the stress tensor for plane strain is:

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 Constitutive equation in PlaneStrain
 Introducing the values of the strain tensor into the constitutive equation and operating on the result
yields:

σ = λ Tr (ε)1 + 2µ ε

plane

{σ}= C strain
⋅ {}
ε

Constitutive equation
in plane strain

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 The Plane Linear Elastic Problem
 The Plane Linear Elastic problem : is the set of equations that allow obtaining the evolution
through time of the corresponding displacements u (x, y, t ), strains ε ( x, y, t ) and stresses
σ ( x, y, t ).

 A linear elastic solid is subjected to body forces and prescribed traction and displacement

Actions:
t*x ( x, y,t )
On Γσ : t =*
*

ty(x, y,t )
ux* ( x, y,t )
On Γu : u =  *
*

uy ( x, y,t )
bx(x, y,t )
On Ω : b=
b x, y, t )
y ( 

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 Governing Equations

 The Plane Linear Elastic Problem is governed by the equations:

1. Cauchy’s Equation of Motion.
2. Constitutive Equation(Voigt’s notation).
3. Geometrical Equation.

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 Governing Equations

1. Cauchy’s Equation of Motion.

Linear Momentum Balance Equation.
2
∇ ⋅ σ (x, t )+ ρ0b (x, t )= ρ0 u (x, t )
∂
∂t2

2D

∂σx ∂τ xy ∂τ xz ∂2u x
+ + + ρbx = ρ
σx ∂y ∂z ∂t 2
∂τ xy ∂σ y ∂τ yz ∂2u y
+ + + ρb y = ρ
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t 2
∂τ xz ∂τ yz ∂σ z ∂2u z
+ + + ρbz = ρ
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t 2

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 Governing Equations
2. Constitutive Equation (Voigt’s notation).
Isotropic Linear Elastic Constitutive Equation.
σ(X, t )= C : ε
2D

{σ} = C ⋅{ε}
σ x   εx 

With: {σ} ≡ σ y  , {ε} =  ε y 

 and
τ  γ 
 xy   xy 

E= E
PLANE E=E PLANE 1− ν 2
STRESS ν =ν STRAIN ν = ν
(1−ν )

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 Governing Equations
3. Geometrical Equation.
2D
Kinematic Compatibility.

ε (x, t ) = ∇ S u (x, t ) = 1 (u ⊗ ∇ + ∇ ⊗ u)
2

∂u x
εx =
∂x
∂u y
εy =
∂y
∂u + ∂u y
γ xy = x
∂y ∂x
This is a PDEsystem of
8 eqns -8 unknowns:
u (x,t ) 2 unknowns
Then we will have ε (x,t ) 3 unknowns
σ(x,t ) 3 unknowns
Which must be solved in
the R2 × R+ space.

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 Boundary & initial Conditions
 Boundary conditions in space
 Affect the spatial arguments of the unknowns
Are applied on the contour Γ of the solid, which is divided into:
 Prescribed displacements on Γu :
 x = u x (x, y,t ) 
u * *

u = *
*

u y = u y ( x, y,t ) 
*

 Prescribed stresses on Γσ

 x = t x( x, y,t)
t 
* *

t =* *
*

t y = t y( x, y,t) 

 INTIAL CONDITIONS (boundary conditions intime) nx

n= 
 Affect the time argument of the unknowns. yn
t* = σ ⋅ n with:
 Generally, they are the known values at t = 0 : σ x τ xy 
σ ≡ 
 Initial displacements: τ xy ο y 
u 
u (x, y, 0) = =0 x
u 
 y

 Initial velocity: ∂u (x, y, t ) v 

≡ v (x, y, 0) =  x  = v 0 (x, y )
∂t t=0 v y 

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 Unknowns
 The 8 unknowns to be solved in the problem are:
ε 1 
γ xy 
ux   x 2  σ x τ xy 
u(x, y, t) =   ε (x, y, t ) ≡  σ (x, y, t ) ≡  
u y  1 γ εy  τ xy σ y 
2 xy 

 Once these are obtained, the following are calculated explicitly:

ν
PLANE STRESS ε z = − 1 − ν (ε x + ε y )

PLANE STRAIN σ z = ν (σ x + σ y )

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 Problems Typically Assimilated to Plane Elasticity

 the problems typically divided into:

1. Plane stress problems.
2. Plane strain problems.

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THE LINEAR ELASTIC PROBLEM IN PLANE STRESS

 The problem can be reduced to the two dimensions of the plane of analysis.
 The unknowns are:

ε x  σ x 
u x 
u (x, y, t ) ≡   {ε}(x, y, t ) ≡ εy 
 
{σ}( x, y, t ) ≡ σ y
uy     
γ xy  τ xy 

 The additional unknowns (with respect to the general problem) are either null, or independently
obtained, or irrelevant:

σ z = τ xz = τ yz = γxz = γ yz = 0

ε z=− ν (ε x + εy )
1− ν
uz (x, y, z, t ) does not appear
in the problem

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 Examples of Plane Stress Analysis

 3D problems which are typically assimilated to a plane stress state are characterized by:
 One of the body’s dimensions is significantly smaller than the other two.
 The actions are contained in the plane formed by the two “large” dimensions.

Slab loaded on
Deep beam
the mean plane

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THE LINEAR ELASTIC PROBLEM IN PLANE STRAIN

 The problem can be reduced to the two dimensions of the plane of analysis.
 The unknowns are:

ε x  σ x 
u x 
u (x, y, t ) ≡   {ε}(x, y, t ) ≡ εy 
 
{σ}( x, y, t ) ≡ σ y
uy     
γ xy  τ xy 

 The additional unknowns (with respect to the general problem) are either
null or obtained from the unknowns of the problem:
uz = 0
ε z = γ xz = γ yz = τ xz = τ yz = 0
σz = ν (σ x + σ y )

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THE LINEAR ELASTIC PROBLEM IN PLANE STRAIN

 3D problems which are typically assimilated to a plane strain state are characterized by:
 The body is generated by translating a generational section with actions contained in its
plane along a line perpendicular to this plane.
 The plane strain hypothesis (ε z = γ xz = γ yz = 0) must be justifiable. This typically occurs when:
1. One of the body’s dimensions is significantly larger than the other two. Any section not
close to the extremes can be considered a symmetry plane and satisfies:
uz = 0
∂u x ux 
=0  
∂z u = uy 
∂u y  0
=0  
∂z

2. The displacement in z is blocked at the extreme sections.

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 Examples of Plane StrainAnalysis

 3D problems which are typically assimilated to a plane strain state are:

Continuous brake shoe

Pressure pipe

Tunnel Solid with blocked z

displacements at the ends

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example

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 Representative Curves of Plane Elasticity

 Isostatics or stress trajectories

 Isoclines
 Isobars
 Maximum Shear Stress or Slip Lines

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 Isostatics or stress trajectories

• isostatics or stress trajectories are curves in (X-Y)PLANE ,the tangents to which represent the directions of
one of the principal stresses at the points of tangency.
• because we have a two-principles stress in plane linear elasticity consequently this lead us for two curves
• Isostatics σ1 the curve which tangent to the direction of the largest principal stress.
• Isostatics σ2 the curve which tangent to the direction of the smallest principal stress.

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 Isostatics or stress trajectories

• There are other definitions in order to get or draw the isostatics trajectories curves

singular point it is a point where the stresses are equal

σx= σ , = zero
y
τ xy
A neutral point it is a particular case of singular point

σx= σ = y = zero
τ xy

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 ISOSTATICS OR STRESS TRAJECTORIES

The deferential equation of stress trajectories is:

σx : is the major
principal stress

σy: is the minor

principal stress

Txy: is the shear

• If we integrate this equation will get the isostatic curve equation : stress

y = f (x) +C

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 ISOCLINS

• Are a curves which the principal stresses on have the same directions
• Equation of the isocline :

• This algebraic equation allows isolating, for each value of θ,

y = f (x,θ)

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 Isobars

• series of curves which the locus of plane have the same magnitude of
principle stresses σ1, σ2 and they aren’t dependent on the direction
• Equation of the Isobars:

which leads to:

y = f1 (x, c1)
y = f2 (x, c2)

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 Maximum Shear Stress or Slip Lines

• are curves the tangents to which represent the maximum value of the
• Differential equation of the maximum shear stress or slip lines

The integration of this equation of maximum shear lines

yields the algebraic equations of maximum shear lines

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 Maximum Shear Stress or Slip Lines

Remark:
There exists a point in Mohr’s circle denoted pole or
origin of planes that has the following properties:
• Any straight line drawn from the pole P will
intersect Mohr’s circle at some point that represents
the stress state on a plane parallel in space to that line
• The inverse is also verified, that is, if a straight line,
parallel to a given plane, is drawn from the pole P,
the intersection at some point represents the
stress state on this particular plane.

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45
Example

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Example

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 References

• Continuum Mechanics for Engineers Theory and Problems, X. Oliver C. Agelet de Saracibar
• finite Element Specialists and Engineering Consultants,
• Determination of elastic stresses from discrete data on stress orientations, A.N. Galybin a,*, Sh.A.
Mukhamediev b

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