PLASTICITY

By:
Rami Albtoush
Yazan Jaradat
Marwan Falougi
3-Jan-23
•What do we mean about the plasticity ?

•Plasticity:  is the ability of a solid material to

undergo permanent deformation, a non-reversible
change of shape in response to applied forces ”the
capacity to resist plastic deformation (dislocation
movement)”

•The increment strain can describe in the

material as the following:
- Permanent strain during a loading/ unloading
cycle
- Lack of unicity in the stress- strain relationship
- Non-linear behavior
In the field of mechanics we can say the failure
can be represented by which material we work with
for example the metal as a ductile material will
goes to failure in the yield surface as in Tresca and
Von-msies which the considered the yield point is
the failure point

 Constitutive model:

i. Tresca

ii.Von Mises

iii.Mohr-Coulomb

iv.Cam Clay & Critical State

v.Drucker Prager

vi.Rankine
 YIELD CRITERIA

• The theory of plasticity addresses many different

kinds of problems. Concerning the behavior of
material for which Hooke’s law no longer applies
(e.g. soil, metals and concrete).
• For design purposes, plasticity is considered to
determine safe limits for using materials under
the combined load "maximum load" that can be
applied to the body without causing:
• - Flow
• - Fracture
• - Yield
• The definitions of the terms "yield criterion," "failure criterion," and "flow
criterion" differ:

• Yield strength: applies to ductile material

• Failure criterion ( ultimate strength ): applied to both ductile and brittle
material. However, its mainly used in brittle material(fracture criterion), in
which the limit of elastic deformation coincides with failure.
• Flow criterion: applies to material that have been previously processed via
work hardening ( usually ductile materials) ( ass.

• A given material may fail by either yielding or fracture depending on its

properties and the state of stress.
• There are many different failure criteria are available, some of which
predict failure by yielding or other failure by fracture.
• Yield criterion can be expressed in the following mathematical form:

,)
• Depending on whether yielding or fracture is of interest, the failure
strength is either the yield strength or the ultimate strength.

• Let's define an effective stress, which is a single number that describes

the condition of applied stress. If

• The safety factor aginst failure is gevin as the following:

S.F =

We can increase the

applied stress by the
factor os saftey before the
failure.
Maximum Principle Stress
Criterion(Rankine)

• Yielding (plastic flow) takes place when the

greatest principle stress in complex state of
stress reaches the flow stress in a uniaxial
tension

• Shear yield stress << Tensile yield stress for

ductile material
• ,,
 Maximum shear stress (Tresca Criterion)
• This yield criterion assumes that yielding occurs when the maximum shear stress in a complex state of stress equal the maximum shear stress
at the onest of flow in uniaxial tension.

• For uniaxial tension, and the maximum shearing yield stress :

Therefore,

 Distortion- Energy ( Von-Mises Criterion)

• The yielding would occor when the secound invariant of the stress deviator exceeds some critical value it’s usually applied to ductile material.

where
•In Geotechnical engineering we are more interested in the shear behavior failure that involving stability of slopes, bearing
capacity of foundation slabs and pressures on retaining walls. The soil is replaced by an idealized material which behaves
elastically up to some state of stress at which slip or yielding occurs. The shear stress required for simple slip is often considered
to depend upon the cohesions and linearly upon the normal pressure on the slip surface. In more complete plane which can be
represented in Coulomb’s and Drucker Prager surfaces (rule is used) as in Fig. 1.
Additional failure criteria
• Octahedral shear stress yield criteria : this is another method that used for ductile metals.
It state that yielding occurs when the shear stress on the octahedral plane reaches a critical
value.

• Griffith failure criterion: this is used for brittle metals. It simply state the failure will
occur when the tensile stress tangential to an ellipsoidal cavity and at the cavity surface
reaches a critical level

• The Critical state soil mechanics (CSSM): It used for soil “saturated remoulded clays or
sand ” it’s assumed to apply to undisturbed soils , the CSSM consearn with shear
distortion occur without any further changes in mean effective stress deviatoric stress
which is the same as in yield stress

In the triaxial test, the confined

where

• Cam Clay Model (CCM) Criterion: this is a simple explanation of the critical state which
asserts that the plastic volume change typical of clay soil, its based on soil isotropic and
elastoplastic,

)
•T H E TO TA L S T R A I N C A N B E S P L I T I N TO
AN ELASTIC STRAIN
( R E C O V E R A B L E ) PA RT, A N D E L A S TO -
P L A S TO ( U N R E C O V E R A B L E ) ,

•=
Elastic strain tensor”compliance”
(constant)

• SAMETHING FOR THE PDHS,

• where,

Note that:
 ) , is a scalar:

1. The a is scaler as long as we in

 The flow rule is defined as: the inside or inthe yield surface
2. The will never be positive to
Where is the plastic potential function contain the condition
 The yield function, is a scaler quantity defined as the following:

o The material should be in the initial state to get the first domain the material has not subjected to elastoplastic behaviours
which given by the equation

 Loading & Unloading Condition for a point (form a mathematicians view) for the optimization which is:

 Consistency conditions
 Drucker Prager Criterion

•This method is very useful for granular(frictional)

material such as soil and rock or any other brittle
material that the cracking and crushing options are
present.
•Unlike metal plasticity, the yield surface is a
pressure dependent Von-Mises surface for DP:

•By increasing the hydrostatic pressure it will

increase the yield strength. The volumetric strain is
going to expand because it’s associated with
hydrostatic pressure, also no hardening is assumed,
so the material behavior is elasto-perfectly plastic.
•The yield stress in compression is greater than in
the tension
•
The dilation angle (

•The dilation angle which represent the direction of the outward normal to
the yield surface (angle of internal friction).

• If ,then the flow rule is termed associative ( significant volumetric

expansion will occur as a result for the material and yield surface)
• If ,then the flow rule is non associative . Less volumetric expansion will
occur
• If ,then no volumetric expansion will occur ( plastic flow is normal to
yield surface). This is usually a more conservative approach.

1. The approach of isotropic hardening : the yield surface of the subject

will expand to get a new yield point and permeant deformation in the
body.
2. The kinematic hardening: there is going to be shift in the yield surface
without changing in size and shape ( if we gained some strength in
tension we going to loss the same amount in compression.
EXAMPLE & APPLICATIONS
YIELD CRITERION
FOR A (UU) TEST –
TRIAXIAL
 • References

• Spencer, A. J. M. (2004). Continuum mechanics. Courier

Corporation.

• Irgens, F. (2008). Continuum mechanics. Springer Science &

Business Media.

• Britto, A. M., & Gunn, M. J. (1987). Critical state soil

mechanics via finite elements.

• Derski, (at. El.)(2012). Rock and soil mechanics. Elsevier.

THANK YOU