Presentation On

Modulus of elasticity

PRESENTED BY
HAMED SALIM
Introduction
Strength is a function of the capacity to withstand stress without permanent deformation
or fracture, while hardness is associated with deformation under a given level of stress.
Such properties should be determined in laboratory, and the common assays used
include uniaxial stress, tensile, and compressive tests, which are used to determine the
relationship between the means of normal stress and specific longitudinal deformation.
Tensile and compressive strength data indicate where deformation occurs under a given
stress level, affording to construct a curve called stress-strain curve.
Concrete deforms when load is applied but this deformation does not follow any simple
set rule. The deformation depends upon the magnitude of the load, the rate at which the
load is applied and the elapsed time after which the observation is made.
 Stress and Strain

 Stress: Force per unit area arising from applied load.

 Tension, compression, shear, torsion or any combination.
 Stress = σ = force/area
 Strain: physical deformation response of a material to
stress, e.g., elongation
Axial Stress-Strain Curve for Brittle
Material
Stress-strain curve of concrete
The true elastic curve for concrete in
compression (Figure) can be plotted by
applying and releasing load until the set at
zero loads becomes constant. By
subtracting the-set from the total
deformation the elastic deformation for a
given load is determined. Since mortar and
concrete have no elastic limit, the modulus
of elasticity for concrete must be the slope
of the stress deformation curve at zero
stress. The elastic modulus of concrete
varies from 14 × 10³ to 40 × 10³ N/mm2 .
Its value increases with the density and to
some extent with age.
 Test methods
The modulus of elasticity is determined by subjecting a cube or cylinder specimen to
uniaxial compression and measuring the deformations by means of dial gauges fixed
between certain gauge length. Dial gauge reading divided by gauge length will give the
strain and load applied divided by area of cross section will give the stress. A series of
readings are taken and the stress-strain relationship is established.

These samples were tested using the standard static loading method to determine Young’s
modulus of elasticity specified in ASTM C469, Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of
Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio of Concrete in Compression (C469). The standard
compressive strength of most of the cylindrical specimens was also measured, following
standard procedure ASTM C39, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens (C39).
Universal Testing Machine
The modulus of elasticity can also be determined by subjecting a concrete beam to
bending and then using the formulae for deflection and substituting other parameters.
The modulus of elasticity so found out from actual loading is called static modulus
of elasticity. It is seen that even under short term loading concrete does not behave as
an elastic material. However, up to about 10-15% of the ultimate strength of
concrete, the stress-strain graph is not very much curved and hence can give more
accurate value. For higher stresses the stress-strain relationship will be greatly
curved and as such it will be inaccurate.
Typical Stress-Strain of Concrete
(1) At Stress < 30% of Ultimate Strength
– the Transition Zone Cracks will remain STABLE.
– The Stress-Strain Plot will remains LINEAR.

(2) At Stress 30% - 50% of Ultimate Strength

– the Transition Zone Micro-Cracks begin to be INCREASE in length, width and
numbers.
– The Stress-Strain Plot becomes NON-LINEAR.
(3) At 50 - 60% of Ultimate Stress
– Cracks begin to form in the Matrix.

(4) At about 75% of the Ultimate Stress

– the Cracks in the Transition become UNSTABLE, and
– Crack Propagation in the Matrix will INCREASE.
– The Stress-Strain Curve bends towards the Horizontal.

(5) At 75 - 80% of the Ultimate Stress,

– the Stress reaches to a Critical Stress Level for Spontaneous Crack Growth under
a Sustained Stress.
– Cracks Propagate rapidly in both the Matrix and the Transition Zone.
– Failure occurs when the Cracks Join together and become Continuous.
Modulus of Elasticity
 The modulus of a material describes how well it resists deformation. A
material with a higher modulus is stiffer and has better resistance to
deformation. The modulus is defined as the force per unit area required to
produce a deformation or in other words the ratio of stress to strain.
 Modulus of Elasticity for compression concrete determined from an
Experimental Stress-Strain relation Curve

 Modulus of elasticity=Stress/Strain
ACI code 318
Modulus of elasticity, Ec , for concrete shall be permitted to be taken as (in MPa) for
values of Wc between 1440 and 2560 kg/m3. For normal weight concrete, Ec shall be
permitted to be taken as .

BS 8110-2
Ec = K̥ + 0.2 Fcu (Ec and Fcu at 28 day)
Ec,28 :is the static modulus of elasticity at 28 days;
fcu,28: is the characteristic cube strength at 28 days (in N/mm2);
Ko: is a constant closely related to the modulus of elasticity of the aggregate
(taken as 20 kN/mm2 for normal-weight concrete).
Ec=
Ed: dynamic modulus of elasticity
Methods of computing Modulus of Elasticity
•In view of the peculiar and complex behaviour of stress-strain relationship, the modulus
of elasticity of concrete is defined in somewhat arbitrary manner. The modulus of
elasticity of concrete is designated in various ways and they have been illustrated on the
stress-strain curve in Figure
1. Initial Tangent Modulus. It is given by the Slope of a line drawn Tangent to the Stress-
Strain Curve at the Origin •
2. Tangent Modulus. It is given by the Slope of a line drawn tangent to the stress-strain
curve at Any Point on the curve •
3. Secant Modulus. It is given by the Slope of a line drawn from the Origin to a Point on
the Curve corresponding to a 40% of Failure Stress •
4. Chord Modulus. It is given by the Slope of a line drawn between 2 Points on the
Stress-Strain Curve.
Modulus of elasticity may be measured in tension, compression or shear. The modulus in
tension is usually equal to the modulus in compression.
ASTM 469
•𝐸=
S2= Stress 40% f’c
S1= Stress at ε1 (50 ∗) ε2 =
Strain at “S2 ”
Factors affecting Modulus of Elasticity
1. Cement and aggregate factors.
Since compression concrete is a composite material, consisting of Cement Paste and
Agg, its Modulus of Elasticity depends on the Modulus of Elasticity and the Volume
Fractions of Cement Paste and Agg,

2. Moisture Condition Factor

• The Moisture Condition of the Specimen is a Factor: Modulus of Elasticity a Wet
Specimen is > Dry Specimen, by 3 to 4 GPa
• Note: The Effect of Moisture Condition of Specimen is REVERSE in case of the Compr
Str
3. Condition of Curing
• Another factor affecting the Modulus of Elasticity of compression concrete is the
manner in which the Test Cylinders were Cured.
In general, compression concrete Specimens that were Cured in Moist Conditions
resulted in a Modulus value HIGHER than those Cured in Dry conditions.
– This is due to the fact that in Dry conditions compression concrete is more likely to
have Drying Shrinkage.
– Drying Shrinkage causes Small Cracks. These Small Cracks thus will cause the
compression concrete to have a REDUCED Modulus of Elasticity.

4. Age of concrete: As Age increases E increases

5. Mix Proportion ( C + A + W): All ingredients will have its own effect. For a given
mix, the effect of one variable should be considered keeping all other variables
constant.

6. Strength of compression concrete: As Strength increases E increases

7. Effect of Transition Zone
• The Void Spaces and the Micro-Cracks in the Transition Zone play a major
role in affecting the Stress-Strain behavior of compression concrete.
• The Transition Zone characteristics affect the Elastic Modulus more than it
affects the Compressive Strength of Concrete.
• Silica fume, meta-kaolin, RHA in compression concrete have significant
effect on E