Plasticity

Soil and Failure Analysis

Dr Wassel AL Bodour
Introduction
• The stress–strain relations are generally complex
for real soils
• This involves:
– linear or non-linear elastic behavior
– nonlinear elastic-plastic
– hardening/softening behavior
– peak shear strength
– critical (or ultimate) shear strength.
• A theoretical framework to develop and formulate
stress– Strain relations (Plasticity)
Introduction
Plasticity:
• To determine in a direct way the ultimate states
and failure
• To model irrecoverable strains
• To model changes in material behavior
 Basic Concepts
Stresses and Strains
 Basic Concepts
o Stresses are related to elastic strains even
in nonlinear theories
o Stresses are stresses - there is nothing like
elastic stress and plastic stress.
o Stresses are, mainly, given in terms of
effective stress.
 Small Strain plasticity
• The material has an elastic limit defined as the
stress at which plastic deformation first takes
place(σ=σ0)
• Beyond the elastic limit the stress state always
remains on the yield surface (σ=σy)
• Loading is defined by stress increments greater
than zero, (dσ>0)
• If loading takes the stress state to the plastic
domain then the increment of plastic strain is
always greater than zero (dεp>0)
 Small Strain plasticity
• Unloading is defined stress increment (dσ<0)
• The material is elastic during unloading and no
plastic strain is accumulated.
• The total strain is a linear combination of the
elastic and plastic parts(dε=dεe+dεp)
• The plastic part cannot be recovered while the
elastic part is fully recoverable.
• The work done of a loading-unloading cycle is
positive or zero Drucker stability
Plasticity
• Elastic Law
• Yielding Criterion(Function/surface)
• Plastic Potential
• Flow rule: The direction of plastic flow /Plastic
Strains
• Yield function change due to plastic flow:
– Hardening rule
– Softening rule
Yield Function/Surface/Criteria
• Elastic boundary in the stress space within
which material behavior is elastic
• Plastic deformation when stress state is on the
surface
• It is not the Failure function
Yield Function/Surface/Criteria
For perfect plasticity:
• The yield function/surface is fixed and
does not depend on previous loading
history.
• In this case, the yield criterion is only a
function of stress tensor σij:

𝑓 𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 0
Yield Function/Surface/Criteria
For strain hardening/softening plastic materials:
• The yield function/surface changes with plastic
deformation history
• The yield criterion is a function of both stress
tensor and plastic strain history

𝑓 𝜎𝑖𝑗 , 𝛼 = 0

• α denotes a hardening
Yield Function/Surface/Criteria
Loading Criteria: behavior results from a
further stress increment when the stress state is a
on the yield surface:
1- Loading
𝜕𝑓
𝑓 𝜎𝑖𝑗 , 𝛼 = 0 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑑𝜎𝑖𝑗 > 0
𝜕𝜎𝑖𝑗
2- Unloading 𝜕𝑓
𝑓 𝜎𝑖𝑗 , 𝛼 = 0 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑑𝜎𝑖𝑗 < 0
𝜕𝜎𝑖𝑗
3- Neutral 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑑𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 0
𝑓 𝜎𝑖𝑗 , 𝛼 = 0 𝜕𝜎𝑖𝑗
 Yield Function/Surface/Criteria
• Behavior for both unloading and neutral
loading, material behavior is purely elastic
• Plastic deformation will occur only when
loading criterion is satisfied.
• For perfectly plastic materials, the loading
condition is not permissible, as the stress
state can only lie on or inside the yield
surface.
• Plastic deformation occurs once the stress
state lies on or moves along the yield surface
Plastic Flow rule
• The plastic strain rate tensor is determined by
𝑝 𝜕𝑔
𝑑𝜀𝑖𝑗 = 𝑑𝜆
𝜕𝜎𝑖𝑗
• g :is a plastic potential which may or may not
be the same as the yield function
• dλ is a positive scalar.
• means that the direction of plastic strains is
normal to the plastic potential
 Plastic Flow rule

• Plastic potential
• It defines the ratios of the components of the
plastic strain tensor. The flow rule is
associated flow rule if the plastic potential is
identical to the yield function (Normality)
• .Otherwise the plastic flow rule is said to be
non-associated.
Consistency Condition
• Consistency condition proposed by Prager
(1949)
• For perfectly plastic materials the stress state
must remain on the yield surface.
• For strain-hardening materials, consistency
means that during plastic flow the stress state
remains on the subsequent yield surface.
Consistency Condition
• Mathematically
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝜎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑑𝛼=0.0
𝜕𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝜕𝛼

• The hardening parameter α is a function of

plastic strains
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝛼 𝑝
𝑑𝜎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑝 𝑑𝜀𝑖𝑗 = 0.0
𝜕𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝜕𝛼 𝜕𝜀𝑖𝑗
 Plasticity Stress-Strain Relations
• The total strain rate is divided into elastic and
plastic strain

• The stress is linked to the elastic strain through

Hooke’s law by the elastic stiffness matrix
Dijkl:
 Plasticity Stress-Strain Relations
• The plastic strain rate is expressed as a
function of the plastic potential

• Plug into the consistency condition

 Plasticity Stress-Strain Relations
• The elastic-plastic stress–strain relation

• Valid for both strain hardening and perfectly

plastic materials. H for PP:
Tresca and Von Mises
• Undrained shear strength
• Associated Flow rule
• Tresca

• Von Mises
Mohr-Coulomb
• Failure criteria is the same as the Yield surface

F(q,p,α) = ?
• For Undrained condition
Mohr-Coulomb
• For frictional materials

• For φ = ψ it becomes associative

 Implementation
• Perfect plasticity

• Expanding Yield
• Contractive Yield
Implementation
Implementation
 Implementation
• Loading: plastic regions is indicated if the
state of stress is on the yield surface and the
stress increment is directed toward the
outside of the yield surface; this occurs if the
inner product of the stress increment and the
outward normal of the yield surface is positive
when it is equal to zero, indicates a state
of neutral loading where the stress state
moves along the yield surface
 Implementation
• Unloading: the material is in the elastic
domain

• Stability Condition
 Implementation
• The plastic strain increment and deviatoric
stress tensor have the same principal
directions is encapsulated in a relation called
the flow rule.
• the plastic strain increment and the normal to
the pressure-dependent yield surface have the
same direction

• dλ>0: is a hardening parameter

 Implementation
• This form of the flow rule is called
an associated flow rule
• the assumption of co-directionality is called
the normality condition.
• The function f is also called a plastic potential.
Implementation
 Implementation
• Consistency condition
• The Prager consistency condition is needed to
close the set of constitutive equations and to
eliminate the unknown parameter (dλ) from
the system of equations.
• The consistency condition states that (df=0) at
yield because (f(σ,εp)=0):
Continuing
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Mohr-Coulomb 3-D