1. Categorical preposition: preposition relates two classes or categories.

It is a propositionthat asserts or
denies that all or some of the members of one category (the subject term) are included in another (the
predicate term)

In general simple easy or plain statement s that relates two class of things based on the rule of exclusion
or inclusion principles.

2. Example: - all rational numbers are real numbers

Quantifier all

Subject term: rational number

Copula: are

Predicate term: real number

3.Quality
A. Affirmative
B. Negative
C. Affirmative
D. Negative

Quantity
A. Universal
B. Universal
C. Particular
D. Particular

Distribution
A term distributed A term undistributed

All European countries Member of united state

No footballer and rich none

none Some films and active in sponsoring

events
charismatic Politician
Letter
A. A
B. E
C. I
D. O

VEN DIAGERAM

C
X

X
4. A: all professors are economists

E: no professors are economist

I: some professors are economists

O:some professors are not economists

MODERN (BOOLEAN)

Logically undetermined

A E

I Logically undetermined O

Let I=true then E(no professors are economist) is false because they are contradictory

The value of A and O cannot be logically determined

TRADITIONAL(ARISTOTALIAN)

A CONTERARY E

T T

SUBALTERATION SUBALTERATION

I CONTERARY O

Let I =true then E is false because they have contradictory relation

If E=false the o=

5.A. No mammals are animals

Therefore it is false that some mammals are animals

modern opposition

let E= no animal are mammal=t rue

I=some animals are mammals=False

Since E & I contradict, it is valid

Traditional opposition

Let E=no animal are mammal=true

I=some animals are mammals=false

Since E and I are contradictory, it is VALID

B. all universities are privately owned

Therefore, it is false that some universities are privately owned

Modern opposition

let A=all universities are private owned is true

I=some universities are no t privately owned. Since we cannot logically determine the truth value of I
from A it is INVALID

Traditional opposition

let A=all universities are private owned is true

I=some universities are no t privately owned.

Since the relationship between A and I is sub alternation, and since falsity goes downward it is INVALID

6.
CONVERSION

Some footballers are athletes

Some footballers are not athletes

All footballers are athletes

No footballers are athletes

OBVERSION

Some athletes are not non-footballer

Some athlete are none footballer

No athletes are non-footballer

All athletes are non-footballer

CONTRAPOSITION

Some non- athletes are non –footballer

Some athletes are not non –footballer

All non-athletes are non-footballer

No non-athletes are non-footballer