EQUIVALENT

PROPOSITIONS
 An equivalent proposition that has the
same meaning or truth- value with the
proposition from which it is restated.
Two general types of
inference
 Mediate Inference
1. There are three or more propositions.

2. There is a middle proposition.

3. The third proposition is the conclusion.

4. The conclusion has new meaning or

truth.
 Immediate inference
1. There are only two propositions.

2. There is no middle proposition.

3. The second is the equivalent

proposition.
4. The equivalent proposition has the
same truth or meaning as the given.
Obversion

1. Retain the subject and its quantity

2. Change the quality of the proposition
3. Substitute the predicate with a contradictory or
complementary terms.
Original propositions- equivalent propositions
A-E, E-A, I-O, O-I

A proposition
 All senators are elected officials.

 No senators are non-elected

officials.
Original propositions- equivalent propositions
A-E, E-A, I-O, O-I

E
 No Catholics are non- believers.
 All Catholics are believers.
I
 Some Filipino women are
hardworking individuals.
 Some Filipino women are not non-

hardworking individuals.
 
O
 Some cars are not Honda Civics.
 Some are non-Honda civics.
 
O
 Some cars are not Honda Civics.
 Some are non-Honda civics.
  
Conversion

 Interchange the subject and the

predicate.
 Retain the quality of the

proposition.
 Do not extend quality of the

proposition.
 
E propositions
 No apples are mangoes.

 No mangoes are apples.

 
 I
 Some snakes are poisonous

animals.
 Some poisonous animals are

snake.
 
A
 All gold jewelries are expensive objects.
 All expensive objects are gold jewelries.

 *sub-alternation A into an I

 Some gold jewelries are expensive objects.

 Some expensive objects are gold jewelries.

Contraposition
 1. Obvert the original proposition.
 2. Convert the resulting propostion in
step 1
 3. Obvert the resulting proposition in
step 2 the resulting proposition in
step 3 (contrapositive).
Contraposition
O
Some birds are non- flying
animals.
 Some non- flying animals are

birds
 Some non-flying animals are

not non-birds (contrapositive)

Contraposition
E
No angels are mortal beings.
Some immortal beings are not
non-angels.
Only A to A and O to O (simple),
E to O(partial) are valids forms
of contraposition and no other.
1. All calculators are mechanical
devices.
2. No planets are State-owned
celestial bodies.
3. Some public officers are not sincere
politicians.
4. Some non- leaders are progress-
oriented people.