Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Non-Proposition
1. Have you taken your dinner?
2. Oh my God!
3. For God sake!
4. Look at that.
Sentence and Proposition
Proposition is essentially a declarative sentence.
Other sentences that are not declarative are not
Proposition.
Proposition
1. War is a huge business for armed manufacturers.
2. Some American bankers are funding terrorism.
3. Some students will not have a date this Valentines
day.
Categoricaland Non-Categorical Propositions
Non-categorical propositions are also declarative
sentences that do not use copula (to be discussed
later).
Non-Categorical
Some Americans bankers have had funded terrorism.
Categorical
Some Americans bankers are funding terrorism.
Further Examples:
Some teachers did not go to sleep last night.
Some Teachers were not sleeping last night.
Hypothetical Proposition
1. Conditional Proposition
“If it were a cat, then it is an animal.”
2. Disjunctive Proposition
“Either it is evening in Cuba now or morning.”
3. Conjunctive Proposition
“A person cannot be a man and a woman at the same
time.”
The Standard Categorical Proposition
The components of standard form categorical
proposition are;
1. Quantifier
2. Subject Term
3. Predicate Term
4. Copula.
The Standard Categorical Proposition
Example:
All nurses are medical practitioners
practitioners.
- Copula
Quantifier
Subject
Prediacate
Term
Term
The Standard Categorical Proposition
Quantifier:
Copula:
Subject Term:
Predicate Term:
Affirmative
1. All doctors are professionals.
2. Every surgeon is a medical practitioners.
3. Some medical doctors are surgeons.
4. Some surgeons are women.
The Quality of Categorical Proposition
Categorical Proposition has two Qualities:
(Negative and Affirmative)
Negative
1. All doctors are not illiterate.
2. No surgeon is a moron.
3. Some medical doctors are not surgeons.
4. Some surgeons are not women.
Quantity of a Categorical Proposition
There are two Quantities of Propositions namely:
(Universal and Particular)
All Singular Propositions are treated as Universal.
Universal Proposition
1. All doctors are professionals.
2. Every surgeon is a medical practitioners.
3. No doctor is illiterate.
4. All nurses are not idiots.
Quantity of a Categorical Proposition
There are two Quantities of Propositions namely:
(Universal and Particular)
All Singular Propositions are treated as Universal.
Particular Proposition
1. Not all doctors are surgeons.
2. Some surgeons are women.
3. Some women are not nurses.
4. Not all nurses are men.
A – Universal Affirmative
E – Universal Negative
I – Particular Affirmative
O – Particular Negative
Universal Affirmative
A - All nurses are professionals.
Universal Negative
E - No doctor is illiterate.
Particular Affirmative
I - Some women are nurses.
Particular Negative
O - Not all nurses are men.
Further Examples
1. Some doctors are not men.
2. Not all doctors are men.
3. No doctor is a moron.
4. All doctors are not moron.
5. All doctors are human beings.
6. Every doctor is a rational animal.
7. Some doctors are women.
Quantity of the Subject and Predicate Terms:
A – Universal Affirmative
U P
1. All doctors are professionals.
U U
2. All women are female human beings.
Quantity of the Subject and Predicate Terms:
E – Universal Negative
U U
1. No doctor is illiterate.
U U
2. All women are not fathers.
Quantity of the Subject and Predicate Terms:
I – Particular Affirmative
P P
1. Some women are professionals.
p P
2. Some women are doctors.
Quantity of the Subject and Predicate Terms:
O – Particular Negative
P U
1. Some women are not professionals.
p U
2. Some women are not doctors.
Quantity of the Subject and Predicate Terms:
U U
1. All dogs are animals that bark.
U P
2. All Dalmatians are dogs.
U P
3. All women are human beings.
P P
4. Some dogs are Dalmatians.
P P
5,. Some Chihuahua are puppies.
Quantity of the Subject and Predicate Terms:
U U
1. All dogs are not reptiles.
U U
2. No Dalmatian is an amphibian.
U U
3. All women are not girls.
P U
4. Some dogs are not Dalmatians.
P U
5. Not all Chihuahua are puppies.
Prepared by:
OLIVER F. PERATER