MAGNETIC FORCES and FIELDS

(Chapter 12)
• Magnetic Materials
•
 
Magnetic Force and Field
• Magnetic Flux
• 𝑩
Path of moving charge in uniform ⃗
 
• on a current-carrying conductor
 C.) ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnetism – magnetic effect of charges in motion (current).
Permanent magnets - object that produce their own persistent
magnetic fields. All permanent magnets
have both a north and a south pole.

Magnetic poles: North Pole, N Exert forces with each

South Pole, S other
 
Opposite poles - attract Behavior similar to electric
Similar poles - repel charges
 Significant difference:
 Positive (+) and negative (–) charges can be possibly
separated and produced isolated charges.
- But there is no existence of magnetic monopole, i.e.
there is no isolated N and S pole (appear in pair).

Hans Christian Oersted:

– Discovered evidence of relationship of magnetism to
electricity, i.e. current exhibit magnetic effect.
i.) Compass needle under a I-carrying wire perpendicular to
each other.

No effect even if current is varied

ii.) Compass needle parallel to the I-carrying wire swings

thru an angle

Deflection is reversed if I is reversed

Conclusion?
Magnetic Force – acts only on moving charges

Electric Force – acts on electric charges whether they are

moving or not

Magnetic Force – defined as the force exerted between magnetic

poles, producing magnetization.

Force that Magnetic Field exerts on Moving Charge:

Two Conditions:
1. Charge must be moving → No magnetic force acts on
stationary charge.
2. Velocity of a moving charge must have component
perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field.
⃗𝑣 𝑞
 
Magnetic Force exerted on a Moving Charged Particle

where:
𝑞 = charge ; 𝑣 = velocity of q
 
𝐵 = magnetic field ; 𝜃 = angle between v and B
 Direction is determined using right-hand rule as shown
in the figure below:
The magnitude of the magnetic field B at any point in space
from equation:

 
SI unit: = = = Tesla, T (Nikola Tesla)

 
T = 104 Gauss, G = =
  
 When q move thru space where and are present, both
fields exert a force called:
Lorentz’ force - the total force experienced by a particle when it is
moving in region where both the electric and
magnetic fields are present.
     

F  FE  FB  q E  (v xB)  (Lorentz eq.)

Sample Problems:
1. A uniform magnetic field of 1.5T points horizontally from north to
south. If a 5.0Mev proton moves vertically downward thru this
field. What force will it act on it? If electron instead of proton be
deflected towards west, what force will it act on it?
  
2. An electron with = It encounters a magnetic field of magnitude
0.40T and whose direction makes 30o with respect to electron’s
velocity. Find:
a) The magnitude and direction of magnetic force on the electron.
b) The acceleration of the electron.
c) The magnetic force and acceleration if the particle is now a proton.

 
3. A beam of protons move a 3 thru a magnetic field of magnitude
along the axis. The velocity of each proton lies in x-z plane at 30o to
+Z-axis. Find the magnetic force on the proton.
Magnetic Field Lines:
(or magnetic lines of force) – space-curve which is everywhere
tangent to the magnetic field vector.
Below are magnetic field lines produced by several common sources
of magnetic field.
Strength of Magnetic Field, B:
B α no. of lines per unit area thru a surface perpendicular to
the magnetic field lines
TIC  FLUX,
- the total amount of magnetic field in a given region.

Component of 𝐵ሬԦnormal to surface at position of

element
 
=
 
– and the line ⟘ to the
surface area

 
=
 
Magnetic Flux, thru :
 
= ●=
 
Total :
 
For a uniform magnetic field B , the magnetic flux is given by the equation:

 where θ - angle between the area vector, and

Unit:
  𝑇 . 𝑚2  ¿ 1 𝑁 ·𝑚/ 𝐴  ¿ 𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟 ,𝑊𝑏
  (Wilhelm Weber)

   Total thru closed surface = 0 ,

= 0
 Sample Problems:
1. The figure shows a flat surface with area of 3.0 cm 2 in a uniform
magnetic field. If the magnetic flux through this area is
0.90 mWb, calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field and
find the direction of the area vector.

2. A circular area with a radius of 6.50 cm lies in the xy-plane. What the
magnitude of the magnetic flux thru this circle due to a uniform
magnetic field of 0.230T.
a) in the +z-direction;
b) at an angle of 53.1˚ from the +z-direction;
c) in the +y-direction?
 3. Themagnetic field in a certain region is 0.128 T, and its direction
is that of the +z-axis in the figure shown.
a) What is the magnetic flux across the surface ɑƅсd in the figure?
b) What is the magnetic flux across the surface beʄc?
c) What is the magnetic flux across the surface ɑeʄd?
d) What is the net flux through all five surfaces that enclose the
shaded volume?

4. The magnetic flux through one face of cube is

+0.120 Wb.
a) What must the total magnetic flux through the
other five faces of the cube be?
b) Why didn’t you need to know the dimensions of
the cube in order to answer part (a)?
 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism
• The total magnetic flux through a closed surface is always zero.

• The vector area, always points out of the surface.

 
Motion of Charged Particle in :

q moving in ሬ𝑩Ԧexperiences 𝐹Ԧ𝐵 which is always directed perpendicular to ሬ𝑩Ԧ

while 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 applied by 𝐸ሬԦis always parallel or antiparallel to 𝐸ሬԦdirection.

The electrical force can do work
on a charged particle.

The magnetic force cannot do

work on a charged particle.
The magnetic force always remains
perpendicular to the velocity and is
directed toward the center of the
circular path. v2
Fc  m
r

v2
qvB  m
r

mv
r
qB
 
 Hence, work done by and differ,
   
WFe = ● = max, if = 0; //
 
=0 , if = 90o;
 
and WFe increases and from Work-Energy Theorem

while WFb = 0

 
, since , can’t do work, but only alter the
direction of motion of q.
 
Path of q Moving Perpendicular in Uniform
 Motion with constant speed and magnetic
force always remains perpendicular to the
velocity and directed towards the center of
the circular path
 
Charge moving in experiences circular
motion
 
= =  
and = o and equate both eqs. gives:

(radius of the path)

  And from and =

 
𝜔=

  2𝜋 𝑟
𝑇
¿
𝑟

 
=

where: T – period of rotation

 Sample
Problems:
1. ሬ
Ԧ= 0.010 T. Find
An electron travels at 2x107 m/s in a plane perpendicular 𝐵
a) the radius formed from the path followed.
b) the period for a particle moving with constant speed to make 1 circular revolution
in uniform B 𝑣Ԧand the frequency of rotation.
1. A proton starts from rest at the positive plate of a parallel plate capacitor and is
accelerated towards the negative plate by an 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 . The potential difference between the
plates is 2,100𝑉. The high-speed proton travel leaves the capacitor thru a small hole
in the negative plate. Once outside the capacitor the proton travels at constant
ሬ
Ԧ= 0.10 T. 𝑣 ሬ
velocity until it enters the region of constant 𝐵 ሬ
ሬ
𝐵Ԧ. Find:
a) The speed of proton when it leaves capacitor.
ሬ
Ԧ.
b) The radius of circular path on which the proton moves in a 𝐵
c) The period of rotation.
3. An electron at point A in the figure has a speed vo of 1.41x106 m/s.
Find:
a) the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field that will
cause the electron to follow the semi-circular path from A to B
b) the time required for the electron to move from A to B
c) Repeat for the case in which the particle is a proton rather
than an electron
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
 For a single charge q:
 
=

 
 Total on all charges in length, with:
 
– no. of charges per unit volume
– volume of segment
– no. of charges in
Hence, total :

and
 so,
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵, where 𝐹Ԧ𝐵 ሬ
Ԧ
𝑙 and 𝐵
 
And =
where:
Φ = the angle between (along the direction
of current) and .

 The force direction is determined using the

right-hand rule shown in the diagram
below
Sample Problem: I
1. A rectangular loop of wire hangs vertically
as shown in the figure. A magnetic field is
directed horizontally perpendicular to the wire
and points out of the page at all points.
The magnetic field is very nearly uniform along
the horizontal portion of wire ab (L=10.0cm)
10cm which is near the center of a large magnet
producing the field. The loop hangs from a
balance which measures a downward force of .
48x10-2 N where wire carrries 0.245 A. What is
the magnitude of the magnetic field at the center
of the magnet?
2. A rigid wire carrying a current consists of a
semicircle of radius R and two straight portions.
The wire lies on a plane perpendicular to a
uniform magnetic field. The straight portion of
length l is within the magnetic field. Find the net
magnetic force on the wire.
Magnetic Force and Torque on a Current-Loop
 Torque,
– tendency of a current-loop to rotate if forces acting are
non-concurrent
– the measure of a force’s tendency to produce torsion
and rotation about an axis.
 
– the twisting effect which is directly proportional to and ,
where .
 
= =

where : – moment or lever

arm
21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil

The two forces on the loop have equal magnitude but an application
of RHR-1 shows that they are opposite in direction.
21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil

The loop tends to rotate such that its

normal becomes aligned with the magnetic
field.
21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil

Net torque    ILB  12 w sin    ILB  12 w sin    IAB sin 

magnetic
moment

  NIA B sin 
number of turns of wire
 21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil

Example 6 The Torque Exerted on a Current-Carrying Coil

A coil of wire has an area of 2.0x10-4m2, consists of 100 loops or turns,

and contains a current of 0.045 A. The coil is placed in a uniform magnetic
field of magnitude 0.15 T. (a) Determine the magnetic moment of the coil.
(b) Find the maximum torque that the magnetic field can exert on the
coil.

magnetic
moment

(a) NIA  100  0.045 A   2.0  10  4 m 2   9.0  10  4 A  m 2

magnetic
moment

 4 2

(b)   NIA B sin   9.0  10 A  m  0.15 T  sin 90  1.4  10 N  m
 4
21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil

The basic components of

a dc motor.
21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil
  
 When a -carrying loop is in a , tends to rotate the loop such that its
plane becomes aligned with (to seek its stable condition).

a) Torque on a solenoid in a magnetic field b) magnetic moment of a current-carrying loop

  
In Figure (a)

 and - are along same line of action, τnet = 0

 and - are along different lines of action, τnet about -axis by RHR
 moment arm, =
• =- =

hence
τ+F
;
so
τ+F τ-F

τT = τ+F + τ-F

 
τ (magnitude of torque on a current
loop)
MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT or DIPOLE MOMENT, μ
- A measure of the magnetic strength of a magnet or
current-carrying coil, expressed as:

- Direction of vector, μ: (RHR)

 
curl fingers around the loop, and extend thumb
to the direction, to the plane of the current
loop
 Torque in terms Magnetic Dipole Moment:

  B sin 
 
Torque tends to rotate the loop
in the direction of decreasing
flux, , i.e. toward its stable
Magnetic moment of a current-carrying loop
position in which loop lies in the
x-y plane; perpendicular to

 Any current-loop (or anybody) that experiences magnetic torque is

called a Magnetic Dipole.