OBJECTIVES (Things to Learn)

1- How to find the Effective Current in an AC circuit which the current and Voltage change by the
time?
2- Pure Resistor, Capacitor and Solenoid in an AC circuit.
3- The Circuits of OSCILLATION (LC Circuits) producing Electromagnetic Wave (Signal of
remote control).
4- Series and Parallel Combination RLC Circuit.
5- Step-up and Step-down Transformers to transfer the Power of Electricity.
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
A conducting loop rotating at a constant angular
speed, ω, in a uniform magnetic field generates an
alternating emf, and current
Φ  B.A. cosθ 
Φ cost 
  N   B.A.N
t t
  cost  
  .sint 
θ  .t  t 
 t  BAN BAN
 t   BAN. sin t  max  BAN i t    . sin t imax 
R R R
 t    max . sin t it   imax . sin t
 Ex.: A coil having 100 loops and 0.05 m2 area is Ex.: Voltage output of an AC generator is given by:
rotating in magnetic field B=0.2 T at a rate 50 ε(t)=400 Sin(150πt).
revolution/second. Write the expression for a) Find εm=?, ω=?, f=?
instantaneous value of emf. b) Find ε=? when t=0.01 s.
  2f  2.3.50 s 1  300 Hz a)  t    max sin t   max  400V
 max  BAN  0,2T .0,05m 2 .100.300s 1   2f  150  2 . f f  75Hz
 max  300V  t   300. sin 300t b)  0,01  400 sin 150 0,01
 400 sin 3 / 2 
 400 sin 2700
 400V
 Ex.: AC generator has output voltage ε
=εm Sin(ωt).The coil rotates 50 times in a second.
a) Find ε=? at t=1/300 s, if εm=310 V.
b) Find ε=? at t=T/4
 1 
a )  1/300   310 sin  2 .50. 
 300 
 310 sin  / 3 sin 600 
3
 263,5V 2

 2 T   310 sin  / 2 
b)  T/4   310 sin  . 
 T 4
 310V

Ex.: Electricity from a wall socket is 220 V and 50 Hz.

Write ε(t)=?
 t   220 sin 100t 
 EFFECTIVE VOLTAGE & CURRENT The Value and the direction of Alternating Current
changes by the Time.
Thus to find the Effective Current and Voltage in an A.C.
V
Circuit, we may look at the Average Value of them.
But we see that direct calculation of Average Values gives
R ieff A us ZERO.
 eff Hence, we take the Square and Average and finally Root
of the Change of Function to determine the Effective
Values, RMS ;
 t    max . sin t
i t   imax . sin t
Av
imax
 max ie
imax
t imax  2 .ie
 max  2 . e
 imax
  max imax  max
ie  e 
2 2

e  max
ie  imax 
R R
 Ex.: What Is the rms Current?
The voltage output of a generator is given by
ε=200sinωt. Find the rms current in the circuit when
this generator is connected to a 100Ω resistor.
 t    max sin t   max  200V
 max 200V  100 2V
e    100 2V ie  e   2A
2 2 R 100
 ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS The electric power in a pure ohmic resistor can be
1. RESISTOR IN AN A.C. CIRCUIT, R : calculated by making use of the instantaneous values of
When alternating current passes through a pure current and voltage, and Ohms Law.
 
resistor all the electric energy is converted to heat in the Pt    t .i t   sin 2 t   cos 2 t  
resistor.  Av Av

Pt    max .imax . sin 2 t  sin t Av  cos t Av  1
2 2

V  

PAv   max .imax . sin 2 t 
Av


2 1
sin t Av  2 


R 1
ieff A PAv  .imax . max  ie . e
 eff 2

 t    max . sin t
it   imax . sin t
V
Ex.: a) Write i(t)=?
The current and the voltage are always in phase.
b) Find readings of
voltmeter, ampermeter R  5
c) Heat in 1 minute A
a ) i t   im sin t 
i t   4 2 sin 100t   m  20 2V
m 20 2
im    4 2A f  50 Hz
R 5
  2f  100
im 4 2 m
b) ie    4A e   20V
2 2 2
c ) E  ie et  4A.20V.60s  4800 J
 ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS Kirchhoff’s loop rule applied to this circuit gives
2. CAPACITOR IN AN A.C. CIRCUIT, C :  C     max . sin t 
 C 
Q 

 dQ 
i  
 C   dt 
Consider A capacitor connected across the terminals 

of an AC Generator as in fig. Q  C. max . sin t  d sin t 

   cos t 
 dt 
V dQ d C. max . sin t     
i   cos t  sin t   
dt dt   2 

ieff A  
C it   C. max . cos t  imax . sin t  
 eff  2
Conclusion: The current in an capacitor leads the
 t    max . sin t
voltage by 90°.
it   imax . sin t  we call R of Capacitor; 
   
imax  C max max  max  The Capacitive Reactance 
1 / C R  and represented by X 
When a capacitor is connected in an A.C circuit it is  C 
charged and discharged repeatedly. 1 1
XC    
ωC 2fC
 C   max . sin t  i max .X C . sin ωt
(ohm`s law for an Capacitive circuit)
 Ex.: A Purely Capacitive ac Circuit
An 8.0 µF capacitor is connected to the terminals of a
60.0 Hz ac generator whose rms voltage is 150 V. Find
the capacitive reactance and the rms current in the
circuit.
  2f  2.3,14.60s 1  377s-1
1 1
XC    332 Ω
 
C 377s -1 8x10-6 F 
 150V
ie  e   0.452 A
X C 332
 ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS  max
i t    . cos t    
  cos t  sin  t   
3. INDUCTOR IN AN A.C. CIRCUIT, L : L   2 
When a pure conductor is connected across an AC
 max    
source as shown in fig., a changing magnetic field that i t   . sin t    imax . sin  t  
results in production of induced emf is established in L  2  2
the inductor in accordance with Lenz’s Law:
Conclusion: The current in an inductor lags behind the

 ind  L voltage by 90°.
t
This opposing voltage is the basic principle of reaction  max  max 

we call R of Coil; 

imax    The Inductive Reactance
of the coil to the variation of the current. L R 
V  and represented by X 
 L 
X L  ωL  2fL  
i
L  ind  L   max . sin t  i max .X L . sin ωt
A t
 eff ieff (ohm`s law for an inductive circuit)

 t    max . sin t
it   imax . sin t
Then Kirchhoff’s loop rule applied to this circuit gives
i i
 t   L 0   max . sin t  L
t t
taking the Derivation and Integral ;
 max 
di  . sin t.dt  i   max . sin t.dt
L L
 1 
  sin t.dt   cos t 
  
 Ex.: A Purely Inductive ac Circuit
In a purely inductive ac circuit, L= 25mH and the rms
voltage is 150V. Calculate the inductive reactance and
rms current in the circuit if the frequency is 60 Hz.

 
X L  L  2fL  2 60 Hz  25 x10 3 H  9.42
 150V
ie  e   15.9 A
X L 9.42
 Ex.: In the following circuit, The switch is thrown Ex.: What Is the rms Current?
closed, and the circuit is allowed to come to The voltage output of a generator is given by
equilibrium so that the light-bulb glows steadily. An ε=200sinωt. Find the rms current in the circuit when
iron rod is then inserted into the interior of the this generator is connected to a 100Ω resistor.
inductor. What happens to the brightness of the light-
bulb, and why?
LI  L
The bulb
gets
dimmer.

N2A I N2A
L  0 L  i
 
As the rod is inserted, the inductance increases
because the magnetic field inside the inductor
increases.
And the inductive reactance of the inductor also
increases. And the current in the circuit decreases.
X L  L
In theatrical productions of the early 20th century, this
method was used to dim the lights in the theater
gradually.
 ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS Traversing the loop clockwise by Kirchhoff’s Law gives ;
q dq  q  dq 
4. RC CIRCUITS :   iR  0    i  
C dt R RC  dt 
A circuit containing a series combination of a resistor
dq C q q  C
and a capacitor is called an RC circuit.    
dt RC RC RC
Now we multiply by dt and divide by q - Cε to obtain
q t
dq 1 dq 1
 dt    dt
q  C RC 0
q  C 0
RC
 q  C  t  
t

 n   q t   C 1  e
 RC 

  C  RC  

 
t
 dq   RC
t
q t   Q1  e RC  i t    e
  dt R

We call the ratio of 1/RC as TIME CONSTANT,τ, which

1. Charging a Capacitor : the time it takes the current to decrease to 1/e of its
 when t  0, q  0  After Charging initial value
  
 i     q  that is, in a time τ; i  e 1i0  0.368i0
 0   max  Q  C  
 R  in a time 2τ;i  e  2i0  0.135i0 ...so on

If the switch is closed at t=0 however, charge begins to

flow, setting up a current in the circuit, and the capacitor Likewise, in a time τ , the charge increases from zero
begins to charge. to Cε(1-e-1) = 0.632Cε
2. Discharging a Capacitor :
Now let us consider the circuit shown in Figure
If the switch is closed at t=0, the capacitor begins to
discharge through the resistor.
By Kirchhoff’s Law ;
q  dq 
  iR  0 i  
C  dt 
dq q dq 1
 R    dt
dt C q RC
q t
dq 1 q t
   dt  n   
Q
q RC 0 Q RC
t

q t   Qe RC

dq Q  RC
t
 Q 
i t    e   i0 
dt RC  RC 
t

i t   i0 e RC

The negative sign indicates that the capacitor is

discharging
 L dx dx R x R
ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS x 0    dt  n  t
R dt x L x0 L
5. RL CIRCUITS :
Taking the antilogarithm of this result, we
If a circuit contains a coil, such as a solenoid, the self-
obtain  when t  0, i  0 
inductance of the coil prevents the current in the circuit R
 t  R
  t  
from increasing or decreasing instantaneously. x  x0 e L
 i  e L   x0 
 
R R  
 R 
Consider the circuit
shown in Figure. This is   t 
R
i  1  e L 
an RL circuit because the R 
elements connected to
the battery are a resistor This expression shows the
and an inductor. effect of the inductor. The
current does not increase
Suppose that the switch S is thrown closed at t=0. instantly to its final
The current in the circuit begins to increase, and a back equilibrium value when the
emf that opposes the increasing current is induced in switch is closed but instead
the inductor. The back emf is, increases according to an
di
 L  L exponential function.
dt
we can apply Kirchhoff’s loop rule to this circuit, We call the ratio of R/L as TIME
traversing the circuit in the clockwise direction: CONSTANT,τ, which it takes the current in
di the circuit to reach (1-e-1) = 0,63 of its final
  iR  L 0 value ε/R.

dt
To find this solution, we change variables for
i
R

1  e  τ.t 
convenience, letting

x  i  dx   di
R
 Ex.: Time Constant of an RL circuit?
The switch in Figure is thrown closed at t=0 (a) Find
the time constant of the circuit.
L 30x10-3 H
   5ms
R 6
(b) Calculate the current in
the circuit at t=0.
 12V
i
R

1  e t /   
6

1  e 0 / 5 ms   0 A

Ex.: A coil of resistance 16 and of self-induction

7/220H is connected across a source of voltage
100V and of frequency 60Hz. Find:
(a) the current in the circuit
(b) the phase angle between the total voltage and the
current in the circuit. (Hint: π=22/7)
a  X L  2fL  2 22 60 7
 12 V 100
7 220 i   5A
Z 20
Z  R 2  X L2  16 2  122  20
12
b  tan  X L   0.75   arctan0.75  37 0
R 16
 ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS ***Thus, energy is transferred from the electric field of
6. LC CIRCUITS : the capacitor to the magnetic field of the inductor.
When a capacitor is connected to an inductor as
illustrated in Figure, the combination is an LC circuit. 3- When the capacitor is fully discharged, it stores no
energy.
At this time, the current reaches its 1 2
maximum value, and all of the energy L E  Limax
2
is stored in the inductor.
4- The current continues in the same direction,
decreas-ing in magnitude, with the capacitor eventually
becoming fully charged again but with the polarity of its
If the capacitor is initially charged and the switch is then plates now opposite the initial polarity.
closed, both the current in the circuit and the charge on 5- The energy continues to oscillate between inductor
the capacitor oscillate between maximum positive and and capacitor.
negative values. Let us consider some arbitrary time t after the switch is
With the idealizations of zero resistance and no closed, so that the capacitor has a charge Q<Q max and
radiation the oscillations in the circuit persist indefinitely. the current is i<imax .
1- When the capacitor is fully charged, the At this time, both elements store energy, but the sum
2
energy E in the circuit is stored in the E  Qmax of the two energies must equal the total initial energy E
C
electric field of the capacitor and is equal to 2C stored in the fully charged capacitor at t=0.
At this time, the current in the circuit is zero, and thus Q 2 Li 2
E  EC  E L  
no energy is stored in the inductor. 2C 2
Total Energy in an Ideal LC Circuit remains constant ;
2- As the capacitor begins to discharge after the switch
 Q 2 Li 2 
is closed, the energy stored in its electric field d    Q dQ di
dE  2C 2   Li  0
decreases.
The discharge of the capacitor represents a current in  0 C dt dt
dt dt
the circuit, and hence some energy is now stored in the Q d 2Q  dQ di d 2Q 
L 2 0  i    2 
magnetic field of the inductor. C dt  dt dt dt 
 Q d 2Q d 2Q 1
L 2 0  Q   kQ
C dt dt 2
LC
Because it is of the same form as the differential
equation of the simple harmonic oscillator, we see that
Equation has the solution ;

Qt   Qmax cos k t    1

Qt   Qmax cost    LC

This is the natural frequency of oscillation of the LC

circuit. dQ
i  Qmax sin t   
dt
To determine the value of the phase angle , we
examine the initial conditions, which in our situation
require that at t=0, i=0 and Q=Qmax
0  Qmax sin     0
the expressions for Q and I are ;
Qt   Qmax cos t
i t   Qmax sin t  imax sin t
 Ex.: An Oscillatory LC circuit?
In Figure, the capacitor is initially
charged when switch S1 is open
and S2 is closed. Switch S1 is
then thrown closed at the same
instant that S2 is opened, so that
the capacitor is connected
directly across the inductor. (a)
Find the frequency of oscillation
of the circuit.
1 1
f    106 Hz
2 LC 2 2.81x10 3
H 9 x10 12
F
(b) What are the maximum values of charge on the
capacitor and current in the circuit?
 
Qmax  C  9x10-12 F 12V   1.08 x1010 C
  
imax  Qmax  2fQmax  2x106 s 1 1.08 x10 10 C  6.79 x10 4 A
(c) Determine the charge and current as functions of
time.

Q  Qmax cos t  1.08 x10 10 C cos 2x106 rad / s t 

i  imax sin t   6.79 x10 4 Asin 2x10 rad / s t 
6

(d) What is the total energy stored in the circuit?

ETotal
Q
2
Li
 max  max 
2.08x1010 C   6,48x1010 J
2 2

2C 2 29 x10 12 F 

 ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS Using these phase relationships, we can express the
7. RLC CIRCUIT : instantaneous voltages across the three elements as
1. SERIES RLC CIRCUITS : VR t   i max R sin t  VRmax sin t
VR VL  
VC
VL t   i max X L sin  t    VLmax cos t
 2
R L  
VC t   i max X C sin  t    VCmax cos t
C
Vt   Vmax sin t 2

it   i max sin t    The instantaneous voltage v across the three
elements equals the sum but by Phasor Diagram.
where ф is the phase angle between the current and
the applied voltage. Vt   VR t   VL t   VC t 
VL
Our aim is to determine Ф and Imax. V
V  V  VL  VC 
2 2
To solve this problem, we must analyze the phasor R

diagram for this circuit.
VRi max
In series, the current everywhere in the circuit must be V i.R 2  i.X L  i.X C 2 V
the same at any instant. That is, at all points in a series V
C
 V
ac circuit it has the same amplitude and phase. i i  
R  X L  X C  R
2 2 
Therefore, the voltage across each element has a
different amplitude and phase, as in Figure This term represents the Equivalent Resistance of the
VL Circuit and called IMPEDANCE, Z of the circuit.
   V Ve Vmax
Z  R 2  X L  X C  i i max 
2
ie 
900 Z Z Z
VR i max i max 90 0 i max The phase angle between the current and the voltage
is
VC X  X C     arctan X L  X C 
tan  L
R  R 
Resistor Inductor Capacitor
 tan 
X L  X C  R
cos   The curves plotted in Figure 33.16 show that a high-Q
R Z circuit responds to only a very narrow range of
When XL > XC, ф= + ; signifying that the current lags frequencies, whereas a low-Q circuit can detect a much
behind the applied voltage. broader range of frequencies. Typical values of Q in
When XL < XC, ф= - ; signifying that the current leads electronic circuits range from 10 to 100.
the applied voltage. The receiving circuit of a radio is an important applica-
When XL = XC, ф= 0 ; signifying that the current leads tion of a resonant circuit. One tunes the radio to a par-
the applied voltage. ticular station (which transmits a specific
In this case, the impedance equals the resistance and electromagnetic wave or signal) by varying a capacitor,
the current has its maximum value, which changes the resonant frequency of the receiving
The frequency at which this occurs is called the circuit. When the resonance frequency of the circuit
RESONANCE FREQUENCY ; matches that of the incoming electromagnetic wave, the
1 1 1 current in the receiving circuit increases. This signal
X L  X C 0 L   0  f Re s 
0 C LC 2 LC caused by the incoming wave is then amplified and fed
PAv W  to a speaker. Because many signals are often present
when XL=XC, the
7 over a range of frequencies, it is important to design a
average power is a
high-Q circuit to eliminate unwanted signals.
maximum 6
R  3.5
This curve
5 L  5H Ex.: A Resonating Series RLC Circuit
sharpness is usually
C  2nF A series RLC ac circuit has R=150Ω, L=20mH,
described by a 4
 Vrms  5mV ω=5000s-1, and εe=20V. Determine the value of the
dimensionless para-
3
0  107 rad / s capacitance for which the current is a maximum.
meter known as the
quality factor, denoted 1
2
X L  X C    0 0 L 
by Q: 0  0C
Q 1 R  10
1 1
 0 C   2F
8 9 10 11 12 02 L 25 x106 s 2 20 x10 3 H 
 Mrad/s 
 Ex.: Analyzing a Series RLC Circuit Ex.: For the following circuit, Find ;
A series RLC ac circuit has R=425Ω, L=1.25 H, a) Impedance, Z=? b) i(t)=? c) VR,VC,VL=?
C=3.5µF, ω=377s-1, and εmax=150V. (a) Determine the
inductive reactance, the capacitive reactance, and the
impedance of the circuit.
1
X L  L  471 Ω X C   758
C
Z  R 2   X L  X C   4252  471  7582  513  t   100 2 sin 300t 
2

(b) Find the maximum current in the circuit. a ) Z  R 2  X L  X C  Z

2
XL
 150V
imax  max   0.292 A 
 402  55  25
2
Z 513
R
(c) Find the phase angle between the current and XC
 50
voltage.
 X  XC  b) i t   im . sin t  m 100 2
1 1  471  758  0 im    2 2A
  tan  L   tan    34
Z 50
 R   425  i t   2 2 . sin 300t
(d) Find both the maximum voltage and the
instantaneous voltage across each element.
i 2 2 VR  ie .R
c) ie  m   2A
Vmax R  imax R  0.292 A425   124V VR t   124.sin377t 2 2  2A.40  80V
VC  ie . X C VL  ie . X L
Vmax L  imax X L  0.292 A471   138V VL t   138.sin377t
 2A.25  50V  2A.55  110 V
Vmax C  imax X C  0.292 A758  221V VC t   221.sin377t
 Ex.: For the following circuit, Find ;
a) Z=? and ø=? b) VKM=?, VLN=?
R  3 X L  6 X  2
C

K L M N
 m 42V  e 21 2V
e    21 2V ie    4,2 2A
2 2 Z 5

 t   42 sin 200t 
a) Z  R 2  X L  X C  Z
2
XL

 32  6  2  5
2
R
R 3 XC
cos     0,6   530
Z 5
V VL
a ) V  VR  VL  VC 
2 2

VKM  VR  VL
2 2
VR
VC
 3ie   6ie   3 5ie
2 2

 3 5.4,2 2A  12,6 10V

VR  ie .R  3ie
VL  ie . X L  6ie
VLN  VL - VC 2 VC  ie . X C  2ie
 6ie  2ie 2  4ie
 4.4,2 2A  16,8 2V
 POWER IN AN AC CIRCUIT Equation shows that the power delivered by an ac
we found that the power delivered by a battery to a dc source to any circuit depends on the phase, and this
circuit is equal to the product of the current and the emf result has many interesting applications. For example, a
of the battery. factory that uses large motors in machines, generators,
P  i. …has a large inductive load (because of all the
Likewise, the instantaneous power delivered by an ac windings). To deliver greater power to such devices in
generator to a circuit is the product of the generator the factory without using excessively high voltages,
current and the applied voltage. technicians introduce capacitance in the circuits to shift
  i.V  i max sin t   .Vmax sin t the phase.
 i max Vmax sin t sin t    we can also express the equation as ;
sin t     sin t cos   cos t sin   R VR V
cos    and Ve  max
Z Vmax 2
  i max Vmax sin 2 t cos   i max Vmax sin t cos t sin 
1 Vmax i max R 2
Av  i max Vmax cos   sin t Av  cos t Av  0  Av  i e  ie R
2 1 V
2 max



sin t 
2
Av 
2



Av  i e Ve cos  In words, the average power delivered by the
generator is converted to internal energy in the resistor,
The product Ve.Ie is called Apparent Power and it is just as in the case of a dc circuit. No power loss occurs
measured in volt.ampere (V.A) where Pav is Actual in an ideal inductor or capacitor.
Power.
Ex.: Average Power in a Series RLC Circuit
The ratio of the Actual Power to the Apparent Power is
A series RLC ac circuit has εmax=150V, imax=0.292A
called POWER FACTOR.
and ф=-340. Calculate the average power delivered to
Actual Power i .V cos  the series RLC circuit.
Power Factor   e e  cos   150V i 0.292 A
Apparent Power i e .Ve  e  max   106V ie  max   0.206 A
2 2 2 2
PAv   e .ie . cos   106V 0.206A 0.829  18.1 W
 Ex.: The Economics of ac Power
An electricity-generating station needs to deliver
20MW of power to a city 1.0 km away. (a) If the
resistance of the wires is 2.0Ω and the electricity costs
about 10¢/kWh, estimate what it costs the utility
company to send the power to the city for one day. (A
common voltage for commercial power generators is 22
kV.)
Solution : The power losses in the transmission line
are the result of the resistance of the line, i2R.
P  i 2 R  910 A 2 
2
P 20 x106 W
i   910 A
 22 x103 V  1.7 x103 kW
 
cost per day  1.7x103 kW 24h S0.1/kWh   S4100
but a step-up transformer is used to boost the voltage
to 230 kV before transmission.
P  i 2 R  87 A 2 
2
P 20 x106 W
i   87 A
 230 x103 V  15kW
cost per day  15kW 24h S0.1/kWh   S36
7. RLC CIRCUIT : *If ICIL, IX is positive and the circuit is a capacitive
2. PARALLEL RLC CIRCUITS : one. The current in such a circuit leads the potential by
Let us consider the simplest kind of parallel circuit: a positive angle 
One consisting of pure inductance, pure capacitance *If IC<IL, IX is negative and the circuit is a inductive
and pure resistor in parallel. one. The current in such a circuit lags behind the circuit
The same value of voltage must iL L Voltage by a negative angle 
exist across each branch of a Since a pure capacitance and a pure inductance do
parallel circuit. iR not dissipate power, all the power is dissipated across
V  VR  VL  VC R
the resistance.
The total current in the circuit PActual  VR .iR  R.iR2
however is the sum of the currents iC
C
in the separate branches. From figure, we can write
iR
i  i R  i L  iC VR  V, and cos    i R  i cos 
i
The current IL, lags the circuit Vt   Vmax sin t
voltage, V, by 900. The current IC it   i sin t    PActual  V.i cos  V.i is Apparent Power
max
leads the voltage by 900. The
current, IR is being in phase with V. Actual Power i .V cos 
Power Factor   e e  cos 
We call the term iX=iC-iL as The
Apparent Power i e .Ve
iC
Reactive Current. i

i  i 2R  i X  i 2R  iC  i L 
2 2 i X  iC - iL

i X iC  i L V iR V
tan   and Z 
iR iR i iL
*If IC=IL, IX=0 and the circuit is a pure resistive one. The
current and the voltage in such a circuit are in phase
(that is =0)
 Ex.: An AC Circuit containing a capacitor of pure V 100 X 50 7
g  XL    50 L  L   H
capacitance, an inductor of pure inductance, and a iL 2 2f 2 22 50 44
7
pure ohmic resistor in parallel is connected across V 100 1 1
h  X C    20 C    8 x10 3 F
a source of voltage 100V and frequency 50 Hz. iC 5 2fX C 2 22 20
7
The currents in the resistor, the inductor, and the
capacitor are 4A, 2A,and 5A respectively. Draw the
phasor diagram for the current and then calculate:
(a) The total current Ex.: A resistor of resistance 30  is connected in
(b) The phase difference between the voltage and parallel to a capacitor of pure capacitance. Then this
current of the circuit. combination is connected across the terminals of an AC
(c) The power factor source of frequency 50 Hz. The impedance of the
(d) The resistance of the circuit circuit, and the actual power in the circuit are found to
(e) The impedance of the circuit be 24 ohm and 480 watt respectively. What is the
(f) The actual power in the circuit capacitance of the capacitor? Draw the phasor diagram.
(g) The coefficient of self induction of the inductor
(h) Capacitance of the capacitor (Note: π=22/7 ) 480
Pactual   iR2 .R iR2   iR  4 A
a  i  iR2  iC  iL   4 2  5  22  5 A
2 30
VR  iR .R  4.30  120V
 
b  arctan iC  iL     37 0 c  cos  iR 
4
 0.8 VR  VC  120V i
V 120
  5A
 iR  i 5 Z 24
i  iR2  iC2  5  4 2  iC2  iC  3 A
d  R  V  100  25 e Z  V  100  20
iR 4 i 5 V 120 1 1 7
XC    40 C    x10 3 F
f  PActual  iR2 R  42.25  400 Watt or Z 3 2fX C 2 .50.40 88
PActual  Vi cos   100 x5 x0.8  400 Watt
 TRANSFORMERS The purpose of the iron core is to increase the
When electric power is transmitted over great magnetic flux through the coil and to provide a medium
distances, it is economical to use a high voltage and a in which nearly all the flux through one coil passes
low current to minimize the I 2R loss in the transmission through the other coil.
lines (350-kV). Typical transformers have power efficiencies from
At the receiving end of such lines, the consumer 90% to 99%. Output Power PS i .
Eff    S S%
requires power at a low voltage (220V). Input Power PP i P . P
Therefore, a device is required that For an Ideal Transformer we assume that it is 100%.
can change the alternating voltage and i . iS  P
current without causing appreciable Eff  S S  1 
i P . P iP S
changes in the power delivered.
The AC Transformer is that device. From Faraday`s Law of Induction;
An ideal transformer consists of two coils wound on  i   i 
PP  PS    N P P .i P    N S S .iS
the same iron core. An alternating voltage V1 is applied  t   t 
to the primary coil, and the output voltage V2 is across
the resistor of resistance R.
B
iP iS

NP NS R S
P

Primary Secondary N P iS 
B
Coil Coil   P
NS i P S
 CHECKING OF UNDERSTANDING (HOMEWORK)
The Answers of them should be placed just between this Chapter & the Next Chapter.
Determine whether the following statements are true or false. If they are false correct them by changing the underlined
statements.
1. A series AC circuit contains a resistor an inductor and a capacitor connected to a voltage source. The resistance of this circuit
cannot be more than the impedance of the circuit.
2. A parallel AC circuit contains a resistor an inductor and a capacitor. The resistance of this circuit cannot be more than the
impedance of the circuit.
3. The selectivity of a series resonating circuit depends on the power factor of the circuit.
4. A series AC circuit contains a resistor an inductor and a capacitor. The phase angle between the current and the voltage
depends on the voltage of the source.
5. Most of the electric coils contain inductors. This in turn makes the power factor near to one.
6. It is better to use AC electric circuits of power factor less than one.
7. In an AC electric circuit the power factor is equal to zero. The load in this electric circuit is pure resistive.
8. A series AC circuit contains a capacitor, inductor and a resistor. If the circuit is inductive its frequency must be larger than the
resonance frequency.
9. A parallel AC circuit contains a resistor an inductor and a capacitor connected to a voltage source. If the circuit is inductive
the voltage is given by the relation V=Vmaxsin then the current is given by the relation I=Imax.sin(+ ).
10. In the oscillating circuits of radios the desired signal is picked up when the frequency of the circuit is more or less than the
frequency of the signal.

Answer the following guestions

1. An insulated copper wire is wrapped around an iron core. Then this coil is connected in series with a voltage source a lamp.
What happens to the brightness of the lamp in the following cases and why?
a) When the iron core is removed from the core of the coil.
b) When the coil is pulled from the two ends and becomes a straight wire
2. What is the relation between actual power and apparent power? When do they become equal?
3. How does the brightness of a lamp connected to an AC source changes when the followings are connected in series with the
lamp
a) a pure inductor b) a capacitor c) a pure inductor and a capacitor that bring the circuit to the
state of resonance
4. What is the kind of the load in an AC circuit if the power factor of the circuit is;
a) Zero? b) One? c) More than zero and less than one?
 Quiz-6 (REAL)
Group-A Group-B
1. An ac voltage source has an output of 1. An ac voltage source has an output of
V=200V.sin2πft. This source is connected to V=200V.sin2πft. This source is connected to
a 100Ω resistor. a 100Ω resistor. What is the average Power
a) find the rms current in the resistor dissipated through the resistor?
b) find the max current in the resistor

2. In a purely inductive AC circuit L=25 mH 2. An 8µF capacitor is connected to the

and Vrms=150V. Find the inductive terminals of a 60Hz AC generator where rms
reactance and rms current in the circuit if the voltage is 150V.Find the capacitive reactance
frequency is 60 Hz. and rms current in the circuit.
 Quiz-7 (REAL)
Group-A Group-B
1. According to the givens in the figure what 1. If the phase angle of the given circuit is 53 0
is the effective current flowing in the circuit? what is the impedance of the circuit?
R  40 X C  20 R  3 XC

X L  50 X L  6

Ve  200V
2. An ideal transformer has 240 turns on the
2. A transformer has %90 efficiency. If it has
primary and 200 turns on the secondary. If
5A and 120V on the primary, what is the
the primary is connected across a 120V
power on the secondary?
generator, what is the output voltage?