CMA 412 STRUCTURE MECHANICS

STRESS AND
STRAIN
PRESENTED FOR : DR. NURIL IZZEATY BINTI ISHAK
 MEET OUR GROUP MEMBER

NASHUHA BINTI MOHD NOR AISYAH BINTI

NABLAN AZAHAR
(2022452586) (2022882524)

MUHAMMAD ZAFRUL
TUAN AMIRUL ASYRAF HABIB MUHAIRITH AFIQ BIN SUHAILE
BIN TUAN ISMAIL BIN HALIM (2022635088)
(2022850582) (2022882496)

CMA412
STRUCTURE AP2461C GROUP PROFILE PRESENTATION
MECHANICS

CONCEPT OF THE STRESS

Table of
CONCEPT OF THE STRAIN

Content
HOOKE'S LAW

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AND IT'S

RELATIONSHIP (STRESS-STRAIN
DIAGRAM OF STEEL)
 A Deeper Look FORMULA OF STRESS

Stress
DEFINITION

STRESS REFERS TO THE INTERNAL

DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES WITHIN A
MATERIAL THAT RESULTS FROM
Symbols mean and SI Units
EXTERNAL LOADING. IT IS A MEASURE
OF THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE F = Force acting the body (N)
FORCE PER UNIT AREA. THIS IS ALSO A= cross- sectional area the body (m²)
KNOW AS STRESS σ = stress induced in the body (sigma)

N/m² (Pa) Pascals

TYPES OF STRESS
Tensile stress
Compressive stress
Shear stress
 Perpendicular is a
straight line at an angle
of 90°

COMPRESSIVE TENSILE
STRESS STRESS

A cylinder is A cylinder is NORMAL

STRESS
pushed together pulled apart and
and as a results as a results the
material being material is stretch Force acting perpendicular to
compressed. a cross section area
 An amount of stress
was develope on a
knife to a tomato

As a result shear stess has

develope on a tomato into 2
pieces
SHEAR STRESS
A cylinder is twisted or cut, and as
a results the material being
deformed in a sliding motion.
Example : Force (F) = 2000 N
Side notes :
If force increase,
Stress also be incerase
Area (A) = 0.4m² If cross sectional area is
increase
Question Stress will be decreased
Stress = 2000 N
The elastic spring was 0.4
given a force of 2000 N
over an of 0.4m², Find the
Stress = 5000 N/m²
stress on the elastic
spring?
Hence, the stress on the elastic spring is
5000N/m²
 A Deeper Look

Strain FORMULA OF STRAIN

DEFINITION

STRAIN IS A MEASURE OF THE

DEFORMATION OF A MATERIAL IN
RESPONSE TO AN APPLIED LOAD. IT IS
THE RATIO OF CHANGE IN LENGTH TO
THE ORIGINAL LENGTH OF A MATERIAL,
AND IS TYPICALLY MEASURED IN UNITS
OF METERS PER METER (M/M) OR
INCHES PER INCH (IN/IN).

TYPE OF STRAIN :
Denoted by epilson
TENSILE STRAIN
COMPRESSIVE STRAIN
SHEAR STRAIN
TENSILE COMPRESSIVE
STRAIN STRAIN

A structure is pulled A cylinder is pushed

apart and results in together and results
stretching of the in material being
material. compressed.
The length will be
increase
The length will be
decrease
NORMAL
STRAIN
 FORMULA OF SHEAR STRAIN

SHEAR STRAIN
A cylinder is twisted or cut, and
results in material being deformed
in a sliding motion.
Example :
1

Hooke's Law

ELASTIC DEFORMATION PLASTIC DEFORMATION

A deformation where the body A deformation where the body

permanently change the shape and
regain to it's original shape once
length after force is remove
force is remove
2
HOOKE'S LAW FORMULA
A Deeper Look
F = -K x

Hooke's Law
Where, F is the amount of force applied in N,
x is the displacement in the spring in M,
K is the spring constant or force constant.

Formula

HOOKE’S LAW FORMULA CAN

BE APPLIED TO DETERMINE
THE FORCE CONSTANT,
DISPLACEMENT, AND FORCE
IN A STRETCHED SPRING
3

How to calculate
Hooke’s law?
Question :

A spring is stretched by 10
cm and has a force constant
of 2 cm /dyne. Determine the
Force applied.
4

EXAMPLE 1
Step 1: Write the given data. Step 2: Now take the
general equation of
Given parameters are
FoRce constant k is 2 cm/dyne,
Hooke’s law.
Extension x = 10 cm. F=–kx

Step 3: Put the given values in the above equation.

F=–kx
= – 2 × 10 cm
= – 20 N
5

EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 3

Determine the force Spring constant = k and the

constant if a force of 100 N given data is 30 N/m

MORE EXAMPLE is stretching a spring by 0.8

m.
Distance form equilibrium = x =
50 m

THAT CAN YOU

Spring equilibrium position =
Solution: x0 = 35 m
Given parameters are Force of spring = F = ?

REFER TO! Force F = 100 N,

Extension, x = 0.2 m.
The force constant formula Solution:
is given by F = – k (x – x0)
F = -30 N/m (50 m – 35 m)
k=–F/x F = -30 N/m (15 m)
= – 100 / 0.8 F = -450 N
k = – 125 N/m.
Modulus of
elasticity and
it's relationship
YOUNG' S MODULUS, ALSO KNOWN AS THE
MODULUS OF ELASTI CI TY ONE OF THE MOST
SI GNI FI CANT CHARACTERI STI CS OF SOLI D
MATERI ALS I S THE MATERI AL PROPERTY E,
WHI CH SPECI FI ES I TS RI GI DI TY.
 Determining the elasticity formula

ELASTICITY

• INCREASE IN THE LOAD (W) PRODUCES PROPORTIONATE INCREASE OF

ELONGATION (HOOKE’S LAW), THEREFORE LOAD(W) IS ONE TERM OF THE REQUIRED
FORMULA

• INCREASE IN LENGTH OF THE MEMBERS MEANS INCREASE THE ELONGATION.

IT WILL BE FOUND THAT THE ELONGATION IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE
LENGTH OF THE MEMBERS THATS IS FOR A GIVEN LOAD AND A GIVEN AREA OF
CROSS SECTION A MEMBER 500MM LONG WILL STRETCH TWICE AS MUCH AS A
MEMBER OF THE SAME MATERIAL 250MM LONG. LENGTH IS ONE TERM IN THE
FORMULA.
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM FOR STEEL ( MILD STEEL )
 EXAMPLE 1

• A POST TIMBER IS 150 MM SQUARE AND 4M HIGH. HOW

MUCH WILL THE POST SHORTEN WHEN AXIAL LOAD OF 108
KN IS APPLIED?
• MODULUS OF ELASTICITY =8000N/MM²

ANSWER: ELASTICITY, (ΔI) = WI / AE

A = AREA = 108,000 N X 4000MM
I = LENGTH 22,500 MM2
W = LOAD A = 22,500 MM2 X 8000 N/MM2
E = MODULUS OF I = 4000 MM

ELASTICITY W = 108,000 N = 2.4MM

E = 8000 N/MM2

EXAMPLE 2(Calculate the

Tensile Stress)
Thank You
for your attention