Class 10

Physics

Chapter-13
Magnetic effect of Current
 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851)
Oersted showed that electricity and magnetism are related to
each other. His research later used in radio, television etc.
The unit of magnetic field strength is name Oersted in his
honour.
 Oersted Experiment

Hence, it conclude that electricity and magnetism are linked to

each other. It shows that whenever the current will flow through
the conductor, then magnetic field around. it will developer
Magnetic Field – It is the region surrounding a magnet, in which
force of magnet can be detected. It is a vector quantity, having
both direction & magnitude.
Compass needle– It is a small bar magnet, whose north end is
pointing towards north pole and south end is pointing
towards south pole of earth.
Magnetic field lines–
When a bar magnet is placed on a card board and iron fillings
are sprinkled, they will arrange themselves in a pattern as
shown below.

The lines along which the iron filling align themselves

represent magnetic field lines.
Hence, magnetic field line is a path along which a hypothetical
free north pole tend to move towards south pole.
Characteristics of Magnetic field lines
(1)The direction of magnetic field lines outside the magnet is
always from north pole to south pole of bar magnet and are
indicated by an arrow.

Inside the magnetic, the direction of field lines is from its

south pole to north pole
Thus magnetic field lines are closed curve
 Characteristics of Magnetic field lines
(2) The strength of magnetic field is expressed by the closeness
of magnetic field lines. Closer the lines, more will be the
strength and farther the lines, less will be the magnetic field
strength.
 Characteristics of Magnetic field lines
(3) No two field lines will intersect each other. If they intersects,
then at point of intersection the compass needle will show
two direction of magnetic field which is not possible.
Characteristics of Magnetic field lines
(4)Field lines arise from North pole and end into South pole
of the magnet.
Characteristics of Magnetic field lines

(5)Direction of field lines inside a magnet is from South

to North.
Magnetic field due to Current Carrying
Conductor
Magnetic Field due to Current through a Straight
Conductor
 Right Hand Thumb Rule
Imagine you are holding a current carrying straight
conductor in your right hand such that the thumb is pointing
towards the direction of current. Then the fingers wrapped
around the conductor give the direction of magnetic field.
 Question
A current through a horizontal power line flows in east to
west direction. What is the direction of magnetic field at a
point directly below it and at a point directly above it?

The current is in the east-west direction. Applying the right-

hand thumb rule, we get that the magnetic field (at any
point below or above the wire) turns clockwise in a plane
perpendicular to the wire, when viewed from the east end,
and anti-clockwise, when viewed
from the west end.
Magnetic Field Due to Current Through a Straight Conductor
• It can be represented by concentric circles at every point on
conductor.
• Direction can be given by right hand thumb rule or compass.
• Circles are closer near the conductor.
• Magnetic field ∝ Strength of current
Factors affecting magnetic field of a circular current
carrying conductor
• Magnetic field ∝ Current passing through the conductor

• Magnetic field ∝ No. of turns in the coil Magnetic field is

additive in nature i.e., magnetic field of one loop adds up to
magnetic field of another loop. This is because the current
in each circular turn has same direction.
 Solenoid
A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire
wrapped closely in a cylindrical form.
 Magnetic Field Due to Current in solenoid

• Magnetic field of a solenoid is similar to that of a bar magnet.

• Magnetic field is uniform inside the solenoid and
represented by parallel field lines.
• Direction of magnetic field
(i) Outside the solenoid : North to South
(ii) Inside the solenoid : South to North
• Solenoid can be used to magnetise a magnetic material like
soft iron.
1. Consider a circular loop of wire lying in the plane of the
table. Let the current
pass through the loop clockwise. Apply the right hand rule to
find out the
direction of the magnetic field inside and outside the loop.
2. The magnetic field in a given region is uniform. Draw a
diagram to represent it.
3. Choose the correct option. The magnetic field inside a long
straight solenoid carrying current
(a) is zero.
(b) decreases as we move towards its end.
(c) increases as we move towards its end.
(d) is the same at all points.
Force on a Current carrying Conductor in a
Magnetic Field
An electron enters a magnetic field at right angles to it, as shown
in Fig. 13.14. The direction of force acting on the electron will be
(a) to the right.
(b) to the left.
(c) out of the page.
(d) into the page.
Which of the following property of a proton can change while it
moves freely in a magnetic field? (There may be more than one
correct answer.)
(a) mass (b) speed
(c) velocity (d) momentum
2.In Activity 13.7, how do we think the displacement of rod AB will be
affected if (i) current in rod AB is increased; (ii) a stronger horseshoe
magnet is used; and (iii) length of the rod AB is increased?

3. A positively charged particle (alpha particle) projected towards west is

deflected towards north by a magnetic field. The direction of magnetic
field is
(a) towards south (b) towards east
(c) downward (d) upward
Electric Motor(D.C.)
Electric Motor(D.C.)
1. State Fleming’s left hand rule.
2. What is the principle of an electric motor?
3. What is the role of the split ring in an electric
motor?
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction
Activity 13.9
1Take two different coils of copper wire having large number of turns (say 50 and 100
turns respectively). Insert them over a non conducting cylindrical roll, as shown in Fig.
13.17. (You may use a thick paper roll for this purpose.)
2Connect the coil1, having larger number of turns, in series with a battery and a plug
key. Also connect the other coil2 with a galvanometer as shown.
3Plug in the key. Observe the galvanometer. Is there a deflection in its needle? You will
observe that the needle of the galvanometer instantly jumps to one side and just as
quickly returns to zero, indicating a momentary current in coil2.
4. Disconnect coil1 from the battery. You will observe that the needle momentarily
moves, but to the opposite side. It means that now the current flows in the opposite
direction in coil2.

Fleming’s right hand rule

This process, by which a changing magnetic field in a conductor
induces a current in another conductor, is called electromagnetic
induction.
we can use a simple rule to know the direction of the induced current.
Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of right hand so that
they are perpendicular to each other, as shown in Fig. 13.18. If the
forefinger indicates the direction of the magnetic field and the thumb
shows the direction of motion of conductor, then the middle finger will
show the direction of induced current. This simple rule is called
Fleming’s right hand rule.