Magnetic Forces,

Materials, and Devices

Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Devices

Forces due to a moving charged particle in a magnetic fields (B)

Forces on a current element in an external B fields

Forces between two current elements
Forces on charged particle

For a moving charge Q in the presence of both electric and magnetic fields,
the total force on the charge is given by:

Lorentz Force Equation

𝑭
  𝑒 =𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝒖=𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
 
𝑬=𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
  𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑩=𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐
  𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑭
  𝑚=𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Force on charged particle
 Forces on a current element
    
Fm  Qu  B  Il  B

The magnetic field B is defined as the force per unit current element.
Forces beteween two current elements
 Contoh:
1.

Solusi:
Contoh:

Solusi:

−7
  4 𝜋 × 10 ×50 ×3 1 1
¿
2𝜋 (2 3 )
− ⃗𝑎 𝜌

¿  5 ⃗𝑎 𝜌 𝜇 𝑁
 Magnetic Torque and Moment
Inside a motor/generator we have many loops with currents, and the
Magnetic fields from a magnet exert a torque on them.

The torque T (or mechanical moment of force) on the loop is the vector product
of the force F and the moment arm r.
    
T  r  F  m B Where m is the magnetic dipole moment:

m  IS aˆ n
  rectangular loop of length and width w
A
placed in a uniform magnetic field B Where S is the area of the loop and
an is its unit normal.
Solusi:
Solusi:
 Magnetization
(similar to Polarization for E)

The magnetization M (in amperes/meter) is the magnetic dipole moment per

unit volume.

• Atoms have e- orbiting and spinning

– Each have a magnetic dipole associated to it
• Most materials have random orientation of their magnetic dipoles if NO
external B-field is applied.
• When a B field is applied, they try to align
in the same direction.
• The total magnetization [A/m]

N

  mk
M  lim k 1
v 0 v
 Magnetization

• The magnetization current density [A/m2]

 
Jb    M

• The total magnetic density is:

  
B  o ( H  M )
• Magnetic susceptibility is:
   
M  m H B   o (1   m ) H

 
• The relative permeability is: B   o  r H
• Permeability is in [H/m].

 r  (1   m ) 
o
 Classification of Materials
according to magnetism
Non-magnetic
Magnetic
mr=1
mr≠1
Ex. air, free space, most
materials in their
Diamagnetic natural state.
mr≤1
Electronic motions of spin
and orbit cancel out.
Paramagnetic
mr≥1
lead, copper, Si, Ferromagnetic
diamonds, (air, platinum, tungsten,
platinum ) mr>>1
superconductors
Temperature dependent. Iron, Ni,Co, steel, alloys
(mr=B=0).
Not many uses except in Loose properties if heated
Are weakly affected by B above Curie T (770C)
masers
Fields. Nonlinear:
mr varies
Tugas

1.

2. A rectangular coil of area 10 cm2 carrying current of 50 A lies on plane

3x + 2y - 4z = 4 such that the magnetic moment of the coil is directed
away from the origin.
a. Calculate its magnetic moment.
b. If the coil is surrounded by a uniform field 5ax + 4 ay + 6az Wb/m2, Find the
torque on the coil.
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