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I I
Bar Magnet:
Geographic Length
μ0 2 M x BN
BP =
4π (x2 – l2)2
θ
BQ Q
If l << x, then θ
μ0 2 M BS
BP ≈ y
4π x3 BP = BN - BS
θ θ BS
O
B
N
ii) At a point on the equatorial line P
of the magnet: S M N
l l
μ0 M x
BQ=
4π (y2 + l2)3/2
Magnetic Field at a point on the axial line acts
If l << y, then
along the dipole moment vector.
μ0 M Magnetic Field at a point on the equatorial line
BP ≈
4π y3 acts opposite to the dipole moment vector.
Torque on a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) in Uniform Magnetic Field:
The forces of magnitude mB act
opposite to each other and
N
hence net force acting on the bar 2l mB
magnet due to external uniform M
magnetic field is zero. So, there θ
mB
is no translational motion of the S B
magnet.
However the forces are along
different lines of action and
constitute a couple. Hence the
magnet will rotate and experience
torque. M
t = MxB
θ2 mB
B
W = ∫ M B sin θ dθ mB
θ1
Note:
Potential Energy can be taken zero arbitrarily at any position of the
dipole.
Comparison of Dia, Para and Ferro Magnetic materials:
N S
S N S N
2. When placed in non- When placed in non- When placed in non-
uniform magnetic field, it uniform magnetic field, it uniform magnetic field, it
moves from stronger to moves from weaker to moves from weaker to
weaker field (feeble stronger field (feeble stronger field (strong
repulsion). attraction). attraction).
N S N S N S
4. If diamagnetic liquid If paramagnetic liquid If ferromagnetic liquid
taken in a watch glass is taken in a watch glass is taken in a watch glass is
placed in uniform placed in uniform placed in uniform
magnetic field, it collects magnetic field, it collects magnetic field, it collects
away from the centre at the centre when the at the centre when the
when the magnetic poles magnetic poles are closer magnetic poles are closer
are closer and collects at and collects away from and collects away from
the centre when the the centre when the the centre when the
magnetic poles are magnetic poles are magnetic poles are
farther. farther. farther.
5. When a diamagnetic When a paramagnetic When a ferromagnetic
substance is placed in a substance is placed in a substance is placed in a
magnetic field, it is magnetic field, it is magnetic field, it is
weakly magnetised in the weakly magnetised in the strongly magnetised in
direction opposite to the direction of the inducing the direction of the
inducing field. field. inducing field.
10. They do not obey They obey Curie’s Law. They obey Curie’s Law. At
Curie’s Law. i.e. their They lose their magnetic a certain temperature
properties do not change properties with rise in called Curie Point, they
with temperature. temperature. lose ferromagnetic
properties and behave
like paramagnetic
substances.
Curie’s Law:
Magnetic susceptibility of a material varies inversely
with the absolute temperature.
IαH/T or I/Hα1/T I
cm α 1 / T
cm = C / T (where C is Curie constant)
H/T
Curie temperature for iron is 1000 K, for cobalt 1400 K
and for nickel 600 K.