MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT AND MAGNETIC PROPERTY OF MATERIALS…………………………..

OERSTED EXPERIMENT AND OBSERVATIONS

(1) On passing a current through the conducting wire, a magnetic field is produced around this wire.
(2) Magnetic lines of force due to the current flowing in the wire are in the form of concentric circles around the
conducting wire.
MAGNETIC FIELD LINES:

Magnetic field can be represented by field lines and its unit is ‘tesla’ (T). As F =ILB Sinθ

BIOT AND SAVARTS LAW

 
 0 i   r
B  . 3
4 r

μ0 = 4𝛑 × 10–7 Weber/ampere-meter.

DIRECTION: (1) Right hand screw rule.

(2) Right hand palm rule: Thumb ⇒ I Fingers ⇒ point of interest. Push of palm ⇒ magnetic field B.
Magnetic field by straight wire

(i) Finite wire: (ii) Infinite (long) wire:

(iii) Semi infinite wire: (IV) if point P lies on the wire or in front of wire:
Magnetic field at centre due to a circular loop

Magnetic field due to a small element of length ,

Magnetic field due to arc [segment formula]

Magnetic field at the axis due to circular coil:

The magnitude of due to the current in any length element is.

Special cases:
Ampere circuital law
Path integral of magnetic field over a closed path is equal to μ0 times of the total current threading out through the area
bounded by amperian loop or that closed path.

Proof :

= as θ =0

(1) Magnetic field due to long straight cylindrical wire:

(a) point P is outside the wire i.e. (r > R) (b) Point P lies on the surface of wire i.e. ( r = R)

 
c
 B . d   0  i

(c) point P lies inside the wire i.e. (r < R )

(2) Magnetic field due to long solenoid.

A solenoid consist of cupper wire wrapped over a cardboard and it behaves like a bar magnet. Inside the solenoid
magnetic field is almost uniform ,while outside the solenoid field is almost negligible.
The Magnetic Field Created by a Toroid

(1) Toroid is like an endless cylindrical solenoid, i.e. if a long solenoid is bent round in the form of a closed ring, then it becomes a
toroid.
(2) The magnetic field inside a toroid at all points is same but outside the toroid it is zero.
First construct an Amperian loop of radius ‘r’ passing through point P.

(a) at point Q : B=0 as in=0 because current is passing twice through the Amperian loop but in opposite direction.
(b) at point R: B =0 as in =0 because no current is passing through the area bound by Amperian loop.

MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD

If a particle of charge q moves in a magnetic field with a velocity , then the force acting on the particle

will be ( Magnetic Lorentz force )

Direction: (1) by cross product of two vector. (2) By right hand palm rule.

Thumb ⇒ velocity vector

Finger ⇒ magnetic field for +ve charge particle

Palm ⇒ force

Note : for –ve charge direction will be opposite.

Case (1): is parallel to ⃗

B

⇒ θ =0 ⃗
V
F=BqV Sin0 =0

⇒ Particle will move on a straight line without any deflection.

Case (2): is anti parallel to ⃗

B

⇒ θ =1800 ⃗
V
F = BqV Sin1800

=0

⇒ Particle will move on a straight line without any deflection.

Case (3):
If θ = 900, then charged particle moves on a circular path and necessary centripetal force is provided by magnetic
Lorentz force.

Case (4): θ may have any value except 00, 1800 , 900 path is helical having axis along magnetic field.

Note: magnetic field is to the plane of circular path.

EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD OVER A CHARGED PARTICLE:

=0

So change in K.E. , ΔK =W =0 ⇒ K =constant ⇒ speed =constant (magnetic field never accelerate charged particle)

⇒ Velocity may change as direction may change.

⇒ momentum , may change.

Different charged particles:

Name charge mass

1) electron -e 9.1 x10-31 Kg

2) proton +e mp = 1 a.m.u. =1.67 x 10-27 Kg

3) neutron 0 mn = 1 a.m.u. =1.67 x 10-27 Kg

4) α –particle (He nucleus) +2e 4mp

CHARGED PARTICLES MOVING IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

A charge moving with a velocity in the presence of both an electric field and a magnetic field experiences both

an electric force and a magnetic force The total force (called the Lorentz force) acting on the charge is

When the magnitudes of the two fields are chosen so that Eq =BqV the particle moves in a straight horizontal line
through the region of the fields. From the expression

FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR DUE TO MAGNETIC FIELD

As force is exerted by magnetic field on moving charge particle, so any current carrying conductor also experiences a
force. Let ‘n’ be the no. of electrons per unit volume (electron density)
Consider a small element of length dx whose volume is

⇒ no. of electrons in this small element =

Force on a single electron =

So force on small element

Direction : (1) by cross product of two vector.

(2) By right hand palm rule. Thumb ⇒ current Fingers ⇒ magnetic field Push of palm ⇒ force.
MAGNETIC FORCE BETWEEN TWO CURRENT CARRYING PARALLEL CONDUCTORS

Magnetic field formed by I wire on II wire: (in to the paper)

Force on II wire: (force per unit length.)

Magnetic field formed by II wire on I wire: (out of the paper)

Force on I wire: (force per unit length.)

Note: if direction of current in opposite direction then both wires will repeal each other.

One international ampere:

If two long parallel wires carrying equal current are placed at 1m distance experience a force of per unit
length then current in each wire is called one international ampere.

Moving Coil Galvanometer

It is a device used to measure the electric current.

Principle: it is based on the fact that when a current carrying coil is placed in external magnetic field, it experiences a
torque.

Construction: (1) it consists of multi turn coil, made of copper wire wrapped on soft iron core.
(2)This multi turn coil is placed in radial magnetic field provided by two cylindrical magnet.
(3)A spring is also connected which gives the counter torque.
(4)A pointer is also attached which can slide over the scale in proportion to flowing current.

Working and theory: Torque on current carrying coil is given by

Counter torque given by spring: ……….(2) where C = torsional coefficient , α = deflection of coil.

At equilibrium:
Properties of Phosphor Bronze wire: (1)It’s tensile strength is very high. (2) It is rust free. (3) Torsional coefficient is
very high.

Current Sensitivity (IS ): It is defined as deflection per unit flowing current .

Voltage sensitivity (VS ): It is defined as deflection per unit applied voltage.

TORQUE ON A CURRENT LOOP IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD

b FAD D

θ is the angle between normal to the plane of coil and magnetic field

A θ Magnetic force on different arms as

FCD FAD = ILB.Sinθ

= i lB.Sin(900 + θ ) (force on AD )

⃗
B =ilBSinθ

FBC = i bB.Sin(900 - θ ) (force on BC)

l = ibBCosθ

FAB These two forces are equal and opposite so cancel each other and

FAB = ilBSin900 (force on AB )

B θ = ilB ( +Z axis )

FBC FCD = ilBSin900 (force on CD )

= ilB ( -Z axis )

These two forces are also equal but their line of action is different, so there will be a torque.
 = either force x perpendicular distance between their line of action.
for N Turns

if α is the angle between plane of coil & magnetic field.

α+ θ=900 ⇒ θ = 900 - α
 = NiABSin(90 – α)
 = NiABCosα ⇒ where

Case (a): if θ =00 ⇒ =0 Stable equilibrium.

Case (b): if θ = 1800 ⇒  =0 unstable equilibrium. Case(c): if θ =900 ⇒ max. =NiAB.

Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter:

(i)It is an instrument used for measuring the strength of current in a circuit.

(ii)It is always connected in series in the circuit. So that whole current may pass through ammeter.

(iii)Its resistance is very small and it is assumed that there is no change of current in the circuit when it is inserted in
the circuit. Thus, resistance of an ideal ammeter is zero.

(iv)If a low resistance wire (shunt) of proper value is connected in parallel with the galvanometer, then it is converted
into an ammeter.

(v)The resistance S connected in parallel with the galvanometer to convert it into an ammeter of range i ampere will be

p.d. across shunt = p.d. across galvanometer

G = resistance of the galvanometer. = full scale deflection current.

Figure of merit is current per unit division.

Uses of shunt :(1) it protect the galvanometer to be damaged from high current.
(2) It increases the range of galvanometer. (3) Shunt reduces the resistance of ammeter.

Conversion of Galvanometer into voltmeter:

(i)It is an instrument used for measuring the potential difference between any two points in a electrical circuit.

(ii)It is always connected in parallel in the circuit, as p.d. remain same in parallel.

(iii)Its resistance is very high so a very small current flows through it from the circuit. The resistance of an ideal
voltmeter is infinite.

(iv)If a resistance of proper high value (load) is connected in series with the coil of the galvanometer, then it gets
converted into a voltmeter.

(v)Value of high resistance connected in series with the galvanometer to convert it into a voltmeter of range V volt will
be

R= Load resistance V= Increased range G= Resistance of galvanometer = full scale deflection current.

Resistance of voltmeter Rv = R + G

Pole strength (m) :

Force exerted by external magnetic field: if B =1 T ⇒ m= F
Pole strength of any magnet is equal to force exerted by external magnetic field of 1 T.
Unit: m = Amp-meter, it is a scalar quantity.

Magnetic dipole moment ( ):

It is the product of pole strength and magnetic length.

Unit: Amp-m2
It is a vector quantity and its direction is from South to North Pole.

Coulomb’s law of magnetism:

Comparison between electrostatics and magnetism

Electrostatics Magnetism

(1)

(2) q m

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)  =pESinθ  =mBSinθ

(7) W =pE[1-Cosθ] W =mB[1-Cosθ]

(8)

(9)
Current carrying loop as the magnetic dipole

A current carrying loop behave as the dipole. Its magnetic dipole moment is given as

M =NiA ⃗
M
Where N = No. of turn

I= current in coil

A = Area of coil. i

Orbital magnetic dipole moment of electron:

Electron revolving around nucleus is equivalent to current carrying loop and so have magnetic dipole moment.

Equivalent current: Time period:

………..(ii)

Magnetic dipole moment:

All the elements of the nature are studied under the action of magnetic field, and then classified into three parts
according to following properties.

1. Magnetic Intensity (Magnetizing Force) (H): It is related with external magnetic field.

B0 B0

(Vacuum) (Medium)

μ0 μ

(If magnetic field is established in medium.)

2. Intensity of magnetization (I):

3.Magnetic susceptibility (χm ): Magnetic susceptibility is the measurement of how easily any material can be
magnetized .It is the ratio of intensity of magnetization and magnetic intensity.

classification of magnetic materials:

(A) Di- magnetic substances: (i) these are the substances which are feebly magnetized by strong magnetic field but
in opposite direction .So that they are feebly repelled by the magnet.
(ii)Molecules or atom of diamagnetic do not have their own magnetic moment as electron exists in pair.
(iii) Ex. Bi, Ag, Au, Zn, Pb, Hg, H2O, O2.

(B)Para-magnetic substances: (i) These are the substances which are feebly magnetized by strong magnetic field
but in same direction .So that they are feebly attracted by the magnet.
(ii)Molecules or atom of para-magnetic have their own magnetic moment as electron exists unpaired.
(iii) Ex. Al, Cr, Mn, Pt, Sb,

(c)Ferro-magnetic substances: (i) these are the substances which are strongly magnetized even by weak magnetic
field but in same direction .So that they are strongly attracted by the magnet.
(ii)Molecules or atom of ferro-magnetic have their own magnetic moment as electron exists unpaired.
(iii) Ex. Fe, Ni, Co, Alnico.

Curie law:
Where c = curie constant, T=temperature, H = magnetizing force, I =Intensity of magnetization.
Note: (a) Diamagnetic material is independent of temperature.
(b) Magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnetic substance also decreases with increase in temperature. At a
particular temperature TC called ‘CURIE POINT’, a ferromagnetic substance is converted into paramagnetic.

Properties of Di, Para, Ferro-magnetic:

di-magnetics Para-magnetics Ferro-magnetics

1. When freely suspended, they align 1 When freely suspended, they align 1. When freely suspended, they align
perpendicular to B0. along the applied field B0. along the applied field B0.

Bo Bo

Bo
N S N S N S

axis axis
axis

2. Magnetic field lines do not cross 2. Magnetic field lines cross through 2. Magnetic field lines cross through
through diamagnetic materials. them. them.

3. They are repelled by magnetic 3. They are attracted by magnetic 3. They are attracted by magnetic
field, so they move from stronger to field, so they move towards stronger field, so they move towards stronger
weaker regions of magnetic field. region of magnetic field. region of magnetic field.

N S
N S
N S

4. Magnetic susceptibility: χm < 0 4. 0 < χm < 1 4. χm >>> 1

5.Relative permeability: μr < 1 5. μr > 1 5. μr >>> 1.

6. Does not follow curie law. 6. Follow curie law. 6. Follow curie law.

Atomic theory of di-magnetics: In these substances electrons exist in pair’s .So net magnetic moment is zero as
movement of each electron is opposite. When placed in external magnetic field then speed of one electron increases
and others decreases. Magnetic moment of one electron increases opposite to applied magnetic field and of other
decreases. So diamagnetic substances gets magnetized opposite to applied magnetic field.
Para-magnetic: In absence of external magnetic field, all the atomic magnets of paramagnetic substance are
randomly distributed so net magnetic moment of whole substance is zero.

M =0 M>0

Now in external magnetic field these atomic magnets starts to align along the direction of applied magnetic field and
substance gets magnetised .

Ferromagnetic:

B=0 B0

In ferromagnetic substance, atomic magnets are align in a common direction due to exchange interaction over a small
volume of the material called ‘DOMAIN’. In the absence of external magnetic field, these domains are randomly oriented
, so magnetic moment of whole substance is zero.

When external field is applied then domains starts to swing and expand in direction of external magnetic field .when all
align in same direction substance gets magnetized.

ASSIGNMENT…………..(I)
Q.1 Find magnetic field at point O in following cases.

ANS: (I) (ii)

Q.2 Find magnetic field at point O in following cases.

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5) (6)

(7) (8 (9)

 0i  0i  1 1  0i  R2  R1  0i  1 1  0i  R1  R2 

       or B0      
4R 4  R1 R2  4  R1 R2  4  R1 R2  4  R1 R2 
Ans: (1) (2) (3)

 0i  1  0i  1   0i   1 1   0i   0i  2     
 1    1         
2R   2R    4  R1 R2  4 R 4   R1 R2 
(4) (5) (6) B= 0 (7) (8) (9)

Q.3 Find the magnetic field at point O in the following figures taking each side a,
 3/2 B i
C A
o
i
E
D
(1) (2) (3) (4)
i 9 i i 3 0i  3 
 2 2 0 tesla B0  0 B0  0     1
Ans: (1) a (2) 2a (3) a (4) 4r  2 

Q.4 Find magnetic field at point P in following figures. Wires are very long.

x
p
i i

(1) (2) (3)

(4)

0i  1 1  0i  1 1  0i  1 1  0i  1 1 

       
Ans: (1) 2  x d  x 

(2) 2  x d  x 

(3) 2  x d  x 

(4) 2  x d  x 


Q.5 you are given a closed circuit with radii a and b carrying current i. Find the magnetic dipole moment of the circuit.

a
i
Ans:

Q.6 There is two concentric coils having same number of turns and radius 10 cm and 30 cm respectively. A current is made to flow i
them (i) in same direction, (ii) in opposite direction. In both the cases the find ratio of resultant magnetic fields at the
centre of the coils. Ans: 2: 1

Q.7 Two parallel wires situated at a distance 2a are there in which current i is flowing in opposite direction as shown in

the figure. Find the value of magnetic field at point P which is situated at a distance r from both the wires. Ans:
Q.8 A current path shaped as shown in produces a magnetic field at P, the center of the arc. If the arc subtends an angle of 30.0° and
the radius of the arc is 0.600 m, what are the magnitude and direction of the field produced at P if the current is 3.00 A?
Q.9 An element Δl = Δx ˆi is placed at the origin and carries a large current I = 10 A . What is the magnetic field on the y-axis at a
distance of 0.5 m. Δx = 1 cm.

Q.10 Two coils of radius R are placed in x-z & y-z plane as shown find the magnetic field at point O . Ans:

Q.11 If the magnetic field is parallel to the positive y-axis and the charged particle is moving along the positive x-axis, which way
would the Lorentz force be for (a) an electron (negative charge), (b) a proton (positive charge). Ans: -Z, +Z axis

Q.12 An electron beam projected along + x-axis, experiences a force due to a magnetic field along the + y-axis. What is the direction of
the magnetic field? Ans : +Z axis.

Q.13 A proton and an alpha particle of the same velocity enter, in turn, a region of uniform magnetic field acting perpendicular to
their direction of motion. Deduce the ratio of the radii of the circular paths described by the proton and alpha particle. Ans: 1:2

Q.14 A point charge of q coulomb is moving along a circular path of radius r meter at the rate of n rotations per second. Find
Magnitude of magnetic induction at the centre of circle (in tesla) . Ans:( 2 nq/r)x10-7 T.

Q.15 An electron after being accelerated through a p.d. of 100V enters a uniform magnetic field of 0.004 T perpendicular to its
direction of motion .Calculate the radius of the path described by the electron. Ans: 8.4mm

Q.16 A proton ,a deuteron, and α-particle whose kinetic energy are same ,enters perpendicularly a uniform magnetic field .Compare
the radii of their circular paths. Ans: 1 : √2 : 1

Q.17 A long straight wire AB carries a current of 4A. A proton P travels at 4x10 6 m/s parallel to the wire ,0.2m from it and in a
direction opposite to the current .Calculate the force which the magnetic field of current exerts on the proton ,also specify its
direction. Ans: 2.56x10-18 N , away from wire.

Q.18 The force experienced by a particle of charge 'q' moving with a velocity in a magnetic field 'B' is given by Which

pairs out of these vectors are always at right angles to each other? Ans:

Q.19 to increase the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer by 50% its resistance is increased so that the new resistance
becomes twice its initial resistance .By what factor does its voltage sensitivity change. Ans: decrease by 25%

Q.20 Two moving coil meters, M1 and M2 have the following particulars:
R1 = 10 Ω, N1 = 30, A1 = 3.6 × 10-3 m2, B1 = 0.25 T R2 = 14 Ω, N2 = 42, A2 = 1.8 × 10-3 m2, B2 = 0.50 T
(The spring constants are identical for the two meters).
Determine the ratio of (a) current sensitivity and (b) voltage sensitivity of M2 and M1. Ans: (a) 1.4 (b) 1.

Q.21 A rectangular coil of dimensions 5.40 cm x 8.50 cm consists of 25 turns of wire and carries a current of 15.0 mA.
A 0.350-T magnetic field is applied parallel to the plane of the loop. (a) Calculate the magnitude of its magnetic dipole moment.
(b) What is the magnitude of the torque acting on the loop? Ans: (a) 1.72x10 -3 A.m2 (b)6.02x10-4 N-m.

Q.22 An electron moving along the positive x axis perpendicular to a magnetic field experiences a magnetic deflection in the negative
y direction. What is the direction of the magnetic field?

Q.23 A rod of mass m and radius R rests on two parallel rails that are a distance d apart and have a length L. The rod carries a current
I (in the direction shown) and rolls along the rails without slipping. If it starts from rest, what is the speed of the rod as it leaves the
rails if a uniform magnetic field B is directed perpendicular to the rod and the rails?

Q.24 A conductor suspended by two flexible wires as shown in Figure has a mass per unit length of 0.040 0 kg/m.(a) What current
must exist in the conductor for the tension in the supporting wires to be zero when the magnetic field is 3.60 T into the page? What is
the required direction for the current? (b) what is the tension if magnetic field is reversed.

Q.25 A galvanometer with a coil of resistance 120 ohm shows full scale deflection for a current of 2.5 mA. How will you convert the
galvanometer into an ammeter of range 0 to 7.5 A? Determine the net resistance of the ammeter.

Q.26 A galvanometer has a resistance of 30Ω It gives full scale deflection with a current of 2 mA. Calculate the value of the resistance
needed to convert it into an ammeter of range 0-0.3 A.

Q.27 In an ammeter (consisting of a galvanometer and a shunt), 0.5% of the main current passes through the galvanometer.
Resistance of the galvanometer coil is G. Calculate the resistance of the shunt in terms of galvanometer resistance, G.

Q.28 Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid, but not within a straight solenoid. Why?

Q.29 A charge ‘q’ moving along the X-axis with a velocity v is subjected to a uniform magnetic field B acting along the Z-axis as
it crosses the origin O.

(i) Trace its trajectory.

(ii) Does the charge gain kinetic energy as it enters the magnetic field? Justify your answer.

Q.30 An electron traveling with a speed u along the positive x-axis enters into a region of magnetic field where
. It comes out of the region with speed v then
(A) v = u at y > 0 (B) v = u at y < 0
(C) v > u at y > 0 (D) v > u at y < 0 (IIT-2004) Ans: B
Q.31 An α -particle and a proton are accelerated from rest through same potential difference and both enter into a uniform
perpendicular magnetic field. Find the ratio of their radii of curvature. (IIT-2004) Ans: √2 : 1

^ is coming out of the plane of the

Q.32 A loop carrying current I lies in the x-y plane as shown in the figure. The unit vector k
paper. Find The magnetic moment of the current loop.

(IIT-2012) Ans: (B)

Q.33 To Verify Ohm’s law, a student is provided with a test resistor RT, a high resistance R1, a small resistance R2, two identical
galvanometers G1 and G2, and a variable voltage source V. The correct circuit to carry out the experiment is. (IIT-2010) Ans: C

Q.34 A steady current I goes through a wire loop PQR having shape of a right angle triangle with PQ = 3x, PR = 4x and QR = 5x.
If the magnitude of the magnetic field at P due to this loop is k[μ0I/48𝛑x ],find the value of k. (IIT-2008) Ans: 7.

Q.35 A uniform wire is bent into one turn circular loop and same wire is again bent in two turn circular loop. For the same current
passed in both the cases compare the magnetic field induction at their centres. [Ans. : Increased 4 times]

Q.36 A galvanometer with a coil of resistance 90 shows full scale deflection for a potential difference 225 mV. What should be
the value of resistance to convert the galvanometer into a voltmeter of range 0V to 5V. How should it be connected?
[Ans. : 1910 Ωin series]

Q.37 A rectangular loop of sides 25 cm and 10 cm carrying current of 15A is placed with its longer side parallel to a long straight
conductor 2.0 cm apart carrying a current of 25A. What is the net force on the loop? What is net force if current in loop is reversed.
[Ans : 7.82 x 10–4 N towards the conductor.
Q.38 A voltmeter reads 8V at full scale deflection and is graded according to its resistance per volt at full scale deflection as 5000Ω V -
1
. How will you convert it into a voltmeter that reads 20V at full scale deflection? Will it still be graded as 5000 ΩV -1? Will you prefer
this voltmeter to one that is graded as 2000Ω V-1? [Ans. : 7.5 × 104 ]

Q.39 A magnet is cut along (a) its length (b) perpendicular axis. State the effect on pole strength and magnetic dipole moment.

Ans: (a)m is half , M is half. (b) m is same ,M is half.

Q.40 Identify the material from following graph and state which follows curie law.
 I

H
H
I

(1) (2)

Q.41 You have two identical rod ,one of magnet and other of iron . How will you identify them without using any other thing.

Q.42 (a) In which configuration the system is not in equilibrium? (b) In which configuration is the system in (i) stable, and (ii)
unstable equilibrium? (c) Which configuration corresponds to the lowest potential energyamong all the configurations shown?

Ans: (a) PQ1 and PQ2 (b) (i) PQ3, PQ6 (stable); (ii) PQ5, PQ4 (unstable) (c) PQ6

Q.43 A uniform magnetic field of 3000 G is established along the positive z-direction. A rectangular loop of sides 10 cm and 5 cm
carries a current of 12 A. What is the torque on the loop in the different cases shown in Fig. What is the force on each case? Which
case corresponds to stable equilibrium?

Ans: (a) 1.8 × 10–2 N m along –y direction (b) same as in (a) (c) 1.8 × 10–2 N m along –x direction (d) 1.8 × 10–2 N m at an angle of
240º with the +x direction (e) zero (f ) zero Force is zero in each case. Case (e) corresponds to stable, and case (f ) corresponds to
unstable equilibrium.
Q.44Two identical thin bar magnet, each of length L and pole strength m are placed at right angles to each other ,with the N pole of
one touching the S pole of the other . Find the magnetic moment of the system. Ans: √2 mL

Q.45 The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is 0.4x10-4 T. If angle of dip is 450 ,what are the values of vertical
component and total intensity of earth’s field. Ans: 0.4 x10 -4 T, 0.56 X10-4 T.