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 Recap

● The force on a moving charge (q) in magnetic field is

● Whenever the charged particle is projected parallel or anti – parallel

to the magnetic field, the trajectory of the particle is a straight line.
 Recap
● When particle is projected perpendicular to magnetic field, then
particle moves in a circular path.
 Recap

● When particle projected at an angle (Ө) with the Magnetic Field, then
path will helix.

Radius of circular path Pitch of helical path

 Recap
➔ Lorentz force for a given charged particle moving with a velocity
V is given as

➔ If the two forces are equal and opposite, the net force is zero, and
the particle passes through the region without changing direction.

➔ Magnetic force placed in a wire place in an external magnetic

field → F = ILB sin 𝜽
Let’s go
ahead
 The Bar Magnet
A bar magnet is a rectangular piece of an object, made up of iron, steel or any other
ferromagnetic substance or ferromagnetic composite, that shows permanent magnetic
properties.
It has two poles, a north and a south pole such that when suspended freely, the magnet
aligns itself so that the northern pole points towards the magnetic north pole of the earth.
 The Bar Magnet
Properties of Bar Magnet
● It has a north pole and a south pole at two ends. Even if you break a bar
magnet from the middle, both the pieces will still have a north pole and a
south pole, no matter how many pieces you break it in.
 The Bar Magnet
Properties of Bar Magnet
● The magnetic force of a bar magnet is the strongest at the pole.
 The Bar Magnet
Properties of a Bar Magnet
● If this magnet is suspended freely in the air with a thread, it will not come
to rest until the poles are aligned in a north-south position.
● A Compass uses this property to determine direction.
 The Bar Magnet
Properties of Bar Magnet
● If two bar magnets are placed close to each other, their unlike poles will
attract and like poles will repel each other.

● A bar magnet will attract all

ferromagnetic materials such
as iron, nickel and cobalt.
 The Bar Magnet
Pole Strength of a pole of Bar Magnet:
Pole strength is defined as the strength of a magnetic pole so as to attract
magnetic materials towards itself.

Pole strength is a scalar quantity.

-m S N +m
Pole strength of N and S pole of a
magnet is conventionally represented
by +m and –m respectively.

S.I unit - Am
 Magnetic Dipole Moment (M)
It is defined as the product of the strength of either pole and the
effective length.
M
Magnetic moment M = m (2l)
-m S N +m
Direction is from south pole to north pole.
S.I unit - Am2 or Nm/T
2l
Field of electric dipole (Recap)
 Field of bar magnet ( experimental )
At equatorial point

At axial point
S N

r = distance of the point from

the centre of the bar magnet
Examples
Q. An iron rod of length L and magnetic moment M is bent in the form of a
semicircle. Now its magnetic moment will be

A M

D Mπ
Q. An iron rod of length L and magnetic moment M is bent in the form of a
semicircle. Now its magnetic moment will be

A M

D Mπ
Q. A magnet of magnetic moment M and pole strength m is divided in two equal
parts, then magnetic moment of each part will be

A M

D 2M
Q. A magnet of magnetic moment M and pole strength m is divided in two equal
parts, then magnetic moment of each part will be

A M

D 2M
Q. Points A and B are situated along the extended axis of 2 cm long bar magnet at a
distance x and 2x cm respectively. From the pole nearer to the points, the ratio of
the magnetic field at A and B will be

A 4 : 1 exactly

B 4 : 1 approx

C 8 : 1 exactly

D 8 : 1 approx
Q. Points A and B are situated along the extended axis of 2 cm long bar magnet at a
distance x and 2x cm respectively. From the pole nearer to the points, the ratio of
the magnetic field at A and B will be

A 4 : 1 exactly

B 4 : 1 approx

C 8 : 1 exactly

D 8 : 1 approx
Q. The magnetic field at a point x on the axis of a small bar magnet is equal to the
field at a point y on the equator of the same magnet. The ratio of the distances of x
and y from the centre of the magnet is

A 2-3

C 23

D
Q. The magnetic field at a point x on the axis of a small bar magnet is equal to the
field at a point y on the equator of the same magnet. The ratio of the distances of x
and y from the centre of the magnet is

A 2-3

C 23

D
Q. Two short magnets of magnetic moment 100 Am2 are placed as shown at the
corners of a square of side 10 cm. The net magnetic induction at P is
Q. Two short magnets of magnetic moment 100 Am2 are placed as shown at the
corners of a square of side 10 cm. The net magnetic induction at P is
Q. Two short magnets of equal dipole moments M are fastened perpendicularly at
their centre (figure). The magnitude of the magnetic field at a distance d from the
centre on the bisector of the right angle is

B
d

D
Q. Two short magnets of equal dipole moments M are fastened perpendicularly at
their centre (figure). The magnitude of the magnetic field at a distance d from the
centre on the bisector of the right angle is

D
Q. Three identical bar magnets each of magnetic moment M are placed in the form
of an equilateral triangle as shown. The net magnetic moment of the system is

A Zero

B 2M

D
Q. Three identical bar magnets each of magnetic moment M are placed in the form
of an equilateral triangle as shown. The net magnetic moment of the system is

A Zero

B 2M

D
Bar Magnet as a Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field

2L

N
M 𝛉

S
B
 Bar Magnet as a Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field

Torque

2L mB

N
M 𝛉

mB

S
B
 Bar Magnet as a Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field

TORQUE

Here 𝜏 is restoring torque and 𝜃 is the angle

between M and B.
Therefore, in equilibrium

Negative sign with {MB sin(𝜃) } implies that restoring torque is in opposition
to deflecting torque.
Potential Energy of a Bar Magnet in a Uniform Magnetic Field

An expression for magnetic potential energy

can also be obtained on lines similar to
electrostatic potential energy.

The magnetic potential energy Um is given by

Taking the constant of integration to be zero means fixing the zero of

potential energy at = 90º, i.e., when the needle is perpendicular to the field
 Potential Energy of a Bar Magnet in a Uniform Magnetic Field

Above equation shows that potential energy is

1) Minimum (= –MB) at = 0º
(most stable position)

2) Maximum(= +MB) at = 180º

(most unstable position)
 SHM of bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic field
Analysing the equation

For small values of (theta) in radians

This represents a simple harmonic motion.

The square of the angular frequency is

The time period is

Examples
Q. A magnet of magnetic moment is placed along the x - axis in a
magnetic field . The torque acting on the magnet is

D
Q. A magnet of magnetic moment is placed along the x - axis in a
magnetic field . The torque acting on the magnet is

D
Q. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 2.5 J/T, is placed in magnetic field 0.2 T. What
work is done in turning the magnet from parallel to antiparallel position relative to
field direction ?

A 1J

B 2J

C 3J

D 4J
Q. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 2.5 J/T, is placed in magnetic field 0.2 T. What
work is done in turning the magnet from parallel to antiparallel position relative to
field direction ?

A 1J

B 2J

C 3J

D 4J
Q. A magnet is cut in three equal parts by cutting it perpendicular to its length. The
time period of original magnet is T0 in a uniform magnetic field B. Then the time
period of each part in the same magnetic field is :

D None
Q. A magnet is cut in three equal parts by cutting it perpendicular to its length. The
time period of original magnet is T0 in a uniform magnetic field B. Then the time
period of each part in the same magnetic field is :

D None
Q. A bar magnet when placed at an angle of 30 to the direction of magnetic field
induction of 5 ｘ10-5 T, experiences a moment of couple 2.5 ｘ10-6 N - m. If the length
of the magnet is 5 cm its pole strength is

A 2 ｘ10 A - m

B 5 ｘ10 A - m

C 2A-m

D 5A-m
Q. A bar magnet when placed at an angle of 30 to the direction of magnetic field
induction of 5 ｘ10-5 T, experiences a moment of couple 2.5 ｘ10-6 N - m. If the length
of the magnet is 5 cm its pole strength is

A 2 ｘ10 A - m

B 5 ｘ10 A - m

C 2A-m

D 5A-m
 Magnetic Moment
Magnetic moment of a current carrying coil

It is defined as the product of the current and area vector for a given
loop

M=iA
M

Magnetic moment is a vector quantity.

direction of magnetic moment is given

by thumb of right hand curl rule.
 Magnetic Moment
Magnetic moment of a current carrying coil
N

S
Examples
Q. In hydrogen atom, the electron is making 6.6 ｘ1015 rev/sec around the nucleus in
an orbit of radius 0.528 Å. The magnetic moment (A - m2) will be

A 1 ｘ10-13

B 1 ｘ10-10

C 1 ｘ10-23

D 1 ｘ10-27
Q. In hydrogen atom, the electron is making 6.6 ｘ1015 rev/sec around the nucleus in
an orbit of radius 0.528 Å. The magnetic moment (A - m2) will be

A 1 ｘ10-13

B 1 ｘ10-10

C 1 ｘ10-23

D 1 ｘ10-27
Q. A loop of wire having 50 turns carries a current of 10 A in anticlockwise direction.
If diameter of loop is 10 cm, what is the magnitude and direction of magnetic
moment of current loop?
Q. A loop of wire having 50 turns carries a current of 10 A in anticlockwise direction.
If diameter of loop is 10 cm, what is the magnitude and direction of magnetic
moment of current loop?
 Torque on a current carrying loop
When current is passed through the loop, the magnetic field exerts
torque on the loop, which rotates a shaft.

Electrical energy is converted to mechanical work in the process.

Torque on a current carrying loop
 Torque on a current carrying loop
Let us examine the force on each segment of the loop

Net torque,
 Torque on a current carrying loop
Now, each vertical segment has a length l that is perpendicular to B,
so that the force on each is
F = ilB

Entering F into expression for torque yields

𝛕 = 𝝎ilB sin 𝜽
If we have a multiple loop of N turns, we get N times the torque of
one loop.
Finally note that the area of the loop is (A = wl)
The expression for the torque becomes
𝛕 = BiNA sin 𝜽
Examples
Q. A current of 5 ampere is flowing in a wire of length 1.5 metres. A force of 7.5 N
acts on it when it is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 2 Tesla. The angle between
the magnetic field and the direction of the current is

A 30o

B 45o

C 60o

D 90o
Q. A current of 5 ampere is flowing in a wire of length 1.5 metres. A force of 7.5 N
acts on it when it is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 2 Tesla. The angle between
the magnetic field and the direction of the current is

A 30o

B 45o

C 60o

D 90o
Q. A triangular loop of side l carries a current l. It is placed in a magnetic field B such
that the plane of the loop is in the direction of B. The torque on the loop is

A Zero
B

B lBl

D
Q. A triangular loop of side l carries a current l. It is placed in a magnetic field B such
that the plane of the loop is in the direction of B. The torque on the loop is

A Zero
B

B lBl

D
Q. A circular loop of area 0.01 m2 carrying a current of 10 A, is held perpendicular to a
magnetic field of intensity 0.1 T. The torque acting on the loop is

A Zero

B 0.01 N - m

C 0.001 N - m

D 0.8 N - m
Q. A circular loop of area 0.01 m2 carrying a current of 10 A, is held perpendicular to a
magnetic field of intensity 0.1 T. The torque acting on the loop is

A Zero

B 0.01 N - m

C 0.001 N - m

D 0.8 N - m
Q. A coil in the shape of an equilateral triangle of side l is suspended between the
pole pieces of a permanent magnet such that is in plane of the coil. If due to a
current i in the triangle a torque τ acts on it, the side l of the triangle is

Homework Question
A

D
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