05

Magnetism and Matter

Quick Revision
Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Magnetic 5. Earth's Magnetic Field Earth behaves like a
Dipole is given by M =
m(21) magnet whose magnetic north pole is
where, m is pole strength and 21 is dipole somewhere close to the geographical south
length (magnetic length). pole and the magnetic south pole is closed to
the geographical north pole.
The SI unit of magnetic dipole moment is
6. There are three elements of earth's
A-m or J/T.
magnetic field namely
It is a vector quantity and its direction is from
south pole towards north pole. Angle of declination (o)
2. Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole Angle of dip (6)
Current loop behaves like a magnetic dipole, Horizontal component ofearth's magnetic
whose dipole moment is given by field (H,).
M= IA 7. The angle between geographical meridian
and magnetic meridian is known as angle
The direction of dipole moment can be
of declination (a).
obtained by right hand thumb rule.
8. In magnetic meridian, the angle made by
3. Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving
resultant earth's magnetic field (B.) with the
eUr
Electron M = horizontal is known as angle of dip (8).
2
9. Horizontal component of the earth's magnetic
where, = speed of electron on a circular path
field, H, = B, cos 8
of radius r.
Vertical component of the earth's magnetic
Or
M=-L field,
2m V, = B, sin 8

where, angular momentum and given as

L= 10. Relationship between horizontal & vertical
m,or and m, = mass of electron.
components of the earth's magnetic field and
.Magnetic Lines of Forces Magnetic lines of ngle of dip is given by
1Orces are closed curves and they do not H, = B, cos ô and V, = B, sin ð
intersect with each other.
gnetic lines of forces point away from north
POle to south pole outside the magnet and
So H
tan d

Ont from south pole to north pole inside the and B,=V+H
magnet.
 Objective Questions
Multiple Choice Questions 6. A bar magnet of magnetic moment M
1. A natural bar magnet is axially cut into two equal parts. If
these two pieces are arranged
(a) is always suspended in north-south
direction perpendicular to each other, the
(b) always has two poles resultant magnetic moment is M2, then
(c) is made of iron and its alloys the value of M, /M2 is
(d) All of the above 1
la) (b) 1 (c) (d) 2
2. The relation between the magnetic
length (L,) and the geometric length 7. Electron is revolving around a nucleus
()is best represented by in circular orbit of radius 1 A with a
(a)Le speed 4 x 10* m/s. Magnetic moment
(b)L=Lg produced due to rotation of electron is
(c)L,<Lg (a) 3.2 x10-29 A-m (b) 6.4 x10-2A-
(c) 3.2 x102A- (d) 1.6x10A-
(d)Le=L =oo
3. Two magnets have the same length and 8. Magnetic moment of an electron in the
the same pole strength. But one of the first orbit is
magnets has a small hole at its centre. 2eh eh
Then, (a) (b)
4TtMe 4Ttme
(a) both have equal magnetic moment eh
(b) one with hole has small magnetic moment (c) (d) None of these
27tm
(c) one with hole has large magnetic moment
(d) one with hole loses magnetism through the 9. Which of the following expression
hole represents the relation between orbital
4. Magnetic lines of force due to a bar magnetic moment and orbital angular
momentum of an electron?
magnet do not intersect, because
(a) a point always has a single net magnetic a)orb 2meLorb
orb (b) Horb-2m.ord
field
(b) the lines have similar charges and so repel c) Horb morb (d)Horbm Ltb
each other
(c) the lines always diverge froma single point
(d) None of the above 10. An electron of charge e moves in a
circular orbit of radius r around the
5. If the magnet is cut into four equal nucleus at a frequency v. The magneic
parts, such that their lengths and moment associated with the orbital
breadths are equal, then pole strength motion of the electron is
of each part is
a) rver b)
(a) m
Tve (a) t e r
(c) (c)
v
4
 Tot Pattern Physics 12th (Term-1)
CRSE 93

11. Which of the following point lies in the (a) the declination varies between 11.3° W to
region of,highest magnetic field
strength ? 11.3° E
(b) the least declination is 0°
(c) the plane defined by dipole axis and the
S
earth axis passes through Greenwich
(d) declination averaged over the earth must
be always negative

16. At a place in magnetic meridian,

a)P (b)0 magnetic needle bends 30° from
(c)R (d) S horizontal. If earth's magnetic field
this place is 2 G, then vertical
at

12. At the same place, the horizontal component and horizontal component
Component of earth's magnetic field is of earth's magnetic field respectively, are
0.40 G and the angle of dip is 30°. (a) 10 T,2 x10T
What is the resultant magnetic field? (b) 10 T, V3x10 T
a) 0.46 G (b) 0.36 G
(c) V3x10T,10T
(c) 0.12 G (d) 0.14 G (d) 3x104T, 2 x10T
13. The relations amongst the three 17. Angle of dip is maximum at
elements of earth's magnetic field (a) pole (b) equator
namely: horizontal component H, (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
vertical component V, and angle of dip 18. A current loop behaves as a system of
o are (B, total magnetic field)
=
.. . As a result, it acts like an
******

(a) V =B, tan 8,H, = Be magnetic dipole.

(b) V. =B, sinð, He =Be COso (a) magnetic pole (b) charges
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
c) V, =B, cos 8, He =B, sins
(dl V =BeH, =B, tanö 19. The magnetic field produced by a
.. on any point on the axial line
14. The angle of dip at a certain place on is same as that of a bar magnet.
the earth is 60° and the magnitude of
(a) solenoid (b) toroid
the earth's horizontal component of (c) straight wire (d) dipole
magnetic field is 0.26 G. The magnetic
field at the place on the earth is 20. Which of the following statement(s)
(a) 0.13 G is/are correct?
(b) 0.26 G
c) 0.52 G (d) 0.65 G3 (a) Magnetic phenomena are not universal in
nature.

he magnetic field of the earth can be
modelled by that of a point dipole
placed at the centre of the earth. The
pole axis makes an angle of 11.3 with
the axis of the earth. At Mumbai,
aeclination is nearly zero. Then,
(NCERT Exemplar)
(b) The name lodestone (or loadstone) given to
a naturally occurring ore of iron magnetite
means leading stone.
(c) A bar magnet is not analogous to a
solenoid.
(d) The magnetic field lines are discontinuous,
emerging from one face of the solenoid to
the infinity.
 CBSE New Pattern Physics12th (Term
94

21. Which of the following statement (s)

ColumnI Column II
is/are correct with respect of magnetic A. P. The field lines
of a current
lines of forces?
discontinuous carrying
(a) Magnetic lines of forces are
finite solenoid
Curves
(b) Magnetic lines of forces do not intersect to
each other.
(c) Magnetic lines of forces always enter into
south pole from its outside region.
(d) Both (b) and (c)
B. A field lines of
22. Which of the following statement(s) electric dipole
is/are incorrect?
(a) The magnetic field lines of a magnet (or a
solenoid) form continuous closed loops. This
is unlike the electric dipole, where these
field lines begin from a positive charge and
end on the negative charge or escape to
infinity.
(b) The tangent to the field line at a given point C. r. The field lines
represents the direction of the net
of a bar magnet
magnetic field B at that point.
(c) The larger the number of field lines
crossing per unit area, the stronger the
magnitude of the magnetic field B.
(d) We can isolate the north or south pole of a
magnet.
23. Which of the following statement(s)
is/are correct? Codes
(a) The horizontal plane containing the A BC ABC
(a)g pr (b)r p g
longitude circle and the axis of rotation of (d)qrp
the earth is called magnetic meridian. (c)p qr
(b) The angle between the true geographic Assertion/Reasoning MCOs
north and the south shown by a compass
For question numbers 25 to 28, two
needle is called the magnetic declination or
statements are given-one labelled
simple declination.
Assertion (A) and the other labelled
(c) The declination is smaller at higher
latitudes and greater near the equator.
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to
these questions from the codes (a), (6), (¢)
(d) Dip is the angle that the total magnetic field
and (d) are as given below
B of the earth makes with the surface of
the earth. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation of A.
24. Match the Column I (magnetic/electric (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
field pattern) with Column II (name of correct explanation of A.
object producing magnetic/electric (c) A is true but R is false.
field) select the correct answer
and (d) A is false and R is also false.
from the codes given below
CBSE
NewPattern
ern Physics 12th (Term-1) 95

Assertion The
poles of magnet cannot
25.
25..
separated breaking into two
by Ng
pieces. 11.3
Magnetic equator
Reason The magnetic moment will be /Nm
reduced to half when a magnet is
hroken into two equal pieces. Geographic equator

26. Assertion Basic difference between an Sn

electric line and magnetic line of force
is that former is discontinuous and the
Sg
latter is continuous or endless.
Reason No electric lines of forces
exist inside a charged conductor but
29. The strength of the earth's magnetic
field varies from place-to-place on the
magnetic ines do exist inside a
earth's surface, its value being of the
magnet.
order of
27. Assertion According to Gauss's law for (a) 10 T (b) 10-° T
(c) 10-5 T (d) 10 T
magnetism, the net magnetic flux
through any closed suriace is zero. 30. A bar magnet is placed north-south
Reason The number of magnetic field with its north pole due north. The
lines leaving the surface is balanced by
points of zero magnetic field will be in
the number of lines entering it. which direction from centre of magnet?
28. Assertion The true geographic north (a) North-South
(b) East-West
direction can be found by using a
(c) North-West and South-East
compass needle.
(d) North-East and South-West
Reason The magnetic meridian of the
earth is along the axis of rotation of the 31. The value of angle of dip is zero at the
magnetic equator because on it
earth.
a) the values of V, andH, are equal
(b) the values of V, and He are zero
Case Based MCOs (c) the value of V, is zero
Direction Answer the questions from (d) the value of He is zero
29-33 on the following case. 32. The angle of dip at a certain place,
Earth's Magnetic Field where the horizontal and vertical
components of the earth's magnetic
he magnetic field lines of the earth resemble field are equal, is
inat of a hypothetical magnetic dipole located (a) 30° (b) 90
at the centre of the earth. The axis of the (c) 60 (d) 45
pole is presently tlted by approximately
with respect to the axis of rotation
of the 33. At a place, angle of dip is 30°. If
horizontal component of earth's
earth.
magnetic field is H,, then the total
pole near the zeographic north pole of intensityof magnetic field will be
e earth is called the north magnetic pole (b) 2H,/3
(a) H/2
ncd the pole near the geographic south pole is (c) H 3/2 (d) 2 He
Called south magnetic pole.
 96 CBSE New Pattern »
Physics 12th (Term
m-l)

Direction Answer the questions from 35. The presence ol magnetic monopoles j
34-38 on the following case ruled out by
Gauss Law in Magnetism (a) Gauss's law of electrostatics
(b).Gauss's law for magnetism
We can write Gauss's law for
as B dA
magnetostatics (c) Faraday's law
=Ho m, (d) Ampere's circuital law with Maxwell's
where, JB dA is the magnetic flux and m is addition
the net magnetic pole strength inside a closed 36. A bar magnet is separated four times,
surface. the number of monopoles and dipoles
It was found that, formed are
magnetic flux through a
closed surface is always zero, thus we reach at (a) 0,8 (b) 0, 4 (c) 8,2 (d) 8,1
a conclusion that magnetic monopoles do not
exist. A bar 37. The number of magnetic field lines
magnet always attain north-south passing through a surface area normally
poles no matter how many times it is cut into
is called
pieces.
a) magnetic field (b) electric field
34. The net magnetic flux due to a bar (c) magnetic flux (d) electric flux
magnet over a closed surface is
38. The dimensional representation of
(a) zero (b) Ho
4T magnetic flux density is
(c) 4To (d) a (a) [MLT] (b) [MLT"A-
(o) [MTA" (d) [MLT]

ANSWERS
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. 6. (d)
(b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (h) 17. (a) 18. ( 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (b)

Assertion/Reasoning MC0s
25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (d)

Case Based MC0s

29. (c) 30. (b) 31. (c) 32. (d) 33. 34, (a)
(b) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37, (c) 38 (c)
 SOLUTIONS
1. A natural bar magnet consists of two poles, moment associated due to
Magnetic
ie. north and south poles. It points in the revolution of electron.
th-south irection. It is a
composition
of evr

iron and
its alloys. 2
So, all the options are correct.
1.6x10-19"x 4 x10* x10-10
9. The distance between two poles of a bar 2
eagnet is known as the magnetic length (L,) 3.2x102 A-m
However, the actu length of a bar magnet is
8. We know that, magnetic moment of a
known as the geometric length (L,).
revolving electron,
Since, the relation between them is given by

m,0T
ie. L 2m,
know, magnetic dipole moment eL
3. As, we
)
M=m(21), so hole reduces the effective length
of the magnet and hence magnetic moment
F:L =m,
reduces. to Bohr's quantisation condition,
According
4. Magnetic lines of force due to a bar magnet nh
...i
do not intersect, because if they intersect then L-21t
it means, there are two directions of magnetic
From Eqs. (4) and (i),
field intensity at the point of intersectionn enh
which is impossible.
4Ttm
5. If the magnet is cut into four equal parts and For first orbit, n =l
breadths are equal, then
their lengths and eh
pole strength for each part is
4T
evT

6. Initial magnetic moment = M 9. As, ob 2 =

moment of
Lob m,Ur
When cut in two parts, magnetic
each part orb n Lorb
momentum
where, orb orbital magnetic
momentum.
to and Lorb Orbital angular
When both parts are placed perpendicular
10. Magnetic moment or magnetic dipole
each other, effective magnetic moment,
moment is given by
M, y(M)= + (M)2
M= iA
= 2M and A is the area.
where, i is the current

2
The effective current, i=

M22 where, e

time period.
is electronic charge and T is the

Given, r=1A =1x10m Also, vfrequenc

and v=4 x10* m/s
 98 CBSE New Pattern~ Physics 12th (Term-n

and area A = rr2, where r is the radius of hypothetical magnetic dipole located at the
circular path. centre of the earth.
Putting these values in Eq. (G), we get The axis of the dipole does not coincide with
the axis of rotation of the earth but is
M=n nr
presently tilted by approximately l1.3° with
11. The larger the number of field lines crossing respect to the later. This resulis into two
per unit area, the stronger is the magnitude situations as given in the figure ahead.
of the magnetic field strength. Since, here N N
point P among the given point lies in the
region which has maximum number of field
lines crossing per unit area. Hence, point P W W
lies in the region of highest magnetic field
strength.
12. The vertical component of earth's magnetic S
field, Hence, the declination varies between
By =By tan 11.3 W to 11.3° E.
= 0.40 x tan 30°= 0.23 G
16. Given, ô = 30°
The resultant magnetic field of earth,
and B =2G =2x10 T
By =B, sin 8
=(0.40) + (0.23) = 0.46 G =2x10* sin 30°
13. Let B, be the net magnetic field at some
point and H, & V, be the horizontal &
-2x10x
vertical components of B,. Let8 be the angle =10T
of dip, which is the angle between direction
B B, cos8
of earth's magnetic field B, and horizontal
line in the magnetic meridian. 2x10 cos 30
e
2x10-4 x v3l
=3 x104T
17. At pole, only vertical
component of earth's
magnetic field exists.
Hence, B =0

Thus, from figure, we can see that

. tan8= By
B
V, =B, sino tan = tan 90°
and H, =B, cos8
14. Horizontal component of the earth's
890
Since, 0 <8 <90°.
magnetic field is the component of the earth's
magnetic field along the horizontal direction. Hence, angle of dip is maximum at
pole.
So, 18. A current loop behaves as a magnetic pole. lf
By =B, cos
0.26 B, cos 60° current is moving in anti-clockwise direction
as seen from
0.26 upper face, it acts like a north
B, cos 60
-
= 0.52 G
cos 60 pole and lower face as south pole.
19. The magnetic field lines of a bar magnet and
15. For the earth's
magnetism, the magnetic field
lines of the earth resemble that of a
a current carrying solenoid resemble each
other as shown below
 attern
CRSEN e wP a t t e r ~
Physics 12th (Term-I) 99
C

The angle between the true geographic

north and the north shown by a compass
or
needle is calledthe magnetic declination
simple declination.
The declination is at higher latitudes
greater
and smaller near the equator.
24. A. Field lines shown in this field pattern are
closed lines. The strongest external
magnetic fields are near the poles. These
(a (6) field lines are less concentrated as
a)bar magnet compared to magnetic field pattern of
b) current carrying finite solenoid magnetic field in Column I. Hence, it is
the magnetic field pattern of a bar magnet.
0. The statement given in option (b) is correct
B. Field lines shown in this field pattern are
but rest are incorect and these can be
highly concentrated and form continuous
corrected as,
close pattern. The strongest external
Magnetic phenomena are universal in nature. magnetic field, is near the poles. Hence,
The resemblance of magnetic field lines of a this pattern of magnetic field resermbles
bar magnet and a solenoid suggest that a bar with field pattern of a solenoid where the
magnet may be thought of as a large number ends of a solenoid behave as north and
of circulating currents in analogy with a south poles of a magnet.
solenoid. C. In this field pattern, the field lines are
The magnetic field lines remain continuous, curved and extend from the positive to
emerging from one face of the solenoid and negative charge. In general, electric field
entering into the other face. lines always begin on a positive charge
and end on a negative charge and do not
21. Magnetic lines of forces are continuous
start or stop in mid-space.
curves. Magnetic lines of forces do not
Hence, this is pattern of electric field of
intersect each other. Magnetic lines of forces
an electric dipole.
always enter into south pole from its outside
Hence, A >1,B>p and C-> q.
region.
25. The poles of magnet cannot be separated by
22. The statement (d) is incorrect and it can be
breaking into two pieces.
corrected as,
If a bar magnet is broken into two halves, we
We cannot isolate the north or south pole of
get two similar bar magnets with somewhat
a magnet. If a bar magnet is broken into two
halves, we get two similar magnets with weaker properties. As magnetic moment will
be reduced to half, because magnetic dipole
weaker properties. Unlike electric charges,
moment is directly proportional to the length
isolated magnetic north and south poles between the poles.
known as magnetic monopoles do not exist.
Therefore, both A and R are true but R is
3. The statement given in option (d) is correct
not the correct explanation of A.
but rest are incorrect and these can be
26. Magnetic field lines of a magnet form
corrected as,
continuous closed loops. On the other hand,
The vertical
plane containing the longitude electric field lines are discontinuous. Inside
Circle and the axis of rotation of the earth 1s
the magnet, magnetic field lines are from
called the geographic meridian. While, south to north but inside a charged
nagnetic meridian of a place is the vertical conductor, there is no electric field.
plane which passes through the imaginary line
Joining the magnetic north and the south Therefore, both A andR are true but R is
poles. not the correct explanation of A.
100 CBSE New P a t t e r n ~ Physics 12th fm

(Term-lI)
27. The net magnetic flux passes through a V
32. As, tan
closed surface enclosing a bar magnet is zero H
because a bar magnet has two poles (one
north and other south) and the magnetic flux tan :V, H
leaving the north pole is equal to the
magnetic flux entering the south pole of bar
45 tan 45 =
magnet. 33. Total intensity of magnetic field is given
I cos = H, by
Thus, according to Gaus's law for
thus, Icos 30° = H,
magnetism, the net magnetic flux through
any closed surface is zero, i.e. the net flux o H, cos 30° va
is Og =B-AS =0.
all
2H
Therefore, both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A.
34. The net magnetic pole strength of a bar
28. There is always an angle of declination magnet is my +ms = 0. Hence, magnetic f
between magnetic meridian and the due to bar magnet over a closed surface is
geographic meridian. A compass is simply a
zero.
needle shaped magnet, which always points
35. According to Gauss's law of magnetism, the
in magnetic north-south poles (i.e. in
net magnetic flux of the magnetic field must
magnetic meridian). Thus, true geographic
always be zero over any closed surface. It
north direction cannot be found by using a
compass needle.
means there is no existence of magnetic

The magnetic meridian of the earth is monopoles.

defined by some angle from the axis of 36. If a bar magnet is separated into four
rotation of the earth. different bar magnets, all four magnets will
Therefore, A is false and R is also false. have their own north-south poles. Hence,
there will be zero monopoles and four
29. The strength of magnetic field on the surface
is order of 10 T. dipoles.
37. The number of magnetic field lines passing
30. As shown in figure, points of zero magnetic
through a surface area is called magnetic
field will be east-west.
flux. It is denoted by Og and measured in
weber (Wb).
38. The dimensional formula for the magnetic
flux is
s [M'L'Tr'a']
Earth
Dimensional formula for the volume,
V [L']
31. The value of vertical component of earth's Dimensional representation of magnetic fux
magnetic field is zero, when angle of dip is
at
density = a
zero nmagnetic equator.
tan = H
[M1TA]-[MT?A
E