Std.

:- XI Chapter 12
Subject :- Physics Magnetism
Magnetic Field :-  Magnetic length :-
The region around the magnet in which any The distance between two poles of a magnet is
magnetic material experiences a force is called as its called magnetic length.
magnetic field. It is denoted by 2l.
A magnetic field is represented by magnetic lines It is given by ,
55  Geometric length
of force. Magnetic length =
6
A magnetic line of force is a curve drawn in a
magnetic field in such a way that tangent to the curve at  Magnetic dipole moment :-
any point gives direction of magnetic field at that point.
Magnetic lines of force start from north pole and
end on South Pole.
The properties of magnetic lines of force are
similar to that of properties of electric lines of force.
The product of the pole strength (m) and the
 Magnetic flux :- magnetic length ( 2l ) of the magnet is called as
Magnetic flux is defined as number of magnetic ‘magnetic dipole moment’ of that magnet and is always
lines of force passing normally through the given area. denoted by ‘M’.
S. I. unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb). Its magnitude is given by M = 2 m l
 Magnetic induction (B) :- Magnetic dipole moment is a vector directed from
The magnitude of magnetic induction at a point in S - pole to N - pole of the magnet.
a magnetic field is equal to magnetic flux per unit area at Its SI unit is A-m2.
that point.  The magnetic field due to a bar magnet at a point
Magnetic flux
Magnetic Induction (B) = along its axis :-
area

i.e. B =
A

 Magnetic Axis andMagnetic equator :-

The magnetic field due to a bar magnet at a point
along its axis is
1 2M
Baxis =
4  r3

 The magnetic field due to a bar magnet at a point

along its equator :-

A straight line passing through both poles of a

magnet is called magnetic axis.
A straight line passing through centre of magnet
and perpendicular to its axis is called magnetic equator.
 Pole strength :-
Magnetic pole strength gives a measure of
strength of a pole of bar magnet.
The magnetic field due to a bar magnet at a point
For North Pole , it is + m and for south pole , it is - m.
along its equator is
Its S. I. unit is ampere metre (A - m).
1 M
Beq =
4  r3
• Magnetic induction at any point due to a short This gives magnitude of the magnetic induction at
magnetic dipole :- the point ‘P’ due to the dipole.
Let,  be the angle between line OP and the
resultant magnetic induction B .
B
 tan  = 2
B1
sin 
 2 cos  -------- using (I) and (II)

  = tan-1 1 tan 
2
Consider, a short magnetic dipole of moment M. This gives direction of the resultant magnetic induction.
Let, P be a point at a distance ‘r’ from the centre of the
dipole along a line making an angle with the axis of the
dipole as shown in fig.
• Gauss’s law of Magnetism :-
Statement :-
The magnetic dipole moment M can be resolved
“ The net magnetic flux through a closed
in two componants surface is zero.”
i) M cos along the line OP.  
ii) M sin  perpendicular to the line OP. i.e.  B . ds = 0
The point P is along the axis of the dipole of
moment M cos . Therefore the magnetic induction at P
• Earth’s Magnetism :-
due to M cos  is
µ0
B1 =  2 M cos  -------- ( I )
4 r
It is parallel to OP.
The point P is along the equator of the dipole of
moment M sin . Therefore the magnetic induction at P
due to M sin  is
µ M sin 
B2 = 0  -------- ( II)
4 r
It is perpendicular to OP.
The magnitude of the resultant magnetic induction (B) at
the point P due to magnetic dipole is given by,
Geographic Axis :-
B2 = B12 + B22
A straight line around which Earth spin is called
2 2
µ0 2 M cos  µ0 M sin  geographic axis.
B2 = +
4 r 4 r Magnetic Axis :-
µ0 M 2 It is a straight line passing through magnetic
= [(2 cos )2 + ( sin  )2] poles of the Earth. It is inclined to earth’s geographic

4 r axis by nearly 11.30.
2
µ0 M [4 cos2 + sin2  ] Geographic Meridian :-
= 
4 r A plane perpendicular to the surface of the earth
2 (vertical plane) perpendicular to geographic axis is called
µ0 M [3 cos2 + ( cos2  + sin2  )]
= geographic meridian.

4 r
Magnetic meridian :-
2
µ0 M [3 cos + 1 ]
2 A plane perpendicular to surface of the earth
=  (vertical plane) and passing through magnetic axis is
4 r
( As cos2  + sin2 = 1 ) called magnetic meridian.
µ0 M 3 cos2 + 1 Direction of resultant magnetic field of the Earth
 B =  is always along or parallel to magnetic meridian.
4 r
Magnetic Equator :-
It is a great circle on the surface of the earth in a
plane perpendicular to the magnetic axis.
Magnetic Declination :-
The angle between the magnetic meridian and the
geographic meridian at a place is known as magnetic
declination.
The magnetic declination differs from place to
place on the surface of the earth.
Magnetic inclination or angle of dip :-
The angle made by direction of resultant magnetic
field with the horizontal at a place is called magnetic
inclination or angle of dip at that place.
If ‘’is the angle of dip at a place then the earth
magnetic induction B has a horizontal component
BH = B cos  and vertical component BV = B sin 
as shown in fig.
From fig. ,
• Magnetic maps of the Earth :-
Declination, dip and horizontal component of
earth’s magnetic field are known as magnetic elements
at a given place.
This magnetic elements describe the magnitude
and direction of magnetic field of the earth at that place.
Magnetic elements of the earth vary from place
to place and also with time.
The maps providing these values at different
locations are called magnetic maps.
These are extremely useful for navigation.
Magnetic maps drawn by joining places with the
same value of particular element are called Iso magnetic
charts .
Lines joining the places of equal horizontal
components (BH ) are known as isodynamic lines.
Lines joining the places of equal declination (a)
are called isogonic lines.
Lines joining the places of equal inclination or
dip () are called aclinic lines.