FIITJEE LTD

NARAYANGUDA
PHYSICS-II
IPE NOTES - 2023

CHAPTER 7
MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is the importance of Oersted’s experiment?
Ans. When current is passing through a conductor magnetic field is produced around it.

2. State Ampere’s Law and Biot-Savart Law.

Ans. Ampere’s Law:
 

The line integral of Bd l around any closed path equals 0i where i is the total steady

current passing through any surface bounded by the closed path.

 
 B  d   0 i
Biot-Savart Law:
The intensity of magnetic induction (dB) due to a small element is directly proportional to the
i) current (i)
ii) length of the element (d  )
iii) sin of angle between radius vector (r) and dl
v) Inversely proportional to the square of the distance from current element.
i dl sin 
 dB 
r2

iv) the direction is in the direction of  dl  rˆ 
0
and the constant of proportionality  107 T m A-1

4 
 0 i dl  rˆ
Thus, the magnetic induction in vector form  dB 
4 r 2

3. Write the expression for the magnetic induction at any point on the axis of a circular current-
carrying coil. Hence, obtain the expression for the magnetic induction at the centre of the
circular coil.
0n i r 2
Ans. i) Intensity of magnetic induction field on the axis of the circular coil B =
2(r 2  x 2 )3 / 2
Where, 0 is the permeability of free space, n is the number of turns, r is the radius of
the coil and x is the distance of a point from the centre and on the axis of the coil.
 ni
ii) At the centre of the coil, where x  0 , B = 0
2r
4. A circular coil of radius ‘r’ having N turns carries a current “I”. What is its magnetic moment
Ans. Magnetic moment, by definition, is (M) = N i A, where N is the number of turns in the coil, i is
the current in the coil and A is the area of the coil.
 M = N i (r2) =  N i r2 ( A = r2)

5. What is the force on a conductor of length L carrying a current “I” placed in a magnetic field of
induction B? When does it become maximum?
Ans. i) Force on a conductor (F) = B i L sin , where θ is the angle between the direction of the
current and the magnetic field.

ii) if  = 90, Fmax = B i L

i.e., the directions of current and magnetic field are perpendicular to each other, then force is
maximum.

6. What is the force on a charged particle of charge “q” moving with a velocity “v” in in a uniform
magnetic field of induction B? When does it become maximum?
Ans. i) Force on a charged particle (F) = B q v sin , where θ is the angle between the velocity and
magnetic field vectors

ii) if  = 90, Fmax = B q V i.e., when the charged particle moves in a direction perpendicular to
that of the magnetic field.

7. Distinguish between ammeter and voltmeter.

Ans. Comparison of ammeter and voltmeter:
Ammeter
1) It is used to measure current.
2) Resistance of an ideal Ammeter is zero.
3) It is connected in series in the circuits.
Voltmeter
1) It is used to measure potential difference
between two points.
2) Resistance of ideal voltmeter is infinity
3) It is connected in parallel in the circuits.

8. What is the principle of a moving coil galvanometer?

Ans. Principle of working of a Galvanometer:
It works on the principle of torque acting on a current carrying coil inside a magnetic
field.
The torque acting on this coil, measured by the deflecting angle, is directly proportional to the
magnitude of electric current flowing in it.
current in the coil (i)  deflecting angle ().

9. What is the smallest value of current that can be measured with a moving coil galvanometer?
Ans. Moving coil galvanometer is sensitive galvanometer, it is used to measure very small current
up to 10–9 A.

10. How do you convert a moving coil galvanometer into an ammeter?

Ans. A small resistance, called shunt, is connected in parallel to the moving coil galvanometer, to
convert it into Ammeter.

11. How do you convert a moving coil galvanometer into an voltmeter?

Ans. A high resistance is connected in series to the moving coil galvanometer, to converts it into a
voltmeter.
v
R G
ig

12. What is the relation between permittivity of free space e0, permeability of free space m0 and the
speed of light in vacuum?
 1
Ans. Speed of light in vacuum (C) =
 0 0
Here 0 = permeability in vacuum
0 = permittivity in vacuum.

13. A current carrying circular loop lies on a smooth horizontal plane. Can a uniform magnetic field
be set up in such a manner that the loop turns about the vertical axis?
    
Ans. Torque in a current-carrying coil is the vector product given by   M  B  Ni A  B ,
 
where M is the Magnetic moment of the current carrying coil, i is current, A is area vector.

B is magnetic field.
Area vector A acts normal to the loop and is in the vertical direction since the coil is lies on
horizontal plane,
 
Since, torque is vector product of A and B , it is not possible to set up a magnetic field
to turn the loop on a horizontal plane about the vertical axis.

14. A current-carrying circular loop is placed in a uniform external magnetic field. If the loops is
free to turn, what is its orientation when it achieves stable equilibrium?
Ans. When the plane of the loop is perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field, i.e., when
 
the area vector A and the magnetic field vector B are inthesame direction,
  the torque on

the loop will be zero according to the expression,   M  B  Ni A  B

15. A wire loop of irregular shape carrying current is placed in an external magnetic field. If the wire
is flexible, what shape will the loop change to? Why?
Ans. For a given perimeter, a circle has maximum area among all geometrical shapes. So,
maximise the magnetic flux through it will assume a circular shape with its plane normal to the
field.
Magnetic moment associated with solenoid and torroid:
A. Solenoid: B. Torroid: No. Of turns per unit length

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. State and explain Biot-Savart law.
Ans. Consider a very small element of length dl of a conductor carrying current i .
Biot-Savart Law: Magnetic induction (dB) due to small element of electric current at a point P
a distance r form the element is directly proportional to
i) current  i
ii) Length of the element (dl)
iii) sine of angle between r and dl and
iv) Inversely proportional to the square of the distance from small element to point P
v) and in a direction perpendicular to the plane containing the position vector and current
element.
id sin 
Thus, dB 
r2

The proportionality constant is 0  10 7 T m A 1
4
where 0 = permeability in free space.
 id sin 
 dB  0 
4 r2
 

 0i d  r
In vector form dB 

4 r 3

2. State and explain Ampere’s law.

Ans. Ampere’s Law:
  
The line integral of
 Bd l around any closed path equals 0i where i is the total steady

current passing through any surface bounded by the closed path.

 
 B  d   i
0

Proof:
Consider a long straight conductor carrying current i
as shown in figure.
Magnetic induction at a distance r from the
conductor is given by
0i
B (From Biot-Savart’s law)
2r
The value of B is same at all points on the circle with
the direction tangential to the circular path.
 
The line integral  B  d    Bd cos 
(  0o angle between B & d  is zero)
  i
Hence, 
 B  d   B  d   B  2r  20r  2r  0i
 
Thus,  B  d   0i
This proves Amperes circuital laws.

3. Find the magnetic induction due to a long current carrying conductor.

Ans. Consider a long straight conductor carrying current i.
Let P be a point of distance r from the conductor.
Consider a circular amperian loop as shown in figure
of radius r passing through the point P with the
conductor as the axis.

Let B be the magnetic induction at P.
From Biot-Savart Law we may estimate that the
direction of this magnetic induction will be tangential
a shown in figure.

Also B will have the same magnitude at all points on
the amperian loop due symmetry.
Angle between B and d  is zero i.e.  = 0
 
Hence,
B  d  B(2r) …………… (1)
According to Ampere’s Circuital Law
 

B  d  0i …………… (2)
From equations (1) and (2), B(2r)  0i
0i
B
2r

4. Derive an expression for the magnetic induction at the centre of a current carrying circular coil
using Biot-Savart law.
Ans. Consider a circular coil of radius r and carrying a current i placed in the X-Y plane as shown
in figure.
Consider a small element ‘ d ’ at the point P on the coil.
To find the magnetic induction at the centre O of the coil due the current element at P, using
Biot - Savart’s law
 

 0 i d   rˆ
dB  

4 r2
  
Since the angle between d and r is 90, dl  rˆ   dl kˆ
  id
dB  0  2 kˆ
4 r
  ………………….(1)

As the field due to all elements of the circular loop have the
same value in magnitude and direction,
the resultant magnetic induction can be obtained by integrating equation (1)
   id
 
B  dB  0  2 kˆ
4 r
 
 
 0i
B d kˆ
4r 2
 i
 4 r


 
   0 2  2r  kˆ  d  2r 
0 i
B directed in the plane of the paper.
2r
If the current is clock-wise, the magnetic induction would be of the same magnitude but
directed out the plane of the paper
 ni
If the circular coil has n turns B  0
2r

5. Derive an expression for the magnetic induction a point on the axis of a current carrying
circular coil using Biot-Savart law.
5. Consider a circular coil of radius R and carrying a current I placed in the Y-Z plane with the
centre at the origin. Let P be a point on the X-axis a distance x from the centre O of the coil.
Consider a current element dlkˆ a point A at a position r from P, such that the position of P

with respect to A is r  xiˆ  yjˆ and r  x 2  R2
To find the magnetic induction at P due to the current
element at A, using Biot-Savart law,


 0 I d   rˆ
dB  

4 r2

This will have two components dB  dB x ˆi  dB y ˆj
Similarly, the magnetic induction at P due to the current
element at B, diametrically opposite to A, will be, by

symmetry, dB  dB x ˆi  dB y ˆj
Thus, the magnetic induction due to two diametrically opposite current elements will be,

dB  2dB x ˆi  2dB cos  ˆi
0 I  d  x ˆ 0I R
2   i   d  ˆi
4 r 2 r 2 r 3

 d   rˆ is always d , the vectors being perpendicular to each other for every point on the
coil
Since two diametrically opposite elements are considered while derive the above expression
for dB, to obtain the total magnetic induction at P, we integrate this expression for   0 to
  R .
   I R R  I R
B 0  3
 2 r 0  d  ˆi  0  3  Riˆ
 2 r
 I R 2
I R2
B  0  3 ˆi  0  ˆi
2 r 
2 x 2  R2 3 2 
 For a coil having N turns, magnetic induction at a point on its axis is,
  NI R2
B 0  ˆi
 
32
2 x R
2 2

When x  0 , i.e., at the centre of the coil of N turns,

  NI
B  0 ˆi
2R

6. Obtain an expression for the magnetic dipole moment of current loop.

6. We know that magnetic induction on the axial line of a circular coil is
0 N I R 2
B=
2( R 2  x 2 )3 / 2
where N = Number of turns in the coil
R = Radius of the coil
x = Distance from centre of the coil
I = Current in a coil
0NiR2
if x  R , then B 
2x 3
multiplying and dividing with 2
 NiR2 2
B 0 3 x
2x 2
0 2Ni( R2 )
B  ( A  R2 )
4 x3
 2NiA
B 0  3 ……………….(1)
4 x
This represents the magnetic induction field on the axis line of coil which can be considered
as a short bar magnet.
We know that magnetic induction field on the axial line of a bar magnet
 2M
B 0  3 …………….(2)
4 x
Comparing the equations (1) and (2)
Magnetic moment (M) = N i A

7. Derive an expression for the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron.

7. Consider an electron revolving in a circular orbit of radius r with speed v and frequency .
If the electron crosses a point P on the circle in every revolution, then distance travelled by
electron to complete one revolution = 2r.
v
No. of revolution in one second ( ) 
2r
charge
The electric current (i) = = charge x frequency
time
v
i  e
2r
 magnetic dipole moment (M) = iA ( N = 1)
ev
M  r 2 ( A = r2)
2r
evr
M=
2

8. Explain how crossed E and B fields serve as a velocity selector.

 
Ans: When a charged particle q moving with a velocity v in presence of both electric field E and

magnetic fields B ,
   y
The force experienced due to electric field FE  qE
  FE E
The force experienced due to magnetic field FB  q(v  B)
Consider mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields x
and velocity vector of the particle, as shown in figure. v

E  E ˆj,
B

  z
B  Bkˆ and v   ˆi FB
 
FE  qE  qEjˆ
 
FB  q(v  B)  q(v ˆi  Bk) ˆ  qvBjˆ

 F  FE  FB

F   qE  ˆj   qvB  ˆj  q E  vB  ˆj
Thus, forces due to electric and magnetic fields are in opposite directions.
 
We adjust E and B such that, the forces are equal.
i.e., FE  FB
E
Hence, qE  qvB  v 
B
This condition can be used to select charged particles of a particular velocity. The crossed
field E and B fields serve as a velocity selector.

9. What are the basic components of a cyclotron? Mention its uses.

Ans. The cyclotron is a machine to accelerate charged particles or ions to high energies.
The cyclotron uses both electric and magnetic fields in
combination to increase the energy of charged particles.
As the fields are perpendicular to each other they are
called crossed fields.
The primary components of a cyclotron are
(i) the magnetic system, providing a magnetic field
perpendicular to the plane of the semi-circular disc
shaped chambers
(ii) two vacuum-sealed semi-circular disc-like metal
containers, D1 and D2, which are called dees or
dee chambers as they look like the letter D.
(iii) oscillating power system, providing a high frequency
alternating voltage that is applied to the dees and
(iv) ion injector or exit port
Uses of a cyclotron:
(i) The cyclotron is used to bombard nuclei with energetic particles, so accelerated by it, and
study the resulting nuclear reactions.
(ii) It is also used to implant ions into solids and modify their properties or even synthesise
new materials.
(iii) It is used in hospitals to produce radioactive substances which can be used in diagnosis
and treatment.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Deduce an expression for the force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field.
Derive an expression for the force per unit length between two parallel current-carrying
conductors.
Ans: Expression for the Force acting on a current carrying conductor:
 Consider a straight conductor (wire) of length
‘  ’, area of cross section ‘A’, carrying a
current ‘i’, which is placed in a uniform
magnetic field of induction ‘B’ as shown in
figure.
We know the external magnetic field exerts a
force on a charged particle given
 
by FB  q(v  B) .
The electrons in a conductor in effect move with an average velocity called drift velocity ‘vd’.
 
Thus, the force acting on each mobile electron will be FB  e(v d  B)
The direction of conventional current will be opposite to the direction of drift velocity.
Therefore, taking the direction of electric current as positive, the average force on each
 
mobile charge in the conductor is FB  e(v d  B)
 
To find the total force acting on the wire, we multiply the force e(v d  B) exerted on one charge by the
number of charges in the segment. Because the volume of the segment is A , the number of charges in
the segment is nA , where n is the number of charges per unit volume. Hence, the total magnetic force on
the wire of length L is
 
F 
B net  e(v d  B)nA
 
Since the current in the wire is i=nv d A and writing v d  as v d  , we get,
 
 
FB
net
 i(   B)

, where  is the angle between the directions of current and external magnetic field.
Case (i) : If  = 0, Fmin = 0
Case (ii) : If  = 90, Fmax = Bi 

Expression for the force between two parallel current-carrying conductors:

Consider two straight parallel conductors ‘AB’ and ‘CD’ each B
D
of length  carrying currents i1 and i2 and which are B2 due to
conductor II
r
separated by a distance ‘r’ as shown in figure.
F1
Let B1 and B2 be the magnitude of magnetic inductions i2
produced by the current carrying conductors AB and CD at a i1
F2
distance r from them respectively.
Magnetic induction B1 at a distance ‘r’ from the conductor A B 1 due to
C conductor I
‘AB’ can be written as
 0i1
B1 
2r
If ‘F is force acting on ‘CD’ due to magnetic induction ‘B1’ then
FCD  i2 B1
Where  = length of the conductor
 i   ii 
FCD  i2   0 1   0 1 2 ………………(1)
 2r  2r
The direction of the force can be determined by using Flemings left hand rule.
Similarly, we can find the force acting on the conductor AB due to magnetic induction B2.
FAB  i1B2
 i   0i2 
FAB  i1  0 2  ………………(2)  B2  2r 
 2r   
 ii
From the equation (1) and (2) FAB  FCD  0 1 2 
2r
 Force between two parallel, straight conductors carrying currents
 ii 
F  012
2r
 F 0i1i2
Force per unit length 
 2r

2. Obtain an expression for the torque on a current carrying loop paced in a uniform magnetic
field.
Describe the construction and working of moving coil galvanometer,
Ans: Torque acting on a coil carrying a current kept in a uniform magnetic field:
Let us consider the simple case when the
rectangular loop carrying a current I is placed such

that the uniform magnetic field B is in the plane of
the loop. This is illustrated in Fig. (a).
The field exerts no force on the two arms AD and
BC of the loop as they are parallel to the direction of
the magnetic field.

B is perpendicular to the arm AB of the loop and

exerts a force F1 on it which is directed into the
plane of the loop, downward as shown inf Fig. (b).
Its magnitude is, F1  IbB Torque on current loop
 
Similarly, it exerts a force F2 on the arm CD and F2 is directed out of the plane of the paper
and directed upward.
F2  IbB  F1
Thus, the net force on the loop is zero. There is a torque on the
 
loop due to the pair of forces F1 and F2 . Figure (b) shows a view of
the loop from the AD end. It shows that the torque on the loop
tends to rotate it anti-clockwise. This torque is (in magnitude),
a a
  F1  F2
2 2
a a
 IbB  IbB  i  ab  B
2 2
 IAB , where A = ab is the area of the loop Torque on current loop
 
The product IA is called the magnetic (dipole) moment represented by m  IA .

If the coil is rotated about its axis and the area vector A

makes an angle  with the magnetic field B , then the torque is
  I  a sin   bB sin   IAB sin 
   
 IA  B  m  B
If the loop has ‘n’ turns the torque on the coil
  INAB sin 
    
  m  B where m  NI A
Couple on current loop

Moving coil galvanometer (MCG):

Construction of MCG:
The galvanometer consists of a coil, with many turns, free to
rotate about a fixed axis (Fig.), in a uniform radial magnetic
field. There is a cylindrical soft iron core which not only
makes the field radial but also increases the strength of the
magnetic field.
Principle: When a current carrying coil is placed in the
uniform magnetic field, it experiences a torque.
Working of MCG:
When a current flows through the coil, a torque acts on it.
This torque is given by   NI AB sin   NIAB
where the symbols have their usual meaning.
Since the field is radial by design, we have taken sin θ = 1 in the above expression for the
torque.
 The magnetic torque NIAB tends to rotate the coil.
A spring Sp provides a counter torque k that balances the magnetic torque NIAB ; resulting
in a steady angular deflection  . In equilibrium
k  NIAB ,
where k is the torsional constant of the spring; i.e. the restoring torque per unit twist. The
deflection  is indicated on the scale by a pointer
attached to the spring. We have
 NAB 
 I
 k 
The quantity in brackets is a constant for a given galvanometer.
  I
Thus, deflection of the coil is directly proportional to the current flowing through it.
The deflection in the coil is measured using lamp and scale arrangement.

3. How can a galvanometer be converted to an ammeter? Why is the parallel resistance smaller
than the galvanometer resistance?
Ans: Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter:
Galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by connecting a suitable resistance, called shunt,
in parallel to it. This arrangement decreases the effective resistance.
The ammeter is used for measuring the current in an electric G
A i B
circuit and it is connected in series in circuit. The inclusion of ig
the ammeter in the circuit should not alter the current or total
resistance of the circuit so it has very low resistance. S
is
The resistance of an ideal Ammeter is zero
Let G and S be the galvanometer and shunt resistances respectively
Let ‘i’ be the total current, divided at A into ig (through the galvanometer) and is (through the
shunt resistance) as shown in figure
From Kirchhoff’s 1st law i  ig  is
As ‘G’ and ‘S’ are parallel
Potential difference across Galvanometer = Potential difference across shunt
igG  is S
ig
S G
is
Gig
= [ is  i  ig ]
i  ig
G
S
i
1
ig
i i
If  n  ig 
ig n
th
 1
 The current flowing through the galvanometer be   of total current
n
G
 S
n 1
If ‘R’ is the effective resistance between point ‘A’ and ‘B’ then
1 1 1 SG
  
R G S GS
GS
R
SG
i i  GS   G 
iR  is S  is  R     i
S SSG SG
  G 
is   i
SG
i i  GS   S 
Similarly, iR  igG  ig  R   i
G G  S  G   S  G 
 S 
ig   i
S G
Hence current through galvanometer is proportional to the total current.
Since S is small, major portion of the current flows through it and a small portion of current
flows through G. So, shunt protects the galvanometer from high currents.
Reason for the parallel resistance being smaller than the galvanometer resistance:
Larger fraction of the current in the circuit passes through shunt and smaller fraction of
current passes through the galvanometer.
Thus. Parallel resistance is smaller than Galvanometer resistance to protect the
Galvanometer from high (large) current (or) to pass.

4. How can a galvanometer can be converted to a voltmeter? Why is the series resistance
greater than the galvanometer resistance?
Ans: Conversion of Galvanometer into Voltmeter:
A galvanometer is converted into voltmeter by connecting a high resistance (R) in series with
it. Voltmeter is used to measure the PD. between any two points in circuit and it is connected
in parallel to the component of the circuit.
Let V be the potential difference to be measured A V B
between the points ‘A’ and ‘B.
 V = (R + G)ig [ V = iR]
Where G = galvanometer Resistance
Ig = Current passing through the galvanometer Vg
V
RG ig G R
ig
V
R  G ……………(1) Conversion of Galvanometer into Voltmeter
ig

The value of ‘R’ can be calculated by using the above formula. If Vg is the maximum PD.
across the galvanometer, then Vg = ig G
Vg
 ig  ………………..(2)
G
Substitute ‘ig’ in equation (1)
VG V 
R  G  G  1
Vg  
 Vg 
V
If  n  R  G(n  1)
Vg
V
Note n = is the ratio of maximum voltage to be measured to the maximum voltage across
Vg
the galvanometer.
Series resistance is greater than galvanometer resistance because the current in external
resistance and potential difference will be decreased and to increase the resistance of the
galvanometer.

5. Derive an expression for the force acting between two very long parallel current -carrying
conductors and hence define the ampere.
Ans: Expression for the force between two Parallel conductors carrying conductors:
Consider two straight parallel conductors ‘AB B
D
and ‘CD’ carrying currents i1 and i2 and which B 2 due to
r
are separated by a distance ‘r’ as shown in conductor II
figure.
F1
i2
If B1 and B2 are magnetic inductions produced
by the current carrying conductors AB and CD. i1
F2
Magnetic induction B1 at a distance ‘r’ from the
 0i1 B 1 due to
conductor ‘AB’ can be written as B1  A
C
2r conductor I

If ‘F is force acting on ‘CD’ due to magnetic induction ‘B1’ then

FCD  i2 B1
Where  = length of the conductor
 i   ii 
FCD  i2   0 1   0 1 2 ………………(1)
 2r  2r
The direction of the force can be determined by using Flemings left hand rule.
Similarly, we can find the force acting on the conductor AB due to magnetic induction B2.
FAB  i1B2
 i   0i2 
FAB  i1  0 2  ………………(2)  B2  2r 
 2r   
0i1i2
From the equation (1) and (2) FAB  FCD 
2r
 Force between two parallel, straight conductors carrying currents
 ii 
F  012
2r
F  ii
Force per unit length  0 1 2
 2r
Let i1  i2  1 S.I unit and r  1 m, then the force per unit length between these two
F 0
conductors,   2  107 N m-1
 2
Definition of ampere:
"The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of
infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed one meter apart in vacuum,
would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2×10−7 newtons per meter of
length."
 PROBLEMS
1. A current of 10 A passes through two very long wires held parallel to each other and
separated by a distance of 1 m.. What is the force per unit length between them?
Ans.

2. A moving coil galvanometer can measure a current of 10-6 A. What is the resistance of the
shunt required if it is to measure 1 A?
Ans.

Where G = Galvanometer resistance.

3. A circular wire loop of radius 30 cm carries a current of 3.5 A. Find the magnetic field at a
point on the axis 40 cm away from the centre.
Ans.

4. A circular coil of wire consisting of 100 turns each of radius 8.0 cm carries a current of 0.40 A.
What is the magnitude of the magnetic field B at the centre of the coil?
Sol. Here, n = 100, r = 8cm = 8 x 10–2 m and I = 0.40 A
The magnetic field B at the centre

The direction of magnetic field depends on the direction of current if the direction of current is
anticlockwise. According to Maxwell’s right hand rule, the direction of magnetic field at the
centre of coil will be perpendicular outwards to the plane of paper.

5. A long straight wire carries a current of 35 A. What is the magnitude of the field B at al point
20 cm from the wire?
Sol. Here, I = 35A and r = 20 cm = 0.2 m
The wire is along and it is considered as an infinite length wire. The magnetic field

6. A long straight wire in the horizontal plane carries a current of 50 A in north to south direction.
Give the magnitude and direction of B at a point 2.5 m east of the wire.

The direction of magnetic field at point P is given by

Maxwell’s right hand rule. B is out of page at P
i.e., vertically upwards
7. A horizontal overhead power line carries a current of 90 A in east to west direction. What is
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field due to the current 1.5 m below the line.

The direction of magnetic flux is given by Maxwell’s right hand rule.

So, the direction of magnetic field at point P due to the following current is perpendicularly outwards to
the plane of paper.

8. What is the magnitude of magnetic force per unit length on a wire carrying a current of 8A and
making an angle of 30° with the direction of a uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T?
Sol. According to the question

9. A 3.0 cm wire carrying a current of 10 A is placed inside a solenoid perpendicular to its axis.
The magnetic field inside the solenoid is given to be 0.27 T. What is the magnetic force on the
wire?
Sol. Here, the angle between the magnetic field and the direction of flow of current is 90.
Because the magnetic field due to a solenoid is along the axis of solenoid and the wire is
placed perpendicular to the axis. Given

According to right hand palm rule, the direction of magnetic force is perpendicular to plane of
paper inwards.

10. Two long and parallel straight wires A and B carrying currents of 8.0 A and 5.0 A in the same
direction are separated by a distance of 4.0 cm. Estimate the force on a 10 cm section of wire
A.
Sol.

11. A square coil of side 10 cm consists of 20 turns and carries current of 12 A. The coil is
suspended vertically and the normal to the plane of the coil makes an angle of 30° with the
direction of a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 0.80 T. What is the magnitude of
torque experienced by the coil?
Sol. Given, side of square coil = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Number of turns (n) = 20

12. The resistance of M.C.G. is 5 Ω. The maximum current it can measure is 0.015 A. How
would your convert It into voltmeter to measure 1,5 V?
Ans.

13. A coil of 20 turns has an area of 800mm2 and carries a current of 0.5A.
If it is placed in a magnetic field of 0.3T with its plane parallel to the field,
what is the torque it experiences?
Ans.