4.magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

1 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
The branch of physics which deals with the magnetism due to electric current or moving charge
(i.e. electric current is equivalent to the charges or electrons in motion) is called electromagnetism.
Orested's Discovery
The relation between electricity and magnetism was discovered by Orested in 1820.
Orested showed that the electric current through the conducting wire deflects the magnetic needle
held below the wire.
S N
North
• When the direction of current in conductor is reversed then deflection of magnetic needle is
also reversed
• On increasing the current in conductor or bringing the needle closer to the conductor the
deflection of magnetic needle increases.
Oersted discovered a magnetic field around a conductor carrying electric current. Other related
facts are as follows:
– +
S I
N
Oersted's experiment. Current in
the wire deflects the compass needle
(a) A magnet at rest produces a magnetic field around it while an electric charge at rest produce
an electric field around it.
(b) A current carrying conductor has a magnetic field and not an electric field around it. On the
other hand, a charge moving with a uniform velocity has an electric as well as a magnetic field
around it.
(c) An electric field cannot be produced without a charge whereas a magnetic field can be produced
without a magnet.
(d) No poles are produced in a coil carrying current but such a coil shows north and south polarities.
(e) All oscillating or an accelerated charge produces E.M. waves also in additions to electric and
magnetic fields.
Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 1

• Current Element
A very small element ab of length d of a thin conductor carrying current I called current
element. Current element is a vector quantity whose magnitude is equal to the product of
current and length of small element having the direction of the flow of current.
dB
P
→
r
I
I

a
d b d→
• Biot–Savart's Law
With the help of experimental results, Biot and Savart arrived at a mathematical expression
that gives the magnetic field at some point in space in terms of the current that produces the
field. That expression is based on the following experimental observations for the magnetic
field dB at a point P associated with a length element d of a wire carrying a steady current I.
1 Id sin  0 Id sin 
dB  I, dB  d, dB  sin and dB   dB  dB =
r 2
r 2
4 r2
Vector form of Biot-Savart's law

0 Id sin 
dB = ˆ =unit vector perpendicular to the plane of ( Id ) and ( r )
n
4 r2
0 Id  r
dB = [ Id × r = (Id) (r)sin n̂ ]
4 r3
Key Points
0 Id  r
• According to dB = , direction of magnetic field vector (dB) is always perpendicular
4 r3
to the plane of vectors (Id ) and ( r ), where plane of (Id ) and ( r ) is the plane of wire.
• Magnetic field on the axis of current carrying conductor is always zero ( = 0° or  = 180°)
• Magnetic field on the perimeter of circular loop or coil is always minimum.
Magnetic Field Lines (By Michal Faraday)

In order to visualize a magnetic field graphically, Michal faraday introduced the concept of field lines.
Field lines of magnetic field are imaginary lines which represents direction of magnetic field
continuously.

Key Points
• Magnetic field lines are closed curves.
• Tangent drawn at any point on field line represents direction of the field at that point.
• Field lines never intersects to each other.
• At any place crowded lines represent stronger field while distant lines represent weaker field.
• In any region, if field lines are equidistant and straight the field is uniform otherwise not.
Non-uniform Field Uniform Field
Magnitude is Direction is Both magnitude Both magnitude

not constant not constant and direction are and direction are
not constant constant
• Magnetic field lines emanate from or enters in the surface of a magnetic material at any angle.
• Magnetic field lines exist inside every magnetised material.
• Magnetic field lines can be mapped by using iron dust or using compass needle.
Right Hand Thumb Rule

This rule gives the pattern of magnetic field lines due to current carrying wire.
(i) Straight current (ii) Circular current
Thumb → In the direction of current Curling fingers → In the direction of current,
Curling fingers → Gives field line pattern Thumb → Gives field line pattern
Case I: wire in the plane of the paper Case I: wire in the plane of the paper
I
Magnetic
field lines ACW CW
B B
Towards observer or Away from the observer

perpendicular or perpendicular
I out-wards inwards
Case II: Wire is ⊥ to the plane of the paper. Case II: Wire is ⊥ to the plane of the paper
ACW CW
S N N S
B I
ACW concentric & CW concentric &
circular field lines circular field lines Towards observer Away from the observer

Key Points
• When current is straight, field is circular

• When current is circular, field is straight (along axis)
• When wire is in the plane of paper, the field is perpendicular to the plane of the paper.
• When wire is perpendicular to the plane of paper, the field is in the plane of the paper.
Application of Biot-Savart Law

• Magnetic Field Surrounding a Thin Straight Current Carrying Conductor
A
id
 r

a  
O

P
B
AB is a straight conductor carrying current i from B to A. At a point P, whose perpendicular
distance from AB is OP =a, the direction of field is perpendicular to the plane of paper, inwards
(represented by a cross)
= a tan  dl = a sec2 d...(i)  = 90° –  & r = asec
• By Biot-Savart’s law
0 id sin 
dB =  (due to a current element id at point P)
4 r2
0 id sin  0i
B =  dB = 4 r 2
(due to wire AB)  B =
4 
cos d
Taking limits of integration as – 2 – 2 to 1

1
0i 0i 1 0i
B=
4a −  cos d = 4a sin  −2
sin 1 + sin 2  (inwards)
4a 
2
Example:
Magnetic field due to infinite length wire at point 'P'
Solution:
0I 0I
BP = [sin90° + sin90°] BP =
4d 2d

I 2 = 90°
90°
M P
1 = 90°
d
−

Example:
Magnetic field due to semi infinite length wire at point 'P'
Solution:
0I 0I
BP = [sin + sin90°] BP = [sin + 1]
4d 4d
90° 2=90°
M P
1=
L d
Example:
Magnetic field due to special semi infinite length wire at point 'P'
Solution:
0I 0I
BP = [sin0° + sin90°]; BP =
4d 4d
I
90° 2=90°
M 1=° P
d
Example:
Magnetic field due to special finite length wire at point 'P'
N
90° 2=°
M P
d
1=0°
Solution:
0I 0I
BP = [sin0° + sin]; BP = sin
4d 4d
Example:
If point ‘P’ lies outside the line of wire then magnetic field at point ‘P’:
d
−  P
2
− 
I 1

Solution:
0I I
BP = sin (90 −  1 ) − sin (90 − 2 ) = 0 (cos  1 − cos 2 )
4d   4d
• Magnetic Field Due to a Loop of Current

Magnetic field lines due to a loop of wire are shown in the figure
B
i
i
i
The direction of magnetic field on the axis of current loop can be determined by right hand
thumb rule. If fingers of right hand are curled in the direction of current, the stretched thumb
is in the direction of magnetic field.
• Calculation of Magnetic Field

Consider a current loop placed in y-z plane carrying current i in anticlockwise sense as seen
from positive x-axis. Due to a small current element id shown in the figure, the magnetic field
0 id sin90 0
at P is given by dB = .
4 r2
z-axis
id
i y-axis
R
r= R2+x2
O
  dB
x
i P
x-axis
The angle between id and r is 900 because id is along y-axis, while r lies in x-z plane. The
direction of dB is perpendicular to r as shown. The vector dB can be resolved into two
components, dB cos along z-axis and dB sin along x-axis.
For any two diametrically opposite current elements, the components along x-axis add up, while
the other two components cancel out. Therefore, the field at P is due to x-component of field
only. Hence, we have
0 id  id R  iR
B=  dBsin =  sin  =  0 2   B = 0 3  d   d = 2R
4 r 2
4 r r 4r
B =
0 i  2R2
=
0 i  2R2
( r = R2 + x 2 )
4 r 3
( )
4 R2 + x2 3/2
z-axis
dBcos
 dB
P
x-axis
dBsin

 0i
(a) At the centre, x=0, Bcentre=
2R
−3/2
 i x2  0i  3x2 
(b) At points very close to centre, x<<R  B= 0  1 + 2  =  1 − 2 
2  R  2  2R 
0 2R2
(c) At points far off from the centre, x>>R  B=
4 x 3
 0 2M
(d) The result in point (c) is also expressed as B =
4  x3
Where M =  × R2, is called magnetic dipole moment.
Example:
Find the magnetic field at the centre of a current carrying conductor bent in the form of an arc
subtending angle  at its centre. Radius of the arc is R.
Solution:
Let the arc lie in x-y plane with its centre at the origin. y-axis
Consider a small current element id as shown. id i

The field due to this element at the centre is
 0 id sin900
dB=
4 R2
( id and R are perpendicular ) R
d

 iRd  i R
Now d = Rd  dB = 0 dB = 0 d 
4 R 2
4 R
x-axis
The direction of field is outward perpendicular to plane of paper O
0i 
0i  0i
Total magnetic field B=  dB  B =
4R  d = 4R 
0
0
B =
4R

Example:
Find the magnetic field at the centre of a current carrying conductor bent in the form of an arc
subtending angle 1 and 2 at the centre.
Solution:
Magnetic field at the centre of arc abc and adc wire of circuit loop
0I1 1 0I2 2 Babc I1 1
Babc = and Badc =  =
4r 4r Badc I2 2 b
arc length 1
  angle =  = 1
1
radius 2 2 a
I1
I1 R2 I1  2
 V = I1R1 = I2R2  =  = 2
( R = R ) d
I2 R1 I2 1
A
I2
c
Babc     B 1
 =  2
 
1
 
1
=
Badc  B 1
 1   2  2

Helmholt'z Coils Arrangement
This arrangement is used to produce uniform magnetic field of short range. It consists:
R
(N, I, R) (N, I, R)
ACW ACW
O1 O2
M
(uniform magnetic field

of short range BHC)
P S Q
O1 M O
R/ 2 R/ 2 2
• Two identical co–axial coils (N, I, R same)

• Placed at distance (center to center) equal to radius ('R') of coils
• Planes of both coils are parallel to each other.
• Current direction is same in both coils (observed from same side) otherwise this arrangement
is not called "Helmholtz coil arrangement".
Example:
A pair of stationary and infinitely long bent wires is placed in the x-y plane as shown in fig. The
wires carry currents of 10 ampere each as shown. The segments L and M are along the x-axis.
The segments P and Q are parallel to the y-axis such that OS = OR = 0.02 m. Find the magnitude
and direction of the magnetic induction at the origin O.
I Q
R O S
L M
P I
Solution:
As point O is along the length of segments L and M so the field at O due to these segments will be
0 I ˆ  I ˆ
zero. Further, as the point O is near one end of a long wire, BR = BP + BQ = (k) + 0 (k) [as
4 d 4 d
RO = SO = d]
0  2I  ˆ 2  10 ˆ Wb ˆ
so, BR =   (k) Substituting the given data, BR = 10 × (k) = 10–4 2 (k)
–7
4  d  0.02 m
B = 10–4 T and in (+z) direction.
Example:
Calculate the field at the centre of a semi-circular wire of radius R in situations depicted in
figure (i), (ii) and (iii) if the straight wire is of infinite length.
I a I a
b I
R
R R
a c b I O I
O
I O I b
I I
c c
R R
(i)
(ii) (iii)

Solution:
The magnetic field due to a straight current carrying wire of infinite length, for a point at a
 0I
distance R from one of its ends is zero if the point is along its length and if the point is
4R
 0I
on a line perpendicular to its length while at the centre of a semicircular coil is so net
4R
→ → → →
magnetic field at the centre of semicircular wire is BR = Ba + Bb + Bc
0 I I
(i) BR = 0 +  + 0 = 0  (into the page)
4 R 4R
0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I
(ii) BR = + + = [ + 2] (out of the page)
4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R
0 I 0 I  I 0 I
(iii) BR = + + 0 = [ – 2] (in to the page)
4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R
Example:
Calculate the magnetic induction at the point O, if the current carrying wire is in the shape
shown in figure. The radius of the curved part of the wire is a and linear parts are assumed to
be very long and parallel.
b
c I d
a e
Solution:
Magnetic induction at the point O due to circular portion of the wire
µ0I 0i 3 3
B1 = =   (out of the page) ( = )
4R 4a 2 2
Magnetic induction at O due to wire cd will be zero since O lies on the line cd itself when
extended backward.
Magnetic induction at O due to infinitely long straight wire ae is
µ0i  µi     µi
 B2 = [sin 1 + sin 2 ] where r = a, 1 = 0, 2 =  B2= 0 sin0 + sin    = 0
4r 2 4a   2  4a
Because both the fields are in same direction i.e. perpendicular to plane of paper and directed
0i  3 
upwards, hence the resultant magnetic induction at O is B = B1 + B2 =  + 1
4a  2 
Example:
In the frame work of wires shown in figure, a current i is allowed to flow. Calculate the magnetic
induction at the centre O. If angle  is equal to 90°, then what will be the value of magnetic
induction at O?
B i
A R2
C

D
O
i R1
E

Solution:
0i
Magnetic induction at O due to the segment BC is B1 = 
4R2
0i
Similarly, the magnetic induction at O due to circular segment AED is B2 = (2 − ) 
4R1
Magnetic field due to segments AB and CD is zero, because point 'O' lies on axis of these parts.
0i   2 −  
Hence resultant magnetic induction at O is B = B1 + B2 =  + ,
4  R2 R1 
 0i   3  0i  1 3
If  = 90° = , then B=  +  =  + 
2 4  2R2 2R1  8  R2 R 1 
Example:
Two concentric circular coils X and Y of radii 16 cm and 10 cm respectively lie in the same
vertical plane containing the north-south direction. Coil X has 20 turns and carries a current of
16 A; coil Y has 25 turns and carries a current of 18 A. The sense of the current in X is
anticlockwise, and in Y clockwise, for an observer looking at the coils facing the west.
What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at their common centre
(i) Due to coil X alone?
(ii) Due to coil Y alone?
(iii) Due to both the coils?
Solution:
According to the figure the magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of coil X is
0  xNx 2  10−7 16  20
Bx = = × = 4 × 10–4 T N
2 rx 2 0.16 Coil X
Ix
Coil Y
Since the current in coil X is anticlockwise, the direction of Bx
is towards the east as shown in figure. W
By Bx
E
The magnitude of magnetic field at the centre of the coil Y Iy
0  YNY 4  10−7 18  25
is given by BY = = × = 9 × 10–4 T S
2 rY 2 2
 since the current in coil Y is clockwise, the direction of field BY is towards the west (see fig.).
Since the two fields are collinear and oppositely directed. The magnitude of the resultant field
= difference between the two fields and its direction is that of the bigger field. Hence the net
magnetic field at the common centre is 5  × 10– 4 T and is directed towards the west.
Example:
A long wire bent as shown in the figure carries current I. If the radius of the semi-circular
portion is "a" then find the magnetic induction at the centre C.
Z I
a Y
O
C
X I I

Solution:
0I
Due to semi circular part B1 =
4a
( −î )
0I ˆ , Bnet = BC = B + B = 0I ( −î) + 0I ( −k)
ˆ
Due to parallel parts of currents B2 = 2  (−k)
4a 1 2
4a 2a
0I
Magnitude of resultant field B = B21 + B22 = 2 + 4
4a
Example:
A piece of wire carrying a current of 6 A is bent in the form of a circular arc of radius 10.0 cm,
and it subtends an angle of 120° at the centre. Find the magnetic field due to this piece of wire
at the centre.
Solution:
I
120°
µ0I 2
Magnetic field at centre of arc B = ,  = 120° = rad
4R 3
0I 2  I 4  10−7  6  100
B=  = 0 = T = 12.57 µT
4R 3 6R 6  10
Example:
An infinitely long conductor as shown in fig. carrying a current I with a semicircular loop on
X-Y plane and two straight parts, one parallel to x-axis and another coinciding with Z-axis. What
is the magnetic field induction at the centre C of the semi-circular loop.
Y
I
I C r
O X
I
Z
Solution:
The magnetic field induction at C due to current through straight part of the conductor parallel
to X-axis is
0 I   0 I →
 I
B1 = sin + sin0 = acting along + Z direction. i.e. B 1 = 0 k̂
4 (r / 2)  2  2 r 2 r
The magnetic field induction at C due to current through the semi-circular loop in X-Y plane is
0 I 0 I I
B2 =
4 (r / 2)
( ) =
2 r
acting along + Z-direction i.e. B2 = 0 k̂
2r
The magnetic field induction at C due to current through the straight part of the conductor
coinciding with Z-axis is
0 0I  I
B3 =
I 
4 r / 2 

2

sin + sin0 =
 2r
acting along (–X)-axis i.e. B3 = 0 −î
2 r
( )
Total magnetic field induction at C is
0I  0I 0I 0I
B = B1 + B2 + B3 = k̂ + k̂ – î = ( 1 +  ) k
ˆ − î 
2r 2 2r 2r  

Example:
A conductor carrying a current i is bended as shown in figure. Find the magnitude of magnetic
field at the origin
Solution:
y
i 2
1 i
r
3 x
O i
z
0i 1  0i  ˆ
Field at O due to part 1 B1 =
4r
( −î ) Field at O due to part 2 B 2
=  ( )
 −k
4  2r 

 Wire 3 passes through origin when it is extended backwards B3 = 0
0i  î k
ˆ
B0 = B1 + B2 + B3 = −  + 
4r   2 
Example:
A conductor of length 0.04 m is tangentially connected to a circular loop of radius 0.03 m
perpendicular to its plane. Find the magnetic field induction at the centre of the loop if 4
ampere current is passed through the conductor as shown in fig.
0.03m
4A 
0.04m
m
05
0.
Solution:
Magnetic field induction at the centre of the loop due to the straight current-carrying conductor,
0I 4  10−7  4  0.04 
B= sin 1 + sin 2  = sin0 +  = 1.07 × 10 T
–5
4r  4  0.03  0.05 
Magnetic fields due to the two halves of the loop are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction. So, the magnetic field induction due to the loop at the centre of the loop is zero. So,
the magnetic field induction at the centre of the loop is 1.07 × 10 –5T.
Example:
Figure shows a right-angled isosceles triangle PQR having its base equal to a. A current of I
ampere is passing downwards along a thin straight wire cutting the plane of the paper normally
as shown at Q. Likewise a similar wire carries an equal current passing normally upwards at R.
Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic induction at P. Assume the wires to be
infinitely long.
P
90° r
r
Q 45° R
a

Solution:
a
Let r = PQ = PR and a2 = r2 + r2 = 2r2 or r =
2
0I 20I 0I
Magnetic induction at P due to conductor at Q is B1 = = = (along PR)
2r 2a 2a
0I
Magnetic induction at P due to conductor at R is B2 = (along PQ)
2a
2 2
 0I   0I  2 0I  0I
Now, resultant of these two is B = B + B 2
1
2
2
=   +   = =
 2a   2a  2a a
The direction of B is towards the mid-point of the line QR.
Concept Builders-1
Q.1 A charged particle of mass 5 mg and charge q = +2C has velocity v = 2iˆ − 3jˆ + 4k
ˆ . Find out
the magnetic force on the charged particle and its acceleration at this instant due to magnetic
field B = 3jˆ − 2k
ˆ . v and B are in m/s and Wb/m2 respectively.
Q.2 A charged particle of charge 2C thrown vertically upwards with velocity 10 m/s. Find the
magnetic force on this charge due to earth’s magnetic field. Given vertical component of the
earth = 3T and angle of dip = 37°.
Q.3 Find resultant magnetic field at ‘C’ in the figure shown.

S R
C a
P i Q
3a
Q.4 Figure shows a square loop made from a uniform wire. Find the magnetic field at the centre
of the quare if a battery is connected between the points B and D as shown in the figure
Q.5 In the figure shown there are two parallel long wires (placed in the plane of paper) are carrying
currents 2 and  consider points A, C, D on the line perpendicular to both the wires and also
in the plane of the paper. The distances are mentioned.
Find (i) B at A, C, D

1 2

A 2 C D
a a/2 a
a
(ii) Position of point on line A C D where B is O.
Q.6 Shown in the figure is a conductor carrying a current I. The magnetic field intensity at the
point O(common centre of all the three arcs) is:
r 
O
5µ0I µ0I 11µ0I
(A) (B) (C) (D) zero
24r 24r 24r
Ampere's Circuital Law

Ampere's circuital law state that line integral of the magnetic field around any closed path in free
space or vacuum is equal to 0 times of net current or total current which crossing through the area
bounded by the closed path. Mathematically B . d = 0 I
I4
circulation
ACW
I3
I5
I1 I2
Positive
 I=(I1− I2+I3) Negative
This law independent of size and shape of the closed path.

Any current outside the closed path is not included in writing the right hand side of law
Note:
• This law suitable for infinite long and symmetrical current distribution.
• Radius of cross section of thick cylindrical conductor and current density must be given to
apply this law.

Magnetomotive Force (M.M.F.)
B . d = 0 I , where B = 0H , H.d

0
= 0 I  H . d = I
The line integral of magnetizing field around any closed path is equal to net current crossing
through the area bounded by the closed path, also called 'magneto motive force'. Magneto
motive force (M.M.F.) =  H. d
Application of Ampere's Circuital Law

• Magnetic Field Due to Infinite Long Thin Current Carrying Straight Conductor
Consider a circle of radius 'r'. Let XY be the small element of length d. B and d are in the
same direction because direction of along the tangent of the circle. By A.C.L.
I
r B
O y
ACW x
d
I
B . d = 0  I ,  Bd cos  = 0 I (where  = 0°)
B d cos 0 = 0 I  B  d = 0 I (where d = 2r )
0I
B (2r) = 0I  B =
2r
• Magnetic Field Due to Infinite Long Solid Cylindrical Conductor I

I
 For a point inside the cylinder r < R, Current from area R2 is = I R
Ir 2
I R
so current from area r2 is = ( r 2
) = 1 2 3
R2 R2 1 2 3
By Ampere circuital law for circular path 1 of radius r
Ir 2 0Ir
Bin (2r) = 0I' = 0  Bin =  Bin  r axis
R 2
2R2 Cross-sectionalaxis
view
Cross-sectional
 For a point on the axis of the cylinder (r = 0); Baxis = 0 view
I
1 2 3
 For a point on the surface of cylinder (r = R) I
1 2 3
By Ampere circuital law for circular path 2 of radius R R
R
0I
Bs (2  R) = 0I  Bs = (it is maximum)
2 R
B
Bmax
 For a point outside the cylinder (r > R): r
 1
Bout  r
By Ampere circuital law for circular path 3 of radius r B
r<R
0I 1
Bout (2  r) = 0I  Bout =  Bout  r=0 r=R r>R
2r r
Magnetic field outside the cylindrical conductor does not depend upon nature (thick/thin or
solid/hollow) of the conductor as well as its radius of cross section.

• Magnetic Field Due to Infinite Long Hollow Cylindrical Conductor
 For a point at a distance r such that r < a < b
b a
 For a point at a distance r such that a < r < b
 r2 − a2  1 2 3
B2(2r) = 0 I'  B2(2r) = 0I  2 
2 
b − a 
0I  r2 − a2  Axis
B2 =  
2 r  b2 − a2 
Side View
I
a 1 2 3
0I
 For a point at a distance r such that r > b > a, B3 (2r) = 0I  B3 = b
2r
Cross sectional
 For a point at the axis of cylinder r = 0; Baxis = 0 view
• Magnetic Field at Specific Positions for Thin Hollow Cylindrical Conductor

At point 1 B1 = 0 I
O 1 2 3
0I R
At point 2 B2 = (maximum) [outer surface] and
2R
B2 = 0 (minimum) [inner surface] B
Bout  1r
0I
At point 3 B3 = (for the point on axis Baxis =0)
2r r
r=0 r=R
• Magnetic Field Due to an Infinite Plane Sheet of Current

dBsin
dB
-z P  P

dB dBcos
x   dBcos
y r
x-axis
x x dBsin
An infinite sheet of current lies in x-z plane, carrying current along-z axis. The field at any point
P on y is along a line parallel to x-z plane. We can take a rectangular amperian loop as shown.
If you traverse the loop in clockwise direction, inward current will be positive.
By Ampere circuital law, 
PQRS
B.d = 0enlosed ....(i)
a
Let  represents current per unit length. P

B
Q
b
The current enclosed is given by enclosed=a
x-axis
Now, 
PQRS
B.d =  B.d
PQ
+  B.d
QR
+  B.d
RS
+  B.d
SR
b
S R
B
Now,  B.d =
QR
 B.d = 0 as B ⊥ d
SP
Also,  B.d +  B.d = 2  B  a as B d ( )  2B × a =  a  B = 2 0

0
PQ RS

Example:
A long straight solid conductor of radius 5 cm carries a current of 3A, which is uniformly
distributed over its circular cross-section. Find the magnetic field induction at a distance 4 cm
from the axis of the conductor. Relative permeability of the conductor = 1000.
Solution:
Imagine a circular path of radius r whose centre lies on the axis of solid conductor such that
the point P lies on it.
I Ir2
The current threading this closed path I'=  r2 =
R2 R2
I= 3A
r
P B
R= 5
c m
Magnetic field B acts tangential to the amperian circular path at P and is same in magnitude at
every point on circular path.
 Ir 2  0rIr
Using Ampere circuital law  B.d = µ0µrI'  B (2r) = 0 r  2   B =
2R2
R 
4  10−7  1000  3  0.04
B= = 9.6 × 10–3 T.
2  ( 0.05)
2
Example:
A current I flows along a thin walled tube of radius R with a long longitudinal slit of width
b (<<R). What is the magnetic field induction at a distance r (< R)?
Solution:
Using principle of superposition, field due to strip in place of slit + field due to tube with slit
B=0
0 I
So, B = field due to strip in place of slit =  b
2r (2R − b)
Magnetic Field Due to Solenoid

It is a coil which has length and used to produce uniform magnetic field of long range. It consists a
conducting wire which is tightly wound over a cylindrical frame in the form of helix. All the adjacent
turns are electrically insulated to each other. The magnetic field at a point on the axis of a solenoid
can be obtained by superposition of field due to large number of identical circular turns having their
centers on the axis of solenoid.

Magnetic Field Due to a Long Solenoid
A solenoid is a tightly wound helical coil of wire. If length of solenoid is large, as compared to
its radius, then in the central region of the solenoid, a reasonably uniform magnetic field is
present. Figure shows a part of long solenoid with number of turns/length n. We can find the
field by using Ampere circuital law.
Consider a rectangular loop ABCD.
For this loop 
ABCD
B.d = 0ienc
a
  B.d +  B.d +  B.d +  B.d = B  a

A D
Now B.d =
ABCD AB BC CD DA
b
This is because.  B.d
AB
=  B.d
CD
= 0, B ⊥ d
B C
And,  B.d
DA
= 0 ( B outside the solenoid is negligible
(Magnetic field lines)
Now, ienc = (n × a) × i s   × a = 0(n × a × i)   = 0ni
Finite Length Solenoid

Its length and diameter are comparable.
2 r
B
1 (uniform)
E P M E'

End-I End-II
By the concept of BSL magnetic field at the axial point 'P' obtained as:
0nI
BP = (cos 1 − cos 2 ) Angle 1 and 2 both measured in same sense from the axis of the
2
solenoid to end vectors.
Infinite length solenoid

Its length very large as compared to its diameter i.e. ends of solenoid tends to infinity.
(a) Magnetic field at axial point which is well inside the solenoid
0nI 0nI
1  0° and 2  180°  B  [cos0° – cos180°]  [(1) – (–1)] 0nI
2 2
(b) Magnetic field at both axial end points of solenoid
0nI 0nI 0nI
1 = 90° and 2  180°  B  [cos90° – cos180°]  [(0) – (–1)]
2 2 2
Example:
The length of solenoid is 0.1m, and its diameter is very small. A wire is wound over it in two
layers. The number of turns in inner layer is 50 and that of outer layer is 40. The strength of
current flowing in two layers in opposite direction is 3A. Then find magnetic induction at the
middle of the solenoid.

Solution:
Direction of magnetic field due to both layers is opposite, as direction of current is opposite so
N1 N2
Bnet = B1 – B2 = 0n1I1 – 0n2I2 = 0 I – 0 I (I1= I2 = I)
0I 4  10–7  3
= (N1 – N2) = (50 – 40) = 12 × 10–5 T
01
Example:
A closely wound, solenoid 80 cm. long has 5 layers of winding of 400 turns each. The diameter
of the solenoid is 1.8 cm. If the current carried is 8.0A. Estimate the magnetic field
(a) Inside the solenoid
(b) Axial end points of the solenoid
Solution:
(a) Magnetic field inside the solenoid
N 4  10−7  2000  8
Bin = 0nI = 0 I, (N=400× 5= 2000) = = 8 × 10–3 T
(80  10−2 )
0nI 8  10−3
(b) Magnetic field at axial end points of solenoid Bends = = = 4 × 10–3 T
2 2
Example:
A straight long solenoid is produced magnetic field 'B' at its centre. If it cut into two equal parts
and same number of turns wound on one part in double layer. Find magnetic field produced by
new solenoid at its centre.
Solution
Magnetic field produced by a long solenoid is B = 0nI, where n = N/
 Same number of turns wound over half length
 N   0NI 
 Magnetic field produced by new solenoid is B' = 0   I = 2   = 2B
 / 2  
Example:
Find out magnetic field at axial point ‘P’ of solenoid shown in figure (where turn density ‘n’ and
current through it is I)
30° 60°
P
Solution:
Magnetic field at point ‘P’ due to finite length solenoid
0nI
BP = [cos 1 – cos 2], where 1 = 30° (CW), end end
2
30° 60°
0nI P
2 = (180°–60°) = 120° (CW) = [cos 30°–cos 120°]
2
0nI  3  1    nI
=  −  −   = 0 ( 3 + 1)
2  2  2   4

Example:
A uniform magnetic field exists in a region. A current carrying wire is placed in x-y plane as
shown. Find the force acting on part AB of the wire.
y
B=B0k
a
a a
i
a a B
A
x
Solution:
The conductor consists of 5 straight sections viz AC, CD, DE, EF and FB as shown. As the field
is uniform, force on the sections is given by
( ) (
F = i î  B . Thus, FAC = i aiˆ  B0k )
ˆ = −B iajˆ
0
(
FCD = i ajˆ  B0k )
0 DE (
ˆ = B iaiˆ , F = i aiˆ  B k
0 )
ˆ = −B iajˆ , F = i −ajˆ  B k
0 EF 0 (
ˆ = −B iaiˆ
0 )
FFB = i (ajˆ  B k
ˆ ) = −B iajˆ Net force, F = F
0 0 AC
+ FCD + FDE + FEF + FFB = −3B0iajˆ
Current Carrying Conductor in Magnetic Field

When a current carrying conductor placed in magnetic field, a magnetic force exerts on each free
electron which are present inside the conductor. The resultant of these forces on all the free electrons
is called magnetic force on conductor.
• Magnetic Force on Current Element

Through experiments Ampere established that when current element I d is placed in magnetic
→
field B , it experiences a magnetic force dFm = I(d  B)
→
Id
→  (Cw) →
dFm x B
(external)
 Current element in a magnetic field does not experience any force if the current in it is
parallel or anti–parallel with the field  = 0° or 180° dFm = 0 (min.)
 Current element in a magnetic field experiences maximum force if the current in it is
perpendicular with the field  = 90° dFm = BId (max.)
 Magnetic force on current element is always perpendicular to the current element vector
and magnetic field vector.
→
dFm ⊥ I d and dFm ⊥ B (always)
 Total magnetic force on straight current carrying conductor in uniform magnetic field given
as

f
f 
Fm =  dFm   d  = I × B , Fm = I(L  B)
i  i 
I
i f
L N
L
f →
Where L = d
i
, vector sum of all length elements from initial to final point, which is in
accordance with the law of vector addition and | L | = length of the conductor.
 Total magnetic force on arbitrary shape current carrying conductor in uniform magnetic field
is
f
f 
 dF m
= I   d  × B , Fm = I(L  B) (L = ab)
i  i 
I
Initial Final
point a point
L b
f
Where L = 
i
d , vector sum of all length elements from initial to final point or
displacement between free ends of an arbitrary conductor from initial to final point.
Key Points
• A current carrying closed loop (or coil) of any shape placed in uniform magnetic field then no
net magnetic force act on it (Torque may or may not be zero)
i=f
→
f
L = 
i
d = 0 or d =0
So net magnetic force acting on a current carrying closed loop Fm = 0 (always)
• When a current carrying closed loop (or coil) of any shape placed in non-uniform magnetic
field then net magnetic force is always acts on it (Torque may or may not be zero)
R
R R
i i
Example:
A wire bent as shown in fig carries a current i and is placed in a uniform field of magnetic
induction that emerges from the plane of the figure. Calculate the force acting on the wire.
Solution:
The total force on the whole wire is Fm = I| L |B = I(R + 2R + R)B = 4RIB

Example:
A square of side 2.0 m is placed in a uniform magnetic field v in a direction perpendicular to
the plane of the square inwards. Equal current i = 3.0 A is flowing in the directions shown in
figure. Find the magnitude of magnetic force on the loop.
→
x x x Bx
C D
x x x x
x x x x
xA x x E x
Solution:
Net force on the loop = 3 ( FAD ) 
 Force on wire ACD = Force on AD = Force on AED
 Fnet = 3(i) (AD) (B) = (3) (3.0) (2 2 )(2.0) N = 36 2 N. Direction of this force is towards EC.
Example:
A metal rod of mass 10 gm and length 25 cm is suspended on two springs as shown in figure.
The springs are extended by 4 cm. When a 20 ampere current passes through the rod it rises
by 1 cm. Determine the magnetic field assuming acceleration due to gravity to be 10 m/s 2.
x
x x k
k
F=bil x
T T
x x
Mg I x
Solution:
Let tension in each spring is = T0
Initially the rod will be in equilibrium if 2T0 = Mg then T0 = kx0 ...(i)
Now when the current I is passed through the rod it will experience a force
F = BIL vertically up; so in this situation for its equilibrium,
2T + BIL = Mg with T = kx (x = 4 – 1 = 3cm) ...(ii)
T Mg − BIL x BIL
So, from eq. (i) and eq.(ii) =  = 1−
T0 Mg x0 Mg
Mg ( x0 − x ) 10  10−3  10  3  10−2
B = = = 1.5 × 10–2T
ILx0 20  25  10−2  4  10−2
Example:
Two conducting rails are connected to a source of emf. and form an incline as shown in fig. A
bar of mass 50 g slides without friction down the incline through a vertical magnetic field B. If
the length of the bar is 50 cm and a current of 2.5 A is provided by the battery, for what value
of B will the bar slide at a constant velocity? [g = 10 m/s2]
I
v= I
co B
ns
t

Solution:
Fm
Force on current carrying wire F = BIL co
s R
The rod will move down the plane with constant velocity only if  m
gs
Fm in
F cos  = mg sin   BIL cos  = mg sin  

mg
mg 50  10−3  10 3
or, B = tan  =  = 0.3 T  = 
IL 2.5  50  10−2 4
Example:
A wire PQ of mass 10g is at rest on two parallel metal rails. The separation between the rails is
4.9 cm. A magnetic field of 0.80 tesla is applied perpendicular to the plane of the rails, directed
downwards. The resistance of the circuit is slowly decreased. When the resistance decreases
to below 20 ohm, the wire PQ begins to slide on the rails. Calculate the coefficient of friction
between the wire and the rails.
P
6V
4.9cm
Q
Solution:
Wire PQ begins to slide when magnetic force is just equal to the force of friction, i.e.,
E 6
µ mg = i B sin  ( = 90°) so i = = = 0.3 A
R 20
i B (0.3) (4.9  10 ) (0.8)

−2
so µ = = = 0.12
mg ( 10  10 ) (9.8)
−3
Example:
A wire abcdef with each side of length '' bent as shown in figure and carrying a current I is
placed in a uniform magnetic field B parallel to +y direction. What is the force experienced by
the wire.
Z
c
 
b a
d Y
e B
f
X 
Solution:
Magnetic force on wire abcdef in uniform magnetic field is Fm = I (L  B) , L is displacement
between free ends of the conductor from initial to final point.
L = () î and B =(B) ˆj ; Fm = I (L  B) = BIL (iˆ  ˆj) = BI (k)
ˆ = BI, along +z direction.

Concept Builders-2
Q.1 A solenoid of length 0.4 m and diameter 0.6 m consists of a single layer of 1000 turns of fine
wire carrying a current of 5.0 × 10–3 ampere. Find the magnetic field on the axis at the middle
V−s
and at the ends of the solenoid. (Given 0 = 4 × 10–7 ).
A −m
Q.2 A thin solenoid of length 0.4 m and having 500 turns of wire carries a current 1A; then find the
magnetic field on the axis inside the solenoid.
Q.3 If B and E denote induction of magnetic field and energy density at the mid-point of a long
solenoid carrying a current i, then which of the following graph is/are correct –
B E E E
(A) (B) (C) (D)
i i B B
Q.4 A solenoid is connected to a source of constant emf for a long time. A soft iron piece is
inserted into it. Then –
(A) self inductance of the solenoid gets increased
(B) flux linked with the solenoid increases hence steady state current gets decrease
(C) energy stored in the solenoid gets increased
(D) magnetic moment of the solenoid increased
Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Current Carrying Conductors

Like currents unlike currents
1 2 1 2
I1 I1 Repulsion
B2 B1 dF12 B2 B1 dF21
dF12 dF21
d d
The net magnetic force acts on a current carrying conductor due to its own field is zero. So consider
two infinite long parallel conductors separated by distance 'd' carrying currents I1 and I2.
Magnetic field at each point on conductor (ii) due to current I 1 is
0I1
B1 = [uniform field for conductor (2)]
2d
Magnetic field at each point on conductor (i) due to current I 2 is
0I2
B2 = [Uniform field for conductor (1)]
2d
consider a small element of length 'd' on each conductor. These elements are right angle to the
external magnetic field, so magnetic force experienced by elements of each conductor given as
I 
dF12 = B2 I1 d =  0 2  I1 d ...(i) (Where I1 d ⊥ B2)
 2d
 

 I 
dF21 = B1 I2 d =  0 1  I2 d ...(ii) (Where I2 d ⊥ B1)
 2d
 
Where dF12 is magnetic force on element of conductor (i), due field of conductor (i) and dF 21 is magnetic
force on element of conductor (ii), due to field of conductor (i).
dF12 dF21 0I1I2
Magnetic force per unit length of each conductor is = =
d d 2d
0I1I2 2I1I2
f= N/m (in S.I.) f = dyne/cm (In C.G.S.)
2d d
Definition of Ampere
Magnetic force/unit length for both infinite length conductor gives as
0I1I2 (4  10−7 ) (1) (1)
f= = = 2 × 10–7 N/m
2d 2  (1)
1 2
1A 1A
1m
'Ampere' is the current which, when passed through each of two parallel infinite long straight
conductors placed in free space at a distance of 1 m from each other, produces between them
a force of 2 × 10–7 N/m
L
I1 I2

d
(source) N
0I1I2
• Force scale f = is applicable when at least one conductor must be of infinite length so it
2d
behaves like source of uniform magnetic field for other conductor.
  II 
Magnetic force on conductor 'LN' is FLN = f ×  FLN =  0 1 2 
 2d 
 
• Equilibrium of free wire
Case I: Upper wire is free: Consider a long horizontal wire which is rigidly fixed another wire is
placed directly above and parallel to fixed wire.
I2 fm
(Stable (free) Finite length (m,)
Equilibrium) g
h
(fixed) I1 Infinite length

– +
(Source)

0I1I2
Magnetic force per unit length of free wire fm = , and it is repulsive in nature because
2h
currents are unlike.
Free wire may remains suspended if the magnetic force per unit length is equal to weight of its
unit length
0I1I2 m
At balanced condition fm = W'. Weight per unit length of free wire = = g (stable equilibrium
2h
condition)
If free wire is slightly plucked and released then it will executes S.H.M. in vertical plane.
h
The time period of motion is T = 2
g
Case II: Lower wire is free: Consider a long horizontal wire which is rigidly fixed. Another wire
is placed directly below and parallel to the fixed wire.
I1 (Source) Infinite length

– +
(fixed)
d (depht)
I2 fm
(Unstable (free) Finite length (m,)
Equilibrium)
g
0I1I2
Magnetic force per unit length of free wire is f m = , and it is attractive in nature because
2d
currents are like.
Free wire may remains suspended if the magnetic force per unit length is equal to weight of its
unit length
At balanced condition fm = W'
0I1I2 m
Weight per unit length of free wire = g (unstable equilibrium condition)
2d
Example:
Two horizontal parallel straight conductors, each 20 cm long, are arranged one vertically above
the other and carry equal currents in opposite directions. The lower conductor is fixed while
the other is free to move in guides remaining parallel to the lower. If the upper conductor
weights 1.20 g, what is the approximate current that will maintain the conductors at a distance
0.75 cm apart.
Solution:
In equilibrium magnetic force Fm will balance weight mg. Fm
P i Q
0i2
So, mg = Fm  mg =
2d d
mg
2mgd 2  1.2  10−3  9.8  0.75  10−2

i = = = 2205 = 47 A R i S
0 4  10−7  20  10−2

Magnetic Dipole Moment
A magnetic dipole consists of a pair of magnetic poles of equal and opposite strength separated by
small distance. Ex. Magnetic needle, bar magnet, solenoid, coil or loop.
• Magnetic Moment of Bar Magnet

Neutral point A
Magnetic -m +m
axis
S  N Cross sectional
0 view
The magnetic moment of a bar magnet is defined as a vector quantity having magnitude equal
to the product of pole strength (m) with effective length () and directed along the axis of the
magnet from south pole to north pole.
It is an axial vector
M= m 
2
S.I. unit : - A.m
Key Points
• Attractive property: A bar magnet attracts certain magnetic substances (e.g. Iron dust). The
attracting power of the bar magnet is maximum at two points near the ends called poles. So
the attracting power of a bar magnet at its poles called 'pole strength'
• The 'pole strength' of north and South Pole of a bar magnet is conventionally represented by
+m and –m respectively.
• The 'pole strength' is a scalar quantity with S.I. unit A–m.
• The 'pole strength' of bar magnet is directly proportional to its area of cross section. m  A
• The attracting power of a bar magnet at its centre point is zero, so it is called 'neutral point'.
• Magnetic poles are always exists in pairs i.e. mono pole does not exist in magnetism. So, Gauss
law in magnetism given as  B  ds = 0
• Effective length or magnetic length: – It is distance between two poles along the axis of a bar
magnet. As pole are not exactly at the ends, the effective length () is less than the geometrical
length (0) of the bar magnet.  ~− 0  91 0
• Inverse square law (Coulomb law): The magnetic force between two isolated magnetic poles
of strength m1 and m2 lying at a distance 'r' is directly proportional to the product of pole
strength and inversely proportional to the square of distance between their centers. The
magnetic force between the poles can be attractive or repulsive according to the nature of
the poles.
Fm  m1m2 µ0
(S.I.)
mm 4
Fm=k 12 2 where k
Fm  12 r 1 (C.G.S.)
r
Inverse square law of Coulomb in magnetism is applicable only for two long bar magnets
because isolated poles cannot exist.

• If a magnet is cut into two equal parts along the length then pole strength is reduced to half
m M
and length remains unchanged. New magnetic dipole moment M'=m'() =  = .
2 2
The new magnetic dipole moment of each part becomes half of original value.
m' = (m/ 2), × '= 

 S N m' = m '=/ 2
-m +m
M S N S N
S N S N
 M
M= m × M'= m× =
M' = (m/ 2) × '= M/ 2 2 2
• If a magnet is cut into two equal parts transverse to the length then pole strength remains
  M
unchanged and length is reduced to half. New magnetic dipole moment M' = m   = . The
2 2
new magnetic dipole moment of each part becomes half of original value.
• The magnetic dipole moment of a magnet is equal to product of pole strength and distance
between poles. M = m


N S
N S
N S

• As magnetic moment is a vector, in case of two magnets having magnetic moments M 1 and M2
with angle  between them, the resulting magnetic moment.
1/2  M2 sin  
M = M21 + M22 + 2M1M2 cos  with tan  =  
M1 + M2 cos  
Example:
The force between two magnetic poles in air is 9.604 mN. If one pole is 10 times stronger than
the other, calculate the pole strength of each if distance between two poles is 0.1 m?
Solution:
µ0 m1m2 10−7  m  10m
Force between poles F = or 9.604  10−3 = or m2 = 96.04 N2T–2
4 r2 0.1  0.1
 m = 9.8 N/T
So, strength of other pole is 9.8 × 10 = 98 N/T
Example:
A steel wire of length L has a magnetic moment M. It is then bent into a semicircular arc. What
is the new magnetic moment?

Solution:
M
If m is the pole strength then M = m.L  m =
L
L
If it is bent into a semicircular arc then L= r  r =

M L 2M
So new magnetic moment M' = m  2r = 2 =
L  
Example:
Two identical bar magnets each of length L and pole strength m are placed at right angles to
each other with the north pole of one touching the south pole of other. Evaluate the magnetic
moment of the system.
Solution: S
M2
M1 =M2 = mL

 M1
 MR = M + M + 2M1M2 cos = 2 mL
2
1
2
2
2 MR
NS N M1
Msin90
and tan  = = 1 i.e. = tan–11 = 45° M2
M + Mcos90
Magnetic Moment of Current Carrying Coil (Loop)

Current carrying coil (or loop) behaves like magnetic dipole. The face of coil in which current appears
to flow anti clock wise acts as north pole while face of coil in which current appears to flow clock wise
acts as south pole.
• A loop of geometrical area 'A', carries a current 'I' then magnetic moment of coil M = I A
• A coil of turns 'N', geometrical area 'A', carries a current 'I' then magnetic moment M = N IA
Magnetic moment of current carrying coil is an axial vector M = NIA where A is a area vector
perpendicular to the plane of the coil and along its axis. SI UNIT: A-m2 or J/T
ACW CW
M M
Direction of M find out by right hand thumb rule

• Curling fingers  In the direction of current
• Thumb  Gives the direction of M
For a current carrying coil, its magnetic moment and magnetic field vectors both are parallel
axial vectors.

Example:
Find the magnitude of magnetic moment of the current carrying loop ABCDEFA. Each side of
the loop is 10 cm long and current in the loop is i = 2.0 A
C D
B E
A F
Solution:
By assuming two equal and opposite currents in BE, two current carrying loops (ABEFA and
BCDEB) are formed. Their magnetic moments are equal in magnitude but perpendicular to each
other.
C D
B E
A F
Hence, Mnet = M2 + M2 = 2M
where M = iA = (2.0)(0.1)(0.1) = 0.02 A-m2
 Mnet = ( 2 )(0.02) A-m2 = 0.028 A-m2
Example:
The wire loop PQRSP formed by joining two semicircular wires of radii R1 and R2 carries a current
I as shown in fig. What is the magnetic induction at the centre O and magnetic moment of the
loop in cases (A) and (B)?
(A) (B)
I
R2 R2
O
R1 S R R1 I Q P
S R O Q P
Solution:
As the point O is along the length of the straight wires, so the field at O due to them will be
zero and hence.
0  I I 
(A) B =  +  i.e.,
4  R 2 R1 
0  1 1  1 1  1
I  −  & M = NIS = 1 × I  R22  + R21  = 2 I R2 − R 1  
2 2
4  R 1 R2   2 2 
(B) Following as in case (A), in this situation,
0  1 1  1
B= I  +   and, M = I R22 + R21  
4  R 1 R2  2

Magnetic Dipole in Magnetic Field
Torque on Magnetic Dipole

N
Fm=mB
CW
+m


B=(uniform)

S
CW
Fm=mB-m
(a) Bar Magnet

 = force × perpendicular distance between force couple
 = (mB) (sin), where M = m
 = 90°   = MB (maximum)
 = MBsin 
 = 0° or 180° =0 (minimum)
Vector form  = M  B
(b) Coil or Loop
I M CW
 = MB

 = NI ( A  B) O
B(uniform)
 = 90°   = BINA (maximum)
 = BINAsin
 = 0° or 180°  = 0 (minimum) Plane of coil
Key Points
• Torque on dipole is an axial vector and it is directed along axis of rotation of dipole.
• Tendency of torque on dipole is try to align the M in the direction of B or tries to makes the
axis of dipole parallel to B or makes the plane of coil (or loop) perpendicular to B .
Fnet=0 (no translatory motion)
• Dipole in uniform magnetic field
 may or may not be zero (decides by )
Fnet 0 (translatory motion)

• Dipole in non-uniform magnetic field
 may or may not be zero (decides by )
• When a current carrying coil (or loop) is placed in longitudinal magnetic field then maximum
torque acts on it.  = 90° (M ⊥ B)
 max = MB = BINA
• When a current carrying coil (or loop) is placed in transverse magnetic field the no torque acts
on it.
( )
 = 0° M B
→
or  = 180° (M anti B)  min = 0

Concept Builders-3
Q.1 Find the resultant magnetic force and torque on the loop.
Q.2 A straight rod of mass m and length L is suspended from the identical springs as shown in
the figure. The spring stretched a distance x0 due to the weight of the wire. The circuit has
total resistance R. When the magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of paper is switched
on, springs are observed to extend further by the same distance. The magnetic field strength
is…….
2mgR mgR mgR mgR

(A) (B) (C) (D)
LE EL 2LE E
Q.3 A metal wire PQ of mass 10gm lies at rest on two horizontal metal rails separated by 4.9 cm.
A vertically downward magnetic field of magnitude 0.8 Tesla exists in the space. The resistance
of circuit Rh is slowly decreased and it is found that when the resistance goes below 20, the
wire PQ starts sliding on the rails. Then coefficient of friction between wire and rail [Take
2
g = 9.8 m/s ] is-
P
6V Rh
(A) 0.10 (B) 0.12 (C) 0.16 (D) 0.24
Q.4 A straight conductor of mass m and carrying a current i is hinged at one end and placed in a
plane perpendicular to the magnetic field B as shown in figure. At any moment if the conductor
is let free, then the angular acceleration of the conductor will be (neglect gravity) –
× × × ×
Hinged
end
× × × B×
× ×i × ×
× × × ×
L
3iB 2 iB iB 3i
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2m 3m 2m 2mB

Work Done in Rotating a Magnetic Dipole
Work done in rotating a dipole in a uniform magnetic field through small angle 'd'
dW = .d = MBsind
So work done in rotating a dipole from angular position 1 to 2 with respect to the Magnetic field
2 2
direction W = 
1
dW = 
1
MBsin d = MB(cos1 – cos2)
• If magnetic dipole is rotated from field direction i.e. 1 = 0° to position 2 = 

then work done is W = MB (1 – cos) = 2MB sin2 /2
in one rotation  = 0° or 360°  W = 0 in 1/4 rotation  = 90°  W = MB
in half rotation  = 180°  W = 2MB in 3/4 rotation  = 270°  W = MB
• Work done to rotate a dipole in a magnetic field is stored in the form of potential energy of
magnetic dipole.
Potential Energy of Magnetic Dipole

The potential energy of dipole defined as work done in rotating the dipole from a direction
perpendicular to the given direction. U = W – W90°  U = MB (1 – cos) – MB = MB cos In vector
form U = −M . B
Key Points
• When M and B are parallel ( = 0°), the dipole has minimum potential energy and it is in stable
equilibrium. U = – MB (minimum)
• When M and B are anti parallel ( = 180°), the dipole has maximum potential energy and it is
in unstable equilibrium. U = MB (maximum)
• When M and B are perpendicular to each other ( = 90°), the dipole has potential energy
U = 0 and in this situation maximum torque acts on it hence no equilibrium.
Example:
A circular coil of 25 turns and radius 6.0 cm, carrying a current of 10 A, is suspended vertically
in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 1.2 T. The field lines run horizontally in the plane of
the coil. Calculate the force and torque on coil due to the magnetic field. In which direction
should a balancing torque be applied to prevent the coil from turning?
I →
B
I

Solution:
Magnetic force Fm= I (d B )
For coil or close loop d = 0 so Fm = 0
The torque  on a coil of any shape having N turns and current  in a magnetic field B is given
by  = NIABsin
 = 25 × 10 ×  × 6 × 6 × 10–4 × 1.2 × sin90° = 3.39 N
The direction of  is vertically upwards. To prevent the coil from turning, an equal and opposite
torque must be applied.
Example:
A uniform magnetic field of 5000 gauss is established along the positive z-direction. A
rectangular loop of side 20 cm and 5 cm carries a current of 10 A is suspended in this magnetic
field. What is the torque on the loop in the different cases shown in the following figures? What
is the force in each case? Which case corresponds to stable equilibrium?
Z Z Z
→ → →
B I B B
I
Y Y Y
O O I O
X (a) X (b) X (c)
Z Z Z
→ →
→ B B
B
O O Y O Y
30° Y
I
X (d) (e) (f)
Solution:
(a) Torque on loop, =BIA sin
Here,  = 90°; B = 5000 gauss = 5000 × 10–4 tesla = 0.5 tesla
 = 10 ampere, A = 20 × 5cm2 = 100 × 10–4 = 10–2 m2
Now,  = 0.5 × 10× 10–2 = 5 × 10–2 Nm
It is directed along –y-axis
(b) Same as (a).
(c)  = 5 × 10–2 Nm along –x-direction
(d)  = 5 × 10–2 N m at an angle of 240° with +x direction.
(e)  is zero. [Angle between plane of loop and direction of magnetic field is 90°]
(f)  is zero.
Resultant force is zero in each case. Case (e) corresponds to stable equilibrium.
Example:
A circular coil of 100 turns and having a radius of 0.05 m carries a current of 0.1 A. Calculate
the work required to turn the coil in an external field of 1.5 T through 180° about an axis
perpendicular to the magnetic field? The plane of coil is initially at right angles to magnetic
field.

Solution:
Work done W = MB (cos1–cos2) = NAB (cos1–cos2)
 W = Nr2B (cos1– cos2) = 100 × 0.1 × 3.14 × (0.05)2 × 1.5 (cos 0° –cos) = 0.2355J
Example:
A bar magnet of magnetic moment 1.5 JT–1 lies aligned with the direction of a uniform magnetic
field of 0.22 T.
(a) What is the amount of work required to turn the magnet so as to align its magnetic moment.
(i) Normal to the field direction?
(ii) Opposite to the field direction?
(b) What is the torque on the magnet in case (i) and (ii)?
Solution:
Here, M = 1.5 JT–1, B = 0.22 T.
(a) P.E. with magnetic moment aligned to field = – MB
P.E. with magnetic moment normal to field = 0
P.E. with magnetic moment antiparallel to field = + MB
(i) Work done = increase in P.E. = 0 – (–MB) = MB = 1.5 × 0.22 = 0.33 J.
(ii) Work done = increase in P.E. = MB – (–MB) = 2MB = 2 × 1.5 × 0.22 = 0.66 J.
(b) We have  = MB sin
(i)  = MB sin = 1.5 × 0.22 × 1 = 0.33 J. (=90° sin=1)
This torque will tend to align M with B.
(ii)  = MB sin = 1.5 × 0.22 × 0=0 ( =180°  sin=0)
Example:
A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.32 J/T is placed in uniform field of 0.15 T. If the bar
is free to rotate in plane of field then which orientation would correspond to its (i) stable and
(ii) unstable equilibrium? What is potential energy of magnet in each case?
Solution:
(i) If M is parallel to B then =0°. So potential energy U = Umin = –MB
Umin = –MB = –0.32 × 0.15 J = –4.8 × 10–2 J (stable equilibrium)
(ii) If M is antiparallel to B then  = ° So potential energy
U = Umax = + MB = + 0.32 × 0.15 = 4.8 × 10–2 J (unstable equilibrium.)
Atomic Magnetism
An atomic orbital electron, which doing bounded uniform circular motion around nucleus. A current
constitutes with this orbital motion and hence orbit behaves like current carrying loop. Due to this
magnetism produces at nucleus position. This phenomenon called as 'atomic magnetism.
Bohr's postulates
v
mv 2 kze2  h 
(i) = (ii) L = mvr = n   , where n = 1, 2,3....... ACW
r  2 
2
r +Ze
Basic elements of atomic magnetism: r  e
–
Fe
e ev e I(current)
(a) Orbital current: I = ef = = =
T 2r 2

(b) Magnetic induction at nucleus position: As circular orbit behaves like current carrying loop,
0I
so magnetic induction at nucleus position BN =
2r
0ef 0 e 0ev 0e
BN = = = =
2r 4r 2Tr 4r 2
(c) Magnetic moment of circular orbit: Magnetic dipole moment of circular orbit
er 2 evr er 2
( )
M = IA where A is area of circular orbit. M = ef r 2 =
T
=
2
=
2
Relation Between Magnetic Moment and Angular Momentum of Orbital Electron

evr m Le
Magnetic moment M =  =
2 m 2m I(current)
(angular momentum = mvr)
r
−eL
Vector form M = e
2m
M
For orbital electron its M and L both are antiparallel axial vectors.
Bohr Magneton (B)

nh
According of Bohr's theory, angular momentum of orbital electron is given by L = , where
2
n = 1, 2, 3 ........ and h is plank's constant.
eL eh
Magnetic moment of orbital electron is given by M = = n
2m 4m
eh
• If n = 1 then M = , which is Bohr magneton denoted by B
4m
• Definition of B
Bohr magneton can be defined as the magnetic moment of orbital electron which revolves in
first orbit of an atom.
eh 1.6  10−19  6.6  10−34
• B = = = 0.923 × 10–23 A.m.2
4m 4  3.14  9.1  10−31
Basic Elements of Atomic Magnetism for First Orbit of H-Atom (N = 1, Z = 1)

(a) Accurate form: (v = 2.18 × 106 m/sec, f = 6.6 × 1015 cy/sec. r = 0.529Å)
  • Orbital current I = 0.96 mA
  • Magnetic induction at nucleus position BN = 12.8 T
  • Magnetic moment of orbital electron M = 0.923 × 10–23 A.m2
(b) Simple form: (v  2 × 106 m/sec, f  6 × 1015cy/sec, r  0.5Å)
  • Orbital current I  1mA
  • Magnetic induction at nucleus position BN  4T
 • Magnetic moment of orbital electron M = µB A.m2

A Nonconducting Charged Body is Rotated with Some Angular Speed
In this case the ratio of magnetic moment and angular momentum is constant which is equal to
q
here q = charge and m = the mass of the body.
2m
Example:
In case of a ring, of mass m, radius R and charge q distributed on it circumference.
++ + + + +q
++ +
+
+ +
+ R +
+ +
++ +
++ + + + + + + 
Angular momentum L = I = (mR2)() ...(i)

Magnetic moment M = iA = (qf) (R ) 2
  R2
M = (q)   (R2
) = q ...(ii)
 2  2
 M q
f= From Eqs. (i) and (ii) =
2 L 2m
Although this expression is derived for simple case of a ring, it holds good for other bodies also.
For example, for a disc or a sphere.
qL q(I )
M= M= , where L = I 
2m 2m
Rigid body Ring Disc Solid Sphere Spherical Shell

2
mR 2 2
Moment of Inertia (I) mR2 mR2 mR2
2 5 3
qI q R 2 q R 2 qR2 qR2
Magnetic Moment =
2m 2 4 5 3
Force on a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
Force experienced by a current element d in magnetic field B is given by

dF = Id × B ...(i)
Now if the current element d is due to the motion of charge particles, each particle having a charge
q moving with velocity through a cross-section A, d = (nqAv ) d = (nqdV ) v [with volume dV=A d]
From eqn (i) we can write dF = ndV q (v  B)

ndV = the total number of charged particles in volume dV
(n = number of charged particles per unit volume), force on a charged particle
→
→ → →
1 dF
F = = q (v B)
n dV

Key Points
• The force F is always perpendicular to both the velocity v and the field B
• A charged particle at rest in a steady magnetic field does not experience any force.
If the charged particle is at rest then v = 0 , so v  B = 0
• A moving charged particle does not experience any force in a magnetic field if its motion is
parallel or antiparallel to the field.
q= 0°
q v F F
B B
B
v q
O  O 90° v
= 180° q v q
F= 0 F= vBsin Fmax=qvB
(A) (B) (C)
• If the particle is moving perpendicular to the field. In this situation all the three vectors F , v
and B are mutually perpendicular to each other. Then sin  = max = 1, i.e.,  = 90°, The force
will be maximum Fmax = q v B
• Work done by force due to magnetic field in motion of a charged particle is always zero. When
a charged particle move in a magnetic field, then force acts on it is always perpendicular to
displacement, so the work done, W =  F.ds =  Fds cos 90 = 0 (as  = 90°), And as by work
 1 
energy theorem W =  KE, the kinetic energy  = mv 2  remains unchanged and hence speed
 2 
of charged particle v remains constant.
However, in this situation the force changes the direction of motion, so the direction of velocity
v of the charged particle changes continuously.
Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
Motion of a charged particle when it is moving collinear with the field magnetic field is not affected by
the field (i.e. if motion is just along or opposite to magnetic field) (F = 0) Only the following two
cases are possible:
• Case 
When the charged particle is moving perpendicular to the field.
The angle between B and v is  = 90°. So the force will be maximum (= qvB) and always
perpendicular to motion (and also field); Hence the charged particle will move along a circular
path (with its plane perpendicular to the field). Centripetal force is provided by the force qvB,
mv 2 mv
So = qvB  r =
r qB

v qB
Angular frequency of circular motion, called cyclotron or gyro-frequency. = = and the
r m
2 m
time period, T= = 2 i.e., time period (or frequency) is independent of speed of particle
 qB
and radius of the orbit. Time period depends only on the field B and the nature of the particle,
i.e., specific charge (q/m) of the particle.
This principle has been used in a large number of devices such as cyclotron (a particle
accelerator), bubble-chamber (a particle detector) or mass-spectrometer etc.
• Case 
The charged particle is moving at an angle  to the field : (  0°, 90° or 180°). Resolving the
velocity of the particle along and perpendicular to the field. The particle moves with constant
velocity v cos  along the field ( no force acts on a charged particle when it moves parallel to
the field).
And at the same time it is also moving with velocity v sin perpendicular to the field due to
which it will describe a circle (in a plane perpendicular to the field)
m(v sin ) 2r 2m
Radius of the circular path r = and Time period T= =
qB v sin  qB
So, the resultant path will be a helix with its axis parallel to the field as shown in fig.
v sin  Helical Path
r
 B
v cos 
2m
The pitch p of the helix = linear distance travelled in one rotation p = T (vcos) = (v cos )
qB
Example:
An electron emitted by a heated cathode and accelerated through a potential difference of
2.0 kV enters a region with uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T. Determine the radius of the
trajectory of the electron if the field is –
(a) Transverse to its initial velocity
(b) Makes an angle of 30° with the initial velocity [Given: me = 9 × 10–31 kg]
Solution:
1 2eV 2  1.6  10−19  2  103 8
mv2 = eV  v = = −31
= × 107 m/s
2 m 9  10 3
−31
mv 9  10  (8 / 3)  107
(a) Radius r1 = = = 10–3 m = 1mm
qB 1.6  10−19  0.15
1
(b) Radius r2 = v = r1sin =1× sin30° =1 × = 0.5 mm
2

Motion of Charged Particle in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
Let a moving charged particle is subjected simultaneously to both electric field E and magnetic fiel B.
→ →
The moving charged particle will experience electric force Fe = qE and magnetic force Fm = q (v B) .
Net force on the charge particle F = q(E + v  B) "Lorentz-force"
Depending on the direction of v,E and B various situation are possible and the motion in general is
quite complex.
Case : v , E and B all the three are collinear:

E
v v'
q q
B
As the particle is moving parallel or antiparallel to the field. The magnetic force on it will be
F qE
zero and only electric force will act So, acceleration of the particle a = =
m m
Hence, the particle will pass through the field following a straight line path (parallel to the field)
with change in its speed.
In this situation speed, velocity, momentum and kinetic energy all will change without change
in direction of motion as shown in figure above.
Case : v , E and B are mutually perpendicular:

E
q Fe q
v v
Fm
B
If in this situation direction and magnitude of E and B are such that
F
Resultant force F = Fe + Fm = 0  a = =0
m
Then as shown in fig., the particle will pass through
E
the field with same velocity  Fe=Fm i.e. qE = qvB  v =
B
Example:
A beam of protons is deflected sideways. Could this deflection be caused by
(i) a magnetic field (ii) an electric field? If either possible, what would be the difference?
Solution:
Yes, the moving charged particle (e.g. proton, -particles etc.) may be deflected sideway either
by an electric or by a magnetic field.
(i) The force exerted by a magnetic field on the moving charged particle is always perpendicular
to direction of motion, so that no work is done on the particle by this magnetic force. That
is the magnetic field simply deflects the particle and does not increase its kinetic energy.
(ii) The force exerted by electric field on the charged particle at rest or in motion is always
along the direction of field and the kinetic energy of the particle changes.

Example:
A neutron, a proton, an electron an -particle enter a region of constant magnetic field with
equal velocities. The magnetic field is along the inwards normal to the plane of the paper. The
tracks of the particles are shown in fig. Relate the tracks to the particles.
C
× × × ×
B
× × × ×
A× × × ×
× × × ×
D
Solution:
Force on a charged particle in magnetic field F = q (v  B)
For neutron q = 0, F = 0 hence it will pass undeflected i.e., tracks C corresponds to neutron.
If the particle is negatively charged, i.e. electron. F = −e(v  B)
It will experience a force to the right; so track D corresponds to electron.
If the charge on particle is positive. It will experience a force to the left; so, both tracks A and
B corresponds to positively charged particles (i.e., protons and -particles). When motion of
charged particle perpendicular to the magnetic field the path is a circle with radius
mv m m  4m  m m m m
R= i.e. r  and as   =   while   =     
qB q q
   2e  q
 p e    q p
q
So r > rp track B to -particle and A corresponds to proton.
Example:
An electron does not suffer any deflection while passing through a region. Are you sure that
there is no magnetic field? Is the reverse definite?
Solution:
If electron passing through a certain region does not suffer any deflection, then we are not sure
that there is no magnetic field in that region. This is due to that electron suffers no force when
it moves parallel or antiparallel to magnetic field. Thus, the magnetic field may exist parallel or
antiparallel to the direction of motion of electron.
The reverse is not true since an electron can also be deflected by the electric field.
Example:
In a chamber, a uniform magnetic field of 8 × 10 –4 T is maintained. An electron with a speed of
4.0 × 106m/s enters the chamber in a direction normal to the field.
(a) Describe the path of the electron.
(b) What is the frequency of revolution of the electron?
(c) What happens to the path of the electron if it progressively loses its energy due to collisions
with the atoms or molecules of the environment?

Solution:
mv 9.1  10−31  4  106
(a) The path of the electron is a circle of radius r = = = 2.8 × 10–2m
Be 1.6  10−19  8  10−4
The sense of rotation of the electron in its orbit can be determined from the direction of
the centripetal force. F = – e ( v × B ). So, if we look along the direction of B , the electron
revolves clockwise.
(b) The frequency of revolution of the electron in its circular orbit
eb 1.6  10−19  8.0  10−4
f= = Hz = 22.4 MHz
2m 2  9.1  10−31
(c) Due to collision with the atomic consistent of the environment, the electron progressively
loses its speed. If the velocity vector of the electron remains in the same plane of the initial
circular orbit after collisions, the radius of the circular orbit will decrease in proportion to
the decreasing speed. However, in general, the velocity of the electron will not remain in
the plane of the initial orbit after collision. In that case, the component of velocity normal
to B will determine the radius of the orbit, while the component of velocity parallel to B
remains constant. Thus, the path of the electron, between two collisions is, in general,
helical. But an important fact must be noted: the frequency of orbital revolution remains
the same, whatever be the speed of the electron.
Example:
A beam of protons with velocity 4 × 10 5 m/s enters a uniform magnetic field of 0.3 tesla at an
angle of 60° to the magnetic field. Find the radius of the helical path taken by the proton beam.
Also find the pitch of helix. Mass of proton = 1.67× 10–27kg.
Solution:
mv sin 
Radius of helix r = (component of velocity ⊥ to field is vsin)
qB
3
(1.67  10−27 )(4  105 )
= 2 = 2 × 10–2m = 1.2cm
(1.6  10−19 )0.3 3
2r
Again, pitch p = vcos × T (where T= )
v sin 
v cos   2r cos60  2  (1.2  10−2 )
 p= = = 4.35× 10–2m=4.35cm
v sin  sin60
Example:
The region between x = 0 and x = L is filled with uniform, steady magnetic field B0kˆ . A particle
of mass m, positive charge q and velocity v 0î travels along X-axis and enters the region of
magnetic field. Neglect the gravity throughout the question.
(a) Find the value of L if the particle emerges from the region of magnetic field with its final
velocity at an angle 30° to its initial velocity.
(b) Find the final velocity of the particle and the time spent by it in the magnetic field, if the
magnetic field now extends up to 2.1 L.

Solution:
(a) The particle is moving with velocity v 0î , perpendicular to Magnetic field B0kˆ . Hence the
mv 0
particle will move along a circular arc OA of radius r =
qB0
Let the particle leave the magnetic field at A.
AD L r mv0
From CDA, sin60° = =  L = rsin30° = L =
CA r 2 2qB0
x=0
x=L
A
D
30°
r
30°
C
(b) As the magnetic field extends up to 2.1 L i.e., L > 2r, y
v0i
so the particle completes half cycle before leaving the magnetic
field, as shown in figure.
The magnetic field is always perpendicular to velocity vector,
v0i
therefore the magnitude of velocity will remain the same.
Final velocity = v0 ( −î) =– v 0î
r m
Time spent in magnetic field= =
v0 qB0
Example:
A uniform magnetic field with a slit system as shown in fig. is to be used as a momentum filter
for high energy charged particles. With a field of B tesla it is found that the filter transmits
-particle each of energy 5.3 MeV. The magnetic field is increased to 2.3 B tesla and deuterons
are passed into the filter. What is the energy of each deuteron transmitted by the filter ?
Source Detector
Solution:
r 2q2B2
In case of circular motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field Ek =
2m
So according to the given problem
r2 (2e)2 B2 r2 (e)2 (2.3B)2 (Ek )D (2.3)2  4
(Ek) = and (Ek)D = i.e. =
2(4m) 2(2m) (Ek ) 22  2
5.29
 (Ek)D = (5.3) × = 14.02 MeV
2

Concept Builders-4
Q.1 In the figure shown find the resultant magnetic force and torque about ‘C’, and ‘P’.
B
P Q
C R
Q.2 Prove that magnetic force per unit length on each of the infinitely long wire due to each other
is 012/2d. Here it is attractive also.
1 2
Q.3 A wire is bent in the form of an equilateral triangle PQR of side 20 cm and carries a current of
2.5 A. It is placed in a magnetic field B of magnitude 2.0 T directed perpendicularly to the plane
of the loop. Find the forces on the three sides of the triangle.
Q.4 A charged particle is accelerated through a potential difference of 24 kV and acquires a speed
of 2×106 m/s. It is then injected perpendicularly into a magnetic field of strength 0.2 T. Find the
radius of the circle described by it.
Example: m
q
A charged sphere of mass m and charge q starts sliding from rest on a
B
vertical fixed circular track of radius R from the position as shown in figure.
There exists a uniform and constant horizontal magnetic field of induction
B. Find the maximum force exerted by the track on the sphere.
Solution:
R O

Fm N R
mgsin 
mg
Magnetic force on sphere Fm = qvB (directed radially outward)

2 2
mv mv
 N – mg sin  – qvB = N = + mg sin  + qvB
R R
2mgR
Hence, at  = /2 we get Nmax = + mg + qB 2gR = 3mg + qB 2gR
R

Example:
An electron gun G emits electrons of energy 2keV travelling in the positive x-direction. The
electrons are required to hit the spot S, where GS = 0.1m, and the line GS makes an angle of
60° with the x-axis, as shown in the figure. A uniform magnetic field B parallel to GS exists in
the region outside the electron gun. Find the minimum value of B needed to make the electron
hit S.
B S
60°
x
G
Solution:
2EK 1
The velocity of the electrons emitted by electron gun along x-axis, is v =  E = mv2
m 2
The velocity of the electron can be resolved into two components v cos  and v sin , parallel
and perpendicular to the magnetic field respectively. Due to component v cos  electron will
move in the direction of magnetic field with constant speed v cos  but due to component v
sin , it will move on a circular path in the plane ⊥ to magnetic field. Hence electron will move
on a spiral path. As electrons are required to hit the spot S, hence distance travelled by electron
in one time period along the direction of magnetic field must be just equal to GS. The electrons
may also hit the spot S after two or more time periods but minimum value of B is required
As per above discussion,
GS = Distance travelled along the direction of magnetic field in one time period
2m 2EK 2m 2E 1

= (v cos ) × T = v cos  × = × cos  × B = × cos  × 2m ×
qB m qB m q  (GS)
2  2  1.6  10−16 cos60  2  3.14  9.1  10−31

=  = 4.68 × 10–3 T
9.1  10−31 1.6  10−19  0.1
Moving Coil Galvanometer

A galvanometer is used to detect the current and has moderate resistance.
Principle. When a current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque
given by  = NiAB sin  where  is the angle between normal to plane of coil and direction of
magnetic field. In actual arrangement the coil is suspended between the cylindrical pole pieces
of a strong magnet.
The cylindrical pole pieces give the field radial such that sin =1 (always). So torque  = NiAB If
C is torsional rigidity (i.e., restoring couple per unit twist of the suspension wire), then for
deflection  of coil =C. In equilibrium we have external couple = Restoring couple i.e.
NAB
C  = NiAB or  = i i.e.,   i
C

In words the deflection produced is directly proportional to current in the coil.
 NAB
The quantity = is called the current sensitivity of the galvanometer. Obviously for
i C
greater sensitivity of galvanometer the number of turns N, area of coil A and magnetic field B
produced by pole pieces should be larger and torsional rigidity C should be smaller. That is why
the suspension wire is used of phosphor bronze for which torsional rigidity C is smaller.
Conversion of Galvanometer Into Ammeter

An ammeter is a low resistance galvanometer; used to measure current directly in amperes and
is always connected in series with the circuit. To convert a galvanometer into ammeter, a low
resistance, called shunt, is connected in parallel to the galvanometer as shown in figure.
Let ig be the current in galvanometer for its full scale deflection and G the resistance of
galvanometer. Let i is the range of ammeter and is the current in shunt S. Then potential
difference across a and b is
Vab = ig G = iSS. ...(i)
At junction a, i=iS + ig i.e., iS=i–ig
S
Therefore from (i) igG = (i–ig)S or ig(S+G) = iS i.e., ig = i ...(ii)
S+G
This is the working equation for conversion of galvanometer into ammeter. Here i g < i.
ig G  ig 
From (ii) shunt required S= If ig << i, S=  G
i − ig  i 
 
1 1 1 SG
The resistance of ammeter RA so formed is given by = +  RA = ....(iii)
RA G S S+G
Note: Equation (ii) may also be used to increase the range of given ammeter. Here G will be
resistance of given ammeter, S shunt applied, ig its initial range and i the new range desired.
Conversion of Galvanometer Into Voltmeter

A voltmeter is a high resistance galvanometer and is connected between two points across
which potential difference, is to be measured i.e., voltmeter is connected in parallel with the
circuit. To convert a galvanometer into voltmeter, a high resistance R in series is connected to
the galva
V V
If V is range of voltmeter, then ig = or resistance in series R = − G ...(i)
R+G ig
This is working equation for conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter.
The resistance of voltmeter so formed is RV = R+G ...(ii)

Note: Equation (i) may also be used to increase the range of voltmeter. If V 0 is initial range and V is
V0 V
new range of voltmeter, then ig = =
G R+G
Concept Builders-5
Q.1 A proton (p), -particle and deuteron (D) are moving in circular paths with same kinetic energies
in the same magnetic field. Find the ratio of their radii and time periods. (Neglect interaction
between particles).
Q.2 A positive charge particle of charge q, mass m enters into a uniform magnetic field with velocity
v as shown in the figure. There is no magnetic field to the left of PQ.
Find
P
B
A
v

Q
(i) time spent,

(ii) distance travelled in the magnetic field
(iii) impulse of magnetic force.
Q.3 In the figure shown the magnetic field on the left on ‘PQ’ is zero and on the right of ‘PQ’ it is
uniform. Find the time spent in the magnetic field.
P
B
Q
Q.4 A proton, a dutron and an  particle with the same KE enter in a region of uniform magnetic
field, moving at right angles to B. what is the ratio of the radii of their circular paths ?
(A) 1 : 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 : 2 (C) 2 :1 : 1 (D) 2: 2:1

ANSWERS KEY FOR CONCEPT BUILDER
Concept Builder 1:
1. 0.8 ( −3iˆ + 2jˆ + 3k

ˆ ) m/s2 2. 2 × 10 × 4 × 10–6 = 8 × 10–5 N towards west.
 3 i 0i  40i
3. Bres = 2  0
+ = 4. 0
 2a 2a 3  3a

5. (a) Bres = 0
(b) It is clear from the above solution that B = 0 at point ‘D’.
6. (A)
Concept Builder 2:
  10−5
1. T , 2 × 10–6 T 2. 5 × 10–4 T 3. (ABD) 4. (ACD)
13
Concept Builder 3:
1. Fres = 0 ,  = iR2B(−ˆj) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (C)
Concept Builder 4:
1. 2IBR2 3. 0 4. 12cm
Concept Builder 5:
1. 1:2:2
m mv
2. (a) t= (b) r(2) = . 2 (c) –2mv sin  î
qB qB
3. m/qB
4. (A)
Some Worked Out Examples
Example 1:
Current i = 2.5 A flows along the circle x2 + y2 = 9 cm2 (here x & y in cm) as shown. Magnetic
field at point (0, 0, 4 cm) is
(A) ( 36  10−7 T ) k

ˆ ˆ ) (C)  9  10−7 T  kˆ
(B) (36  10−7 T ) ( −k
 9
(D) 
 ˆ)
 10−7 T  ( −k
 5   5 
Answer: (A)
Solution:
Magnetic field on the axis of a circular loop
  2iR2 2  2.5  32  10−4 ˆ  9 ˆ
B =  0  = 10−7  k=  10−5 T  k = ( 36  10−7 T ) k
ˆ
 4  (R2 + z2 )3/2
125  10 −6
 25 

Example 2:
There are constant electric field E 0ˆj & magnetic field Bk
ˆ present between plates P and P'. A
particle of mass m is projected from plate P' along y axis with velocity v 1. After moving on the
curved path, it passes through point A just grazing the plate P with velocity v 2. The magnitude
of impulse (i.e. Ft = p ) provided by magnetic force during the motion of particle from origin
to point A is :
y
E0 B0
Am v2
P
v1
m x
P'
(A) m|v2–v1| (B) m v 21 + v 22 (C) mv1 (D) mv2

Answer: (D)
Solution:
Electric force is only responsible for the change in momentum along y–axis. Therefore impulse
provide by magnetic force is JB = mv2.
Example 3:
Three identical charge particles A, B and C are projected perpendicular to the uniform magnetic
field with velocities v1, v2 and v3 (v1 < v2 < v3) respectively such that T1, T2 and T3 are their
respective time period of revolution and r1, r2 and r3 are respective radii of circular path
described. Then :-
r1 r2 r3 r1 r2 r3
(A)   (B) T1 < T2 < T3 (C)   (D) r1 = r2 = r3
T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3
Answer: (C)
Solution:
2m mv r
T= &r=  v
qB qB T
Example 4:
An infinitely long straight wire is bent as shown in figure. The circular portion
has a radius of 10 cm with its center O at a distance r from the straight part.
cm
10
The value of r such that the magnetic field at the center O of the circular O
r
portion is zero will be :-
10 20 1 5
(A) cm (B) cm (C) cm (D) cm
  5 
Answer: (A)
Solution:
0I 0I 10
Bcircular loop = −Bwire  = r = cm
2  10 2r 

Example 5:
Two cylindrical straight and very long non magnetic conductors A and B, y
insulated from each other, carry a current I in the positive and the B
A
negative z–direction respectively. The direction of magnetic field at origin x
is
(A) − î (B) + î (C) ˆj (D) – ˆj
Answer: (C)
Solution:
y
A B
BA BB
x
Example 6:
The magnetic force between wires as shown in figure is :-
i L
I
0iI2 x +L 0iI2  2x + L  0iI x +L
(A) n  (B) n  (C) n  (D) None of these
2  2x  2  2x  2  x 
Answer: (C)
Solution:
0I
Magnetic field at dr, B = i L
2r dr
Force on small element at a distance r of wire of length L is
r x
I
dF = i(dr)  0 
 2r 
  I
0iI x +L dr 0iI  x + L 
2 
F= = n 
x r 2  x 
Example 7:
A wire carrying a current of 4A is bent in the form of a parabola x 2 + y = 16 as shown in figure,
where x and y are in meter. The wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field B = 5kˆ tesla. The
force acting on the wire is
y
(A) 80 ˆj N (B) – 80 ˆj N (C) −160 ˆj N (D) 160 ˆj N

Answer: (C)
Solution:
F = I (  B) = 4 ( 8iˆ  5k
ˆ ) = −160 ˆj N

Example 8:
A conducting coil is bent in the form of equilateral triangle of side 5 cm. Current flowing through
it is 0.2 A. The magnetic moment of the triangle is :-
(A) 3 × 10–2 A–m2 (B) 2.2 × 10–4 A–m2 (C) 2.2 × 10–2 A–m2 (D) 3 × 10–4 A–m2
Answer: (B)
Solution:
Magnetic moment of current carrying triangular loop M = IA
1 3  5  10−2 
M = 0.2   5  10−2   = 2.2 × 10–4 A-m2
2 2 
 
Example 9:
A disc of radius r and carrying positive charge q is rotating with angular speed  in a uniform
magnetic field B about a fixed axis as shown in figure, such that angle made by axis of disc with
magnetic field is . Torque applied by axis on the disc is

qr 2B sin  qr 2B sin 
(A) , clockwise (B) , anticlockwise
2 4 Disc 
B
qr B sin 
2
qr B sin 
2
(C) , anticlockwise (D) , clockwise
2 4 Fixed axis
Answer: (D)
Solution:
M q q mr 2 qr 2Bsin  (
= M=     = MB = clockwise )
L 2m 2m 2 4
Example 10:
A particle of mass m and charge q is thrown from origin at t = 0 with velocity 2i + 3 j + 4k units
m
in a region with uniform magnetic field 2i units. After time t = , an electric field E is
qB
switched on, such that particle moves on a straight line with constant speed. E may be
(A) –8ˆj + 6k
ˆ units (B) −6iˆ − 9k
ˆ units (C) −12ˆj + 9k
ˆ units (D) 8jˆ − 6k
ˆ units
Answer: (A)
Solution:
n
At t = , v = 2iˆ − 3ˆj − 4kˆ ; For net force to be zero qv  B + qE = 0  E = −v  B = −8jˆ + 6k
ˆ
qB
Example 11:
q
A particle of specific charge =   1010 Ckg–1 is projected from the origin along the positive
m
x–axis with a velocity of 10 ms–1 in a uniform magnetic field B = −2  10−3 kˆ tesla. Choose correct
5
alternative(s)
(A) The centre of the circle lies on the y–axis
(B) The time period of revolution is 10–7 s.
5
(C) The radius of the circular path is mm

1
(D) The velocity of the particle at t =  10−7 s is 105 ˆj m / s
4
Answer: (A,B,C,D)

Solution:
y
F = q ( v  B) , v = 105 î , B = −2  10−3 kˆ  Force will be in y–direction
Motion of particle will be in xy plane
2m 2
Time period T = = = 10−7 s
qB   1010  2  10−3 t= T
4
mv 105 5 5
Radius of path = = =  10−3 m = mm
qB   1010  2  10−3  
x
t=0
T 10−7
At t = = s. Velocity of particle will be in +y direction.
4 4
Example 12:
A circular current carrying loop of radius R is bent about its diameter by 90° and placed in a
magnetic field B = B0 (iˆ + ˆj) as shown in figure. y
(A) The torque acting on the loop is zero
(B) The magnetic moment of the loop is

IR2 ˆ ˆ
2
−i − j ( ) I
(C) The angular acceleration of the loop is non zero. x

IR2 ˆ ˆ
( )
I
(D) The magnetic moment of the loop is −i + j z
2
Answer: (A,B)
Solution:
M=
2
(
IR2 ˆ ˆ
)
−i − j ;  = M  B = 0
Example 13:
A current–carrying ring is placed in a magnetic field. The direction of the field is perpendicular
to the plane of the ring–
(A) There is no net force on the ring.
(B) The ring will tend to expand.
(C) The ring will tend to contract.
(D) Either (B) or (C) depending on the directions of the current in the ring and the magnetic field.
Answer: (A,D)
Solution:
Net force = 0 and ring will tend to expand/contracts depending on I & B.
Example 14:
In the given figure, B is magnetic field at P due to shown segment AB of an
infinite current carrying wire. A loop is taken as shown in figure. Which of the
following statement(s) is/are correct.
 0i
(A)  Bd = 0i (B) B =
2r
(C) Magnetic field at P will be tangential (D) None of these
Answer: (C)
Solution:
Magnetic field at P is tangential.

Example 15 to 17:
Two charge particles each of mass ‘m’, carrying charge +q and connected with each other by a
massless inextensible string of length 2L are describing circular path in the plane of paper, each
qB0L
with speed v = (where B0 is constant) about their centre of mass in the region in which
m
an uniform magnetic field B exists into the plane of paper as shown in figure. Neglect any effect
of electrical & gravitational forces.
15. The magnitude of the magnetic field such that no tension is developed in the string will b
B0
(A) (B) B0 (C) 2B0 (D) 0
2
16. If the actual magnitude of magnetic field is half to that of calculated in part (i) then tension in
the string will be
2 2
3 q B0L q2B02L 2q2B02L
(A) (B) zero (C) (D)
4 m 2m m
2 2
3 q B0L
17. Given that the string breaks when the tension is T = . Now if the magnetic field is
4 m
reduced to such a value that the string just breaks then find the maximum separation between
the two particles during their motion
(A) 16 L (B) 4L (C) 14L (D) 2L
Solution:
15. Answer: (B)
T
mv 2 q + + 2q
T + qvB = qvB
L
 qB L  mv 2
T = 0;  q  0 B =  B = B0
 m  L
16. Answer: (C)
T
+ qvB0 mv 2 m(qB0L)2 q(qB0L) B0 q2B02L
T+ = ; T= −  =
qv(B0/2) 2 R m2R m 2 2m
17. Answer. (C)
2L v
V Maximum reparation = 2R + (2R – 2L)
R
mv 2
T + qvB =  B = B0/4  R = 4L  maximum separation =16L – 2L= 14L
R

Example 18 to 20:
Curves in the graph shown give, as functions of radial distance r, the magnitude B of the
magnetic field inside and outside four long wires a, b, c and d, carrying currents that are
uniformly distributed across the cross sections of the wires. The wires are far from one another.
B
a
b c
d
r
18. Which wire has the greatest radius?
(A) a (B) b (C) c (D) d
19. Which wire has the greatest magnitude of the magnetic field on the surface?
(A) a (B) b (C) c (D) d
20. The current density in wire a is

(A) Greater than in wire c
(B) Less than in wire c
(C) Equal to that in wire c
(D) Not comparable to that in wire c due to lack of information
Solution:
18. Answer: (C)
0I R
Inside the cylinder: B = r ...(i) I
2R2 r
0I
Outside the cylinder  B = ...(ii) r
2r
1
Inside cylinder B  r and outside B 
r
So from surface of cylinder nature of magnetic field changes.
Hence it is clear from the graph that wire ‘c’ has greatest radius.
19. Ans: (A)

Magnitude of magnetic field is maximum at the surface of wire ‘a’.
20. Ans: (A)

0 I dB 0 I I
Inside the wire B(r) = r; = i.e. slope   current density.
2 R 2
dr 2 R2 R2
It can be seen that slope of curve for wire a is greater than wire c.

Example 21:
Column-I gives some current distributions and a point P in the space around these current
distributions. Column-II gives some expressions of magnetic field strength. Match column-I to
corresponding field strength at point P given in column-II
Column – I Column – II
30i
(A) A conducting loop shaped as regular hexagon of side x, (P)
32x
Carrying current i. P is the centroid of hexagon
30i
(B) A cylinder of inner radius x and outer radius 3x, carrying (Q)
x
Current i. Point P is at a distance 2x from the axis of
the cylinder
 0i
(C) Two coaxial hollow cylinders of radii x and 2x, each carrying (R)
2x
current i, but in opposite direction. P is a point at distance
1.5x from the axis of the cylinders
0i
(D) Magnetic field at the centre of an n-sided regular (S)
3x
polygon, of circum circle of radius x, carrying current
i, n → , P is centroid of the polygon. (T) Zero
Answer: (A) → (Q) ; (B) → (P) ; (C) → (S) ; (D) → (R)

Solution:
P
0i
For A : BP = 6  sin30 + sin30 = 30i
4 ( x sin60 ) x x
60°
x
3 
0  i  2x
P
For B: BP =  8  = 30i
2 ( 2x ) 32x x
3x
1.5
x
0i 0i P
For C : BP = =
2 ( 1.5x ) 3x x
3x
 0i
For D : If n → , n sided polygon → circle so B =
2x

Example 22:
A very small current carrying square loop (current I) of side 'L' is placed in y-z plane with centre
at origin of the coordinate system (shown in figure). In column–I the coordinate of the points
are given & in column–II magnitude of strength of magnetic field is given. Then
y
. P2(0, a, 0)
.
P3(a, a, 0)
0
I
.
P1(a, 0, 0)
x
z
Column I Column II
0IL2
(A) At point O (0, 0, 0) (P)
2a 3
2 20I
(B) At point P1 (a, 0, 0) (here a > > L) (Q)
L
0 5 IL2
(C) At point P2 (0, a, 0) (here (a > > L) (R)
16 a 3
0 IL2
(D) At point P3 (a, a, 0) (here a > > L) (S)
4 a 3
0 5IL2
(T)
4a3
Answer: (A) → (Q); (B) → (P); (C) → (S); (D) → (R)
Solution:
0I     2 20I
For A : BP = 4   sin + sin  =
1
4 (L / 2 )  4 4 L
 
2  0  (IL2 )
2kM 4  0IL2
For B: BP = 3 =  =
2
r a3 2a 3
 0  2
kM   (IL )  IL2
 4  
For C : BP = = = 0 3
3
r3 a3 4a
 0  2
kM 1   (IL )  1  0 5IL
2
For D : BP = 1 + 3cos2  where cos  =  BP =  4  1 + 3 =

 
r3 (a 2 ) 2 16a3
3
4
2 4

GEO-Magnetism (BY DR. WILLIUM GILBERT)
The branch of physics which deals with the study of earth's magnetic field is called geomagnetism.
Important Definitions
(a) Geographic Axis : It is a straight line passing through the geographical poles of the earth. It is
also called axis of rotation or polar axis of the earth.
(b) Geographic Meridian (GM) : It is a vertical plane at any place which passing through geographical
axis of the earth.
Geographical
axis or polar axis
Geographical
North pole
Magnetic
south pole
Geographical
equator
Magnetic
Magnetic north pole
equator
Geographical
South pole
(c) Geographic Equator: It is a great circle on the surface of the earth, in a plane perpendicular to
the geographic axis. All the points on the geographic equator are at equal distance from the
geographic poles.
A great plane which passes through geographic equator and perpendicular to the geographic
axis called geographic equatorial plane. This plane cuts the earth in two equal parts, a part has
geographic north called northen hemisphere (NHS) and another part has geographic south called
southern hemi sphere (SHS).
(d) Magnetic Axis : It is a straight line passing through magnetic poles of the earth. It is inclined to
the geographic axis at nearly 17°.
(e) Magnetic Meridian (MM) : (i) It is a vertical plane at any place which passing through magnetic
axis of the earth. (ii) It is a vertical plane at any place which passing through axis of free
suspended bar magnet or magnetic needle.
(iii) It is a vertical plane at any place which contains all the magnetic field lines of earth of that
place.
North
West East
South ian
c merid
Magneti
(f) Magnetic Equator : It is a great circle on the surface of the earth, in a plane perpendicular to
the magnetic axis. All the points on the magnetic equator are at equal distance from the
magnetic poles.

Main Elements of Earth's Magnetic Field
Angle of Declination ()

At a given place the acute angle between geographic meridian and the magnetic meridian is called angle
of declination, i.e. at a given place it is the angle between the geographical north south direction and
the direction indicated by a agnatic compass needle in its equilibrium.
GM
MM
Angle of Dip ()

(i) It is an angle which the direction of resultant magnetic field of the earth substends with the
horizontal line in magnetic meridian at the given place.
GM
BH horizontal
line
BV
B
for NHS
MM
(ii) It is an angle which the axis of freely suspended magnetic needle (up or down) substends with
the horizontal line in magnetic meridian at a given place.
In northen hemi sphere, north pole of freely suspended magnetic needle will dip downwards
i.e. towards the earth surface. In southern hemi sphere, south pole of freely suspended
magnetic needle will dip downwards i.e. towards the earth surface.
Dip circle : Angle of dip at a place is measured by
the instrument called 'Dip-circle' in which a
Horizontal
magnetic needle is free to rotate in vertical plane. 90 0°
S
About its horizontal axis. The ends of the needle 0 0
move over a vertical scale graduated in degree. 90º

Dip
Horizontal Component of Earth Magnetic Field (BH)

Horizontal component of earth magnetic field at a E B Direction of
earth's magnetic
given place is the component of resultant magnetic field
field of the earth along the horizontal line in
magnetic meridian.
BH = Bcos and Bv = B sin  .......(1)
BV
so that tan  = and B = BH2 + B2V .......(2)
BH
At magnetic poles = 90° BH = 0 and only BV exist
• At magnetic equator  = 0° BV = 0 and only BH exist
 decides the plane in which magnetic field lies at any place, () and () decides the direction
of magnetic field and () and (BH) decides the magnitude of the field.

Apparent Angle of Dip (')
When the plane of vertical scale of dip circle is in the magnetic meridian, BH' =
BH c
os
the needle rest in the direction of earth's magnetic field. The angle made
GM 
by the needle with the horizontal is called true dip or actual dip. If the BH 
plane of vertical scale of dip circle not kept in magnetic meridian, then the B'V =BV
needle will not indicate the correct direction of earth magnetic field. B
MM
In this situation the angle made by the needle with the horizontal is called
the apparent angle of dip. Suppose the dip circle is set at an angle  to the magnetic meridian.
Effective horizontal component in this plane will be BHcos 
and no effect on vertical component BV
B'V BV tan 
Apparent angle of dip tan ' = tan ' =  tan' =
B'H BH cos  cos 
• For a vertical plane other than magnetic meridian
 > 0  cos  < 1  tan' > tan  ' > ,
so apparent angle of dip is always more than actual angle of dip at any place.
tan 
• For a vertical plane perpendicular to magnetic meridian  = 90°  tan' =
cos90
' = 90°, so in a plane perpendicular to magnetic meridian dip needle becomes just vertical.
Example:
At a certain place, the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field is 3 times of the
vertical component. What the angle of dip at that place.
Solution:
BV BV 1
BH = 3 BV, tan = = = = tan30°   = 30°
BH 3BV 3
Example:
A compass needle of magnetic moment is 60 A-m2 pointing towards geographical north at a
certain place where the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field is 40T, experiences a
torque 1.2 × 10–3 N-m. What is the declination of that place.
Solution:
Sm  N

N  1.2  10−3 1
W E  = MBsin  sin = = =   = 30°
MB 24  10−4 2
M
M
GM
Nm
S
Example:
If the dip circle is set at 45° to the magnetic meridian, then the apparent dip is 30°. Calculate
the true dip.
Solution:
tan  1 1 1  1 
tan' = ; tan = tan' cos = tan30°cos45° =  ; tan =   = tan–1  
cos  3 2 6  6

Example:
A magnetic needle is free to rotate in a vertical plane and that plane makes an angle of 60°
 2 
with magnetic meridian. If the needle stays in a direction making an angle of tan –1   with
 3
the horizontal direction, what would be the actual dip at that place ?
Solution:
 2 
tan = tan'cos ( ' = tan–1   ,  = 60°)
 3
2 2 1 1
 tan = tan(tan–1 )cos60° tan = × =   = 30°
3 3 2 3
Example:
A 1-meter long narrow solenoid having 1000 turns is placed in magnetic meridian. Find the
current in the solenoid which neutralises the earth’s horizontal field of 0.36 oersted at the
centre of the solenoid.
Solution:
The magnetic field intensity at the centre of solenoid is H = ni = 1000 i A/m = 4i ovested
( 1 amp/meter = 4 × 10–3 oersted)
Since it neutralises the earth’s field of 0.36 oersted, it is equal and opposite to the earth’s field.
 4i = 0.36
0.36
 i= = 0.0286 ampere = 28.6 milli-ampere or 28.6 mA
4  3.14
Example:
If 1 and 2 are angles of dip in two vertical planes at right angle to each other and  is true dip
then prove cot2 = cot21 + cot22.
Solution:
If the vertical plane in which dip is 1 subtends an angle  with meridian than other vertical
plane in which dip is 2 and is perpendicular to first will make an angle of 90 –  with magnetic
meridian. If 1 and 2 are apparent dips than
BV BV BV
tan 1 = tan 2 = =
BH cos  BH cos(90 − ) BH sin 
2
1 1 BH2 cos2  + BH2 sin2  BH2  Bcos  
cot 1 + cot 2 =
2 2
+ = = 2 =  = cot 
2
(tan 1 )2 (tan 2 )2 B2V BV  Bsin  

So cot21 + cot22 = cot2
Example:
Considering earth as a short bar magnet show that the angle of dip  is related to magnetic
latitude  as tan = 2tan

Solution:
For a magnetic dipole the field components at point P (r, ) are given as
µ0 2Mcos  µ0 Msin  B Br
Br = B =
4 r 3
4 r 3
P
BV Br µ0 2Mcos  4 r 3 S r
tan  = =− =− 
BH B 4 r3 µ0 Msin 

or tan = – 2 cot N
  
From figure  = + So tan  = −2cot  +   or tan = 2tan
2 2 
Example:
At a certain location in Africa, a compass points 12° west of the geographic north. The north tip
of the magnetic needle of a dip circle placed in the plane of the magnetic meridian points 60°
above the horizontal. The horizontal component of the earth’s field is measured to be 0.16 G.
Specify the direction and magnitude of the earth’s field at the location.
Solution:
From formula, BH = B cos 
BH
B= = BH sec = 0.16 × 2 = 0.32 G.
cos 
The earth’s field is 0.32 G, in direction 60° upwards from horizontal, in a plane (magnetic
meridian) 12° West of geographical meridian.
Example:
A dip circle shows an apparent dip of 60° at a place where the true
dip is 45°. If the dip circle is rotated through 90° what apparent dip C
will it show?
P A
Solution: S
Let 1 and 2 be apparent dip shown by dip circle in two perpendicular
positions then true dip  is given by T1
B
cot2 = cot21 + cot22 or cot2 45° = cot2 60° + cot22 T2
2
or cot2 2 = or cot2 = 0.816 giving 2 = 51°
3
Applications of Geo-Magnetism :- (Based on BH)

Tangent Galvanometer :-
It is an instrument which can detect/measures electric currents. It is also called moving magnet
galvanometer.
Principle :- It is based on 'tangent law'
Construction :-
(i) It consists of a circular coil of a large number of turns of insulated copper wire wound over
a vertical circular frame.
(ii) A small magnetic compass needle is pivoted at the centre of vertical circular coil. This
needle can rotate freely in a horizontal plane.

Tangent Law :- If a current is passed through the vertical coil, then magnetic field produced
at its centre is perpendicular to the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field since coil
is in magnetic meridian. So in the effect of two crossed fields (BH ⊥ B0) compass needle comes
in equilibrium according to tangent law.
Torque on needle due to (B0) – 1 = MB0sin(90–) Coil
2(ACW)
Torque on needle due to (BH) – 2 = MBHsin BF N
M
 1(CW)
At equilibrium condition of needle net torque on it is zero
90-
E
1 + 2 = 0 ; | 1 | + | 2 | W
B0
MB0sin(90–) = MBHsin S
B0cos = BHsin x Coil
sin 
B0 = BH ; B0 = BH tan  where BH = Bcos,  → angle of dip.
cos 
0NI  2B R 
 = BH tan so I =  H  tan
2R  N
 0 
I = K tan, so for this galvanometer I  tan 
The electric current is proportional to the tangent of the angle of deflection
Reduction Factor : is a constant for the given galvanometer at given place.
The reduction factor of a tangent galvanometer is numerically equal to the current required to
produce a deflection of 45° in it.
 = 45°  I = K tan(45°) ; I = K
SI unit of 'K'  ampere
• Sensitivity : A tangent galvanometer is both sensitive and accurate if the change in its deflection
is large for a given fractional change in current.
 = K tan or d = K sec2 d
d d 2d sin2 d
= = or d =
 sin  cos  sin2 2 
 
d = (d)max if sin2 = 1 = sin so =
2 4
The tangent galvanometer has maximum sensitivity when  = 45°.
Example:
Why is a short magnetic needle used in tangent galvanometer ?
Solution:
It is kept short so that the field around it is uniform.
Example:
Why does a tangent galvanometer fail to work at magnetic poles of the earth?
Solution:
Because horizontal component of earth's field (BH) is zero at the magnetic poles.
Example:
A cell of an emf of 2V and internal resistance of 0.5  is sending current through a tangent
galvanometer of resistance 4.5. If another external resistance of 95  is introduced, the
deflection of galvanometer is 45°. Calculate the reduction factor of galvanometer.

Solution:
E 2 2
I= = = ampere
r + R + R' 0.5 + 4.5 + 9.5 100
I 2
From I = K tan reduction factor K = = = 0.02 ampere
tan  100  tan45
Example:
Two tangent galvanometers A and B have their number of turns in the ratio 1 : 3 and diameters
in the ratio 1 : 2
(a) Which galvanometer has greater reduction factor
(b) Which galvanometer shown greater deflection, when both are connected in series to a d.c.
source.
Solution
NA 1 RA 1 I KA RA NA 1 3 3
(a) = , = ; Reduction factor K=  =  =  =  KA > KB
NB 3 RB 2 tan KB RB NB 2 1 2
(b) From I = Ktan , (I = same in series combination)

 KA > KB  tanA < tanB  A < B
Vibration Magnetometer
It is an instrument used to compare the horizontal components of magnetic field of earth of two
different places, to compare magnetic fields and magetic moments of two bar magnets. It is also called
oscillation magnetometer.
S N
mirror
Principle : This device works on the principle, that whenever a freely suspended bar magnet
horizontal component in earth magnetic field (BH) is slightly disturbed from its equilibrium
position then, it will experience a torque and executes angular S.H.M. *Rotation is possible only
in horizontal plane.
Angular S.H.M of Magnetic Dipole :- When a dipole is suspended in a uniform magnetic field it will align
itself parallel to field. Now if it is given a small angular displacement  about its equilibrium
position. The restoring torque acts on it:
 = – M BH sin   I  = – MBH sin  = – MBH , ( sin  − )
MBH MBH
 = (– )   = 2 (–)  2 =
I I BH N
I 
The time period of angular S.H.M.  T = 2

MBH
M = magnetic moment of bar magnet
I = moment of inertia of bar magnet about its geometric axis S

Comparison of Magnetic Moments of Magnets of The Same Size
Let the two magnets of same size have moment of inertia I and magnetic moments M1 and M2. Suspend
the two given magnets turn by turn in the metal stirrup of the vibration magnetometer and note the
time period in each case.
I I
Then T1 = 2 and T2 = 2
M1B M2B
T1 M2 M1 T22
Dividing, = or =
T2 M1 M2 T12
M2
Since T1 and T2 are known therefore the ratio can be determined.
M1
Comparison of Magnetic Moments of Magnets of Different Sizes

Let the two magnets have moments of inertia I1 and I2 and magnetic moments M1 and M2 respectively.
Place the two given magnets one upon the other as shown in Fig. (a). This combination is called sum
combination'. It has moment of inertia (I1 + I2) and magnetic moment (M1 + M2). Put this combination in
the magnetometer and set it into oscillations. The time period T1 is determined.
S N
S N
(a) sum combination
S N
N S
(b) difference combination
I1 + I2
T1 = 2 ...(1)
(M1 + M2 )B
Now, the two magnets are placed as shown in Fig. (b). This combination is called 'difference
combination'. It has moment of inertia (I1+ I2) and magnetic moment (M1 – M2). This combination
is put in the magneto meter and its time period T2 is determined.
I1 + I2
T2 = 2 ...(2)
(M1 − M2 )B
T1 M1 − M2
Dividing, = [from equation (1) and (2)]
T2 M1 + M2
M1
knowing T1 and T2, we can determine .
M2
Comparison of Earth's Magnetic Field At Two Different Places

Let the vibrating magnet have moment of inertia I and magnetic moment M. Let it be vibrated
in places where earth's magnetic field is BH and BH
1 2
I I
Then, T1 = 2 and T2 = 2
MBH MBH
1 2
T1 and T2 are determined by placing magnetometer at two different places, turn by turn.

T1 BH T12 BH B2 cos 2 B1 T22 cos 2
Dividing, = 1
or = 1
=  =
T2 BH T22 BH B1 cos 1 B2 T12 cos 1
2 2
B1
Knowing T1, T2 and 1 2 the ratio can be determined.
B2
Example:
Magnetic moments of two identical magnets are M and 2M respectively. Both are combined in
such a way that their similar poles are same side. The time period in this is case 'T 1'. If polarity
of one of the magnets is reversed its period becomes 'T2' then find out ratio of their time periods
respectively.
Solution:
T1 T2
I M I M
S N S N
S N N S
I 2M I 2M
Msystem = 2M + M = 3M Msystem = 2M–M = M
Isystem = 2I Isystem = 2I
I 1
T = 2 (Isystem → same, BH→ same) T ;
MBH M
T1 M2 M 1
= = =
T2 M1 3M 3
Example:
A magnet is suspended in such a way when it oscillates in the horizontal plane. It makes 20
oscillations per minute at a place where dip angle is 30° and 15 oscillations per min at a place
where dip angle is 60°. Find the ratio of the total earth's magnetic field at the two places.
Solution:
1 MBH 1 MBcos 
f=  f2 = · I and M are same in given cases
2 I 42 I
B1 f12 cos 2 20  20 cos60 16
=  =  =
B2 f2
2
cos 1 15  15 cos 30 9 3
Example:
Time period of thin rectangular bar magnet of vibration magnetometer is 'T'. If it is broken into
two equal parts than find out time period of each part at the same place.
(a) Along its length (b) Perpendicular to its length
Solution:
I ml 2
Time period of thin rectangular bar magnet T = 2 (here I = )
MBH 12
Case I Perpendicular to Its Axis : 
 
2 2
A A
for each part mass and length both become half N S N S N S
I M
moment of inertia I' = magnetic moment M' =
8 8
I/8 T
Time period of each part T ' = = [BH → same]
M/ 2 2

If bar magnet broken into 'n' equal parts perpendicular to its axis then time period of each part
T
becomes T´ =
n
Case - II Parallel to its Axis :-
for each part : mass become half and length remain same moment of 
I M N S
inertia I' = magnetic moment M' =
2 2

I/ 2
Time period of each part T ' = (A' = A/ 2)
M/ 2

If bar magnet cuts into 'n' equal parts parallel to its axis then time period
(A' = A/ 2)
of each part remain equal to time period original magnet
Example:
A vibration magnetometer consists of two identical bar magnets placed one over the other such
that they are perpendicular and bisect each other. The time period of oscillation in a horizontal
magnetic field is 25/4 sec. One of the magnets is removed and if the other magnet oscillates in
the same field, calculate the time period.
Solution:
Magnetic moment is a vector quantity. If the magnetic moments of the two magnets are M each
then, the net magnetic moment when the magnets are placed perpendicular to each other, is
2I
Meff. = M2 + M2 = M 2 and the moment of inertia is 2I. so T = 2
M 2H
I
When one of the magnets is withdrawn, the time period is T' = 2
MH
5 1
T' 1 T −
 = or T' = = 24 4
= 2 sec
T 21/2 21/2
Neutral Point
It is a point where net magnetic field is zero.
At this point magnetic field of bar magnet or current carrying coil or current carrying wire is just
neutralized by magnetic field of earth. (BH)
A compass needle placed at this neutral point can set itself in any direction.
Location of Neutral Points:
N
(a) When N–pole of Magnet Directed Towards North :- Two neutral points N
symmetrically located on equatorial line of magnet. Let distance of each BH BH BH
neutral point from centre of magnet is 'y' then y
Beq = BH W E
nutral nutral
0 M 0 M y
BH = . . = BH (If y >>> ) point point
4  (y + 2 2 3/2
) 4 y 3 Bequ Bequatorial
S
S
(b) When S–Pole of Magnet Directed Towards North :-
Two neutral points symmetrically located on the axial line of magnet. Let distance of each
neutral points from centre of the magnet is x, then

nutral point N B
H
Baxis
S
BH
x
W E
x
N
BH
Baxis
nutral point S
0 2Mx
Baxis = BH  BH = .
4 (x − 2 2 2
)
0 2M
= BH (If x >>> )
4 x 3
(c) If magnet is held vertically on the board, then only one neutral point is obtained on the
horizontal board.
nutral point
N N
N S
BH BH
S nutral point S
When N-pole on the board When S-pole on the board
Example:
The magnetic field at a point x on the axis of a small bar magnet is equal to the field at a point
y on the equator of the same magnet. Find the ratio of the distances of x and y from the centre
of the magnet.
Solution:
0 2M 0 M 2 1 x3 2 x
Baxis = Bequatorial  =  =  =  = 21/3
4 x3 4 y3 x3 y3 y3 1 y
Example:
A coil of 0.1 m radius and 100 turns placed perpendicular magnetic meridian. When current of
2 ampere is flow through the coil then the neutral point is obtained at the centre. Find out
magnetizing field of earth.
Solution:
0NI
Magnetic field at centre of coil B = = µ 0 HC ( HC = He)
2R
NI 100  2
Magnetizing field of earth H e= = = 1000 A/m
2R 2  0.1
Example:
A short magnet of moment 6.75 A–m2 produces a neutral point on its axis. If the horizontal
component of earth's magnetic field 5 x 10–5 Wb/m2, Calculate the distance of the neutral point
from the centre.

Solution:
1/3 1/3
2KM  2KM   2  10−7  6.75 
BH = d =  =  = 0.3 m = 30 cm
d3  B  5  10−5

 H   
Miscellaneous
Magnetic Field of Long Bar Magnet
r+
S 2 N B2 B1
r
(i) At Axial Position:
0 m
Magnetic field at point 'P' due to north pole B1 = (away from north pole)
4 (r − )2
0 m
Magnetic field at point 'P' due to south pole B2 = (towards north pole)
4 (r + )2
Net magnetic field at point 'P'
0m  1 1  0m  4r 
Baxis = B1 – B2 , ( B1 > B2) =  − 2
=  2 2 2 
4  (r − )2
(r + )  4  (r − ) 
0 2Mr
Baxis = , where M = m (2)
4 (r2 − 2 )2
0 2M
If magnet is short r >> , then Baxis
4 r 3
(ii) At equatorial Position:

Magnetic field at point 'P' due to north pole :–
0 m
B1= ..... (1) (along NP line)
4
( )
2
r +
2 2
Magnetic field at point 'P' due to south pole :–

0 m
B2 = ..... (2) (along PS line)
4
( )
2
r2 + 2
0 m
From equation (1) & (2) B1 = B2 = . = B (Let)
4 r + 2 2
Net magnetic field at point 'P'

0 m
Beq = 2 B cos = 2· cos , [where cos = ]
4 (r + 2 2
) (r 2 + 2
)
0 m
= 2·
4 (r + 2 2
) (r2 + 2
)
0 M
Beq. = . , where M = m(2)
4 (r + 2 2 3/2
)
0 M
If magnet is short r >> , then Beq. .
4 r 3

Magnetic Shielding
If a soft iron ring is placed in magnetic field, most of the lines are found to pass through the
ring and no lines pass through the space inside the ring. The inside of the ring is thus protected
against any external magnetic effect. This phenomenon is called magnetic screening or shielding
and is used to protect costly wrist–watches and other instruments from external magnetic
fields by enclosing them in a soft–iron case or box.
B=0 B=0
Iron ring in a field Super conductor in a field
(i) Super conductors also provide perfect magnetic screening due to exclusion of lines of force.
This effect is called 'Meissner effect'
(ii) Relative magnetic permeability of super conductor is zero. So we can say that super conductors
behaves like perfect diamagnetic.
Magnetic Map
This map represents basic three elements of earth magnetic field at all position of earth, and
following conclusions are normally used for magnetic survey of earth's magnetic field.
Lines joining
❖ Position of same  → Isogonic lines, 
 ❖ Positions of zero  → Agonic lines
❖ Positions of same  → Isoclinic lines, 
 ❖ Positions of zero  → Aclinic lines, mag. equator
❖ Positions of same BH → Isodynamic lines
❖ Positions of zero BH → Adynamic line or magnetic
axis of earth
Dipole - Dipole Interactions:

S.No. Relative position of dipoles Magnetic force (Fm)
r
M1 M2 0 6M1M2
(a) . (along r)
Fm Fm 4 r4
M1 M2
r
0 3M1M2
(b) . (along r)
Fm Fm 4 r4
Fm
M2
M1 0 3M1M2
(c) r . (perpendicular to r)
Fm
4 r4

Magnetic Materials
Important Definitions and Relations:
Magnetising Field or Magnetic intensity (H)
Field in which a material is placed for magnetization, called as magnetizing field.
B0 Magnetic field
Magnetizing field (H) = =
0 Permeability of free space
SI Unit H : ampere/meter
Intensity of magnetization ( I )
When a magnetic material is placed in magnetizing field then induced dipole moment per unit
M
volume of that material is known as intensity of magnetization I =
V
M IA ampere  meter2
SI Unit : ampere/meter [ = = ]
V V meter3
Magnetic Susceptibility (  m)
I
m = [It is a scalar with no units and dimensions]
H
Physically it represent the ease with which a magnetic material can be magnetized
A material with more  m, can be change into magnet easily.
Magnetic Permeability µ
BH total megnetic field inside the material
µ= =
H megnetising field
It measures the degree to which a magnetic material can be penetrated (or permeated) by the
magnetic field lines
Bm Wp / m2 Wp H−A H
SI Unit of µ : µ =    =
H A /m A −m A −m m
[  = L I  weber  henry – ampere]

Relative Permeability µr =
0
It has no units and dimensions.
Relation Between Permeability and Susceptibility
When a magnetic material is placed in magnetic field B0 for magnetization then total magnetic
field in material Bm = B0 + Bi , where Bi = induced field.
 B0 = µ0 H ; Bi = µ0 I
 I
 Bm = µ0 H + µ0 I  Bm = µ0( H + I ) = µ0 H  1 + 
 H 
B  I
 = µ0  1 +   µ = µ0(1 +  m)  µr = 1 +  m
H  H 
for vacuum  m = 0, (µr = 1)
at STP for air  m = 0.04 (at S.T.P. for air µr = 1.04)

Classification of Magnetic Materials
On the basis of magnetic properties of the materials [as magnetization intensitily (I), Susceptibility
(  ) and relative permeability (r)] Faraday devide these materials in three classes–
Cause of magnetism Orbital motion of electrons Spin motion of electrons Formation of domains
PROPERTIES DIAMAGNETIC PARAMAGNETIC FERROMAGNETIC
Substance placed in Poor magnetization in Poor magnetization in Strong magnetization in
uniform magnetic field. opposite direction. same direction. same direction.
Here Bm < B0 Here Bm > B0 Here Bm >>> B0
M M
M
I → Small, negative, varies

linearly with field I → Small, positive, varies I → very large, positive &
I – H curve
linearly with field varies non–linearly with
I field
I I
H
H H
 m → small, negative &  m → small, positive &  m → very large, positive

 m – T curve temperature independent varies inversely with temp. & temp. dependent
 mT° 1 1
m (Curie law) m (Curie
T T − TC
Weiss law) (for T > TC)
(TC = Curie temperature)
m
m m
T
T
T
TC
(µ < µ0) 1 > µr > 0 2 > µr > 1 (µ > µ0)

µr TC(Iiron)=770°C or 1043K
Atoms donot have any Atoms have permanent µr >>> 1 (µ >>> µ0)
Magnetic moment of
permanent magnetic megnetic moment which
single atom Atoms have permanent
moment are randomly oriented.
megnetic moment which
(i.e.
are organised in domains.
in absence of external
magnetic field the
magnetic moment of
whole material is zero)

PROPERTIES DIAMAGNETIC PARAMAGNETIC FERROMAGNETIC
Behaviour of substance It moves from stronger It moves with week force Strongly attract from weaker
in Nonuniform magnetic to weaker magnetic from weaker magnetic magnetic field to stronger
field field. field to stronger magnetic field.
magnetic field.
,
When rod of material is It becomes If there is strong Weak magnetic field between
suspended between perpendicular magnetic field in magnetic poles can made rod
poles to the direction of between the poles then parallel to field direction.
of magnet. external magnetic field rod becomes parallel to
the magnetic field.
Magnetic moment of Value M is very less Value M is low but in M is very high and in
substance in presence of and opposite to H . direction of H . direction of H .
external magnetic field
Examples Bi, Cu, Ag, Pb, H2O, Hg,
Na, K, Mg, Mn, Sn,
H2, He, Ne, Au, Zn, Sb, Fe,Co, Ni all their alloys,
Pt, Al, O2
Fe3O4 Gd, Alnico, etc.
NaCl, Diamond.( May (May be found in solid,
(Normally found only in
be found in solid, liquid liquid or gas.)
solids) (crystalline solids)
or gas).

Magnetic susceptibility of some Elements at 300 K
Diamagnetic  Paramagnetic 
Substance Substance
Bismuth – 1.66 × 10 –5
Aluminium 2.3 × 10–5
Copper – 9.8 × 10–6 Calcium 1.9 × 10–5
Diamond – 2.2 × 10 –5
Chromium 2.7 × 10–4
Gold – 3.6 × 10–5 Lithium 2.1 × 10–5
Lead – 1.7 × 10–5 Magnesium 1.2 × 10–5
Mercury – 2.9 × 10–5 Niobium 2.6 × 10–5
Nitrogen (STP) – 5.0 × 10–9 Oxygen (STP) 2.1 × 10–6
Silver – 2.6 × 10–5 Platinum 2.9 × 10–4
Silicon – 4.2 × 10 –6
Tungsten 6.8 × 10–5
Magnetic Hysteresis
Only Ferromagnetic materials show magnetic hysteresis, when Ferromagnetic material is placed in
external magnetic field for magnetization then B increases with H non-linearly along Oa. If H is again
bring to zero then it decreases along path ab. Due to lagging behind of B with H this curve is known as
hysteresis curve. [Lagging of B behind H is called hysteresis]
Cause of Hysteresis : By removing external magnetizing field (H = 0), the magnetic moment of some
domains remains aligned in the applied direction of previous magnetizing field which results into a
residual magnetism.
B (+)ve saturation
a
b
BR
c
H
Hc f
e
d
(-)ve saturation
• Residual Magnetism (ob) = Br  retentivity  remanence

Retentivity of a specimen is a measure of the magnetic field remaining in the ferromagnetic
specimen when the magnetizing field is removed.
• Coercivity (oc) : Coercivity is an measure of magnetizing field required to destroy the residual
magnetism of the ferromagnetic specimen.
Ferromagnetic materials
Soft magnetic materials Hard magnetic materials
Low retentivity, low coercivity and High retentivity, high coercivity
small hysteresis loss. and large hysteresis loss
suitable for making electromagnets, suitable for permanent magnet
cores of transformers etc. Ex. Soft iron, Ex. Steel, Alnico
(used in magnetic shielding)

Hysteresis Loss
(i) The area of hysteresis loop for a ferromagnetic material is equal to the energy loss per cycle
of magnetization and demagnetization per unit volume.
B
Soft
magnetic
material
H H
Hard
magnetic
material
WH =  B.dH =   I.dH
0
(ii) Its value is different for different materials.

(iii) The work done per cycle per unit volume of material is equal to the area of hysteresis loop.
VAnt
 Total energy loss in material WH = V A n t joule = calorie
J
i.e WH = volume of material × area of hysteresis curve × frequency × time.
M M M
B0 B0 B0
fig.(a) fig.(b) fig.(c)
The materials of both (a) and (b) remain strongly magnetized when B 0 is reduced to zero. The
material of (a) is also hard to demagnetize, it would be good for permanent magnets.
The material of (b) magnetizes and demagnetizes more easily, it could be used as a computer
memory material.
The material of (c) would be useful for transformers and other alternating-current devices
where zero hysteresis would be optimal.
Concept Builders - 1
Q.1 Work done in turning a magnet of magnetic moment M by an angle of 90° from the magnetic
meridian is n times the corresponding work done to turn through an angle of 60°, where n is –
(A) 1/2 (B) 2 (C) 1/4 (D) 1
Q.2 The time period of oscillation of a magnet is 2 sec. When it is demagnetized so that its pole
strength is 4 times, its period will be -
(A) 4 sec (B) 2 sec (C) 1 sec (D) 8 sec
Q.3 The material suitable for making electromagnets should have -

(A) high retentivity and low coercivity (B) low retentivity and low coercivity
(C) high retentivity and high coercivity (D) low retentivity and high coercivity

Q.4 Curie temperature is the temperature above which -
(A) a ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic
(B) a paramagnetic material becomes diamagnetic
(C) a ferromagnetic material becomes diamagnetic
(D) a paramagnetic material becomes ferromagnetic
Q.5 Two identical mangetic dipoles of magnetic moments 1.0 A-m2 each, placed at a separation of
2m with their axes perpendicular to each other. The resultant magnetic field at a point midway
between the dipole is -
(A) 5 × 10–7 T (B) 5 × 10–7 T (C) 10–7 T (D) 2 × 10–7 T
Q.6 A short magnet produces a deflection of 30° when placed at certain distance in tanA position of
magnetometer. If another short magnet of double the length and thrice the pole strength is placed
at the same distance in tanB position of the magnetometer, the deflection produced will be -
(A) 60° (B) 30° (C) 45° (D) None
Q.7 The points A and B are situated perpendicular to the axis of 2 cm long bar magnet at large
distances x and 3 x from the centre on opposite sides. The ratio of magnetic fields at A and B
will be approximately equal to -
(A) 27 : 1 (B) 1 : 27 (C) 9 : 1 (D)1 : 9
Example:
Obtain the earth’s magnetization. Assume that the earth’s field can be approximated by a giant
bar magnet of magnetic moment 8.0 × 1022 Am2. The earth’s radius is 6400 km.
Solution:
The earth’s radius R = 6400 km = 6.4 × 10 6 m
Magnetization is the magnetic moment per unit volume. Hence,
M 8.0  1022  3 24.0  104
I= = = = 72.9 Am–1
4 3 4    (6.4  106 )3 4  262.1
R
3
Example:
A solenoid of 500 turns/m is carrying a current of 3A. Its core is made of iron which has a
relative permeability of 5000. Determine the magnitudes of the magnetic intensity,
magnetization and the magnetic field inside the core.
Solution:
The magnetic intensity H = ni = 500 m–1 × 3A = 1500 Am–1 and r = 5000
so  = r – 1 = 5000 – 1 = 4999 5000 and  = 5000 0
The magnetization I = H = 7.5 × 10 Am 6 –1
The magnetic field B = 5000 0 H = 5000 × 4 × 10–7 × 1500 = 9.4 T

Example:
A domain in ferromagnetic iron is in the form of a cube of side length l µm. Estimate the number
of iron atoms in the domain and the maximum possible dipole moment and magnetization of
the domain. The molecular mass of iron is 55 g/mole and its density is 7.9 g/cm 3. Assume that
each iron atom has a dipole moment of 9.27 × 10–24 Am2.

Solution:
The volume of the cubic domain V = (10–6)3 = 10–18 m3 = 10–12 cm3
mass = volume × density = 7.9 × 10–12 g
An Avogadro number (6.023 × 1023) of iron atoms has a mass of 55g.
7.9  10−12  6.023 1023
The number of atoms in the domain N = = 8.65 × 1010 atoms
55
The maximum possible dipole moment Mmax is achieved for the (unrealistic) case when all the
atomic moments are perfectly aligned.
Mmax = (8.65 × 1010) × (9.27 × 10–24) = 8.0 × 10–13 Am2
Mmax 8.0  10−13
The consequent magnetization is Imax = = = 8.0 × 105 Am–1
domain volume 10−18
Example:
Relation between permeability  and magnetizing field H for a sample of iron is
0.4
 =( + 12  10−4 ) hennery/meter. where unit of H is A/m. Find value of H for which magnetic
H
induction of 1.0 Wb/m2 can be produce.
Solution:
0.4
Magnetic induction for medium B = H  1 = ( + 12  10−4 ) H
H
1 − 0.4
 1 = 0.4 + 12 × 10–4 H  H = = 500 A/m
12  10−4
Example:
When a rod of magnetic material of size 10 cm × 0.5 cm × 0.2 cm is located in magnetizing field
of 0.5 × 104 A/m then a magnetic moment of 5 A-m2 is induced in it. Find out magnetic induction
in rod.
Solution:
M   M
Total magnetic induction B = 0 (I + H) = 0  + H   I = 
V   V
 5 
= 4 × 10–7  −6 + 0.5  104  = 6.28 Wb/m2
 10 
Example:
A rod of magnetic material of cross section 0.25 cm 2 is located in 4000 A/m magnetizing field.
Magnetic flux passes through the rod is 25 × 10–6 Wb. Find out for rod
(i) permeability
(ii) magnetic susceptibility
(iii) magnetization

Solution:
25  10−6
(i) Magnetic flux  = BA  B = /A = = 1 wb/m2
0.25  10−4
B 1
B = H   = = = 2.25 × 10–4 wb/A-m
H 4000
 2.5  10−4 
(ii) m = r – 1 = –1= − 1 = 199 – 1 = 198 ( r = )
0 4  10 −7
0
(iii) Magnetization I = m H = 198 × 4000 = 7.92 × 105 A/m
ANSWERS KEY FOR CONCEPT BUILDER
Concept Builder 1:
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (A)

Objective Exercise -I
Single Correct Choice Type

1. A current of 'i' ampere is flowing through each of the bent wires as shown the magnitude and
direction of magnetic field at O is
0i  1 2  0i  1 3  0i  1 3  0i  1 3 

(A)  +  (B)  +  (C)  +  (D)  + 
4  R R  4  R R  8  R 2R  8  R R 
2. Net magnetic field at the centre of the circle O due to a current carrying loop as shown in figure
is ( < 180°)
(A) zero
(B) perpendicular to paper inwards
(C) perpendicular to paper outwards
(D) is perpendicular to paper inwards
if   90° and perpendicular to paper outwards if 90°<180°
3. A charge particle A of charge q = 2 C has velocity v = 100 m/s. When it passes through point A
and has velocity in the direction shown. The strength of magnetic field at point B due to this
moving charge is (r = 2 m).
(A) 2.5 T (B) 5.0 T (C) 2.0 T (D) None
4. Three rings, each having equal radius R, are placed mutually perpendicular to each other and
each having its centre at the origin of co-ordinate system. If current I is flowing through each
ring then the magnitude of the magnetic field at the common centre is
(A) 3
0I
2R
(B) zero (C) ( 2−1) 2R
I
0
(D) ( 3− 2 ) 2R
I
0
5. Two concentric coils X and Y of radii 16 cm and 10 cm lie in the same vertical plane containing
N-S direction. X has 20 turns and carries 16 A. Y has 25 turns & carries 18A. X has current in
anticlockwise direction and Y has current in clockwise direction for an observer, looking at the
coils facing the west. The magnitude of net magnetic field at their common centre is
(A) 5 × 10–4 T towards west (B) 13 × 10–4 T towards east
(C) 13 × 10 T towards west
–4
(D) 5 × 10–4 T towards east

6. The dimension of where  is permeability &  is permittivity is same as :

(A) Resistance (B) Inductance (C) Capacitance (D) None of these

7. A current I flows around a closed path in the horizontal plane of the circle as shown in the
figure. The path consists of eight arcs with alternating radii r and 2r. Each segment of arc
subtends equal angle at the common centre P. The magnetic field produced by current path at
point P is
3 0I
(A) ; perpendicular to the plane of the paper and directed inward.
8 r
3 0I
(B) ; perpendicular to the plane of the paper and directed outward.
8 r
1 0I
(C) ; perpendicular to the plane of the paper and directed inward.
8 r
1 0I
(D) ; perpendicular to the plane of the paper and directed outward.
8 r
8. Infinite number of straight wires each carrying current I are equally placed as shown in the
figure. Adjacent wires have current in opposite direction. Net magnetic field at point P is
0I ln2 0I ln4 0I ln4 ˆ

(A) k̂ (B) k̂ (C) ( −k) (D) Zero
4 3a 4 3a 4 3a
9. Two mutually perpendicular conductors carrying currents I1 and I2 lie in one plane. Locus of the
point at which the magnetic induction is zero, is a
(A) circle with centre as the point of intersection of the conductor.
(B) parabola with vertex as the point of intersection of the conductors
(C) straight line passing through the point of intersection of the conductors.
(D) rectangular hyperbola
10. A non-planar loop of conducting wire carrying a current I is placed as shown in the figure. Each
of the straight sections of the loop is of length 2a. The magnetic field due to this loop at the
point P (a, 0, a) points in the direction
1 1
(A) ( −ˆj + k)
ˆ (B) ( −ˆj + k
ˆ + î)
2 3
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ
(C) (i + j + k) (D) (i + k)
3 2

11. Equal current i is flowing in three infinitely long wires along positive x, y and z directions. The
magnetic field at a point (0, 0, –a) would be:
0i ˆ ˆ 0i ˆ ˆ 0i ˆ ˆ 0i ˆ ˆ ˆ
(A) ( j − i) (B) (i + j) (C) (i − j) (D) (i + j + k)
2a 2a 2a 2a
12. A long straight wire along the z-axis carries a current I in the negative z direction. The magnetic
vector field at a point having coordinates (x, y) in the z = 0 plane is
 I (yiˆ − xj)
ˆ  I (xiˆ + yj)
ˆ  I (xjˆ − yi)
ˆ  I (xiˆ − yj)
ˆ
(A) 0 2 (B) 0 2 (C) 0 2 (D) 0 2
2 (x + y ) 2
2 (x + y ) 2
2 (x + y ) 2
2 (x + y2 )
13. Two very long straight parallel wires, parallel to y-axis, carry currents 4I and I, along +y direction
and –y direction, respectively. The wires are passes through the x-axis at the points (d, 0, 0)
and (– d, 0, 0) respectively. The graph of magnetic field z-component as one moves along the
x-axis from x = – d to x = +d, is best given by
(A) (B) (C) (D)
14. A long thin walled pipe of radius R carries a current I along its length. The current density is
uniform over the circumference of the pipe. The magnetic field at the center of the pipe due to
quarter portion of the pipe shown, is
0I 2 0I 20I 2

(A) (B) (C) (D) None
4 R 2
R
2
2R
15. A hollow cylinder having infinite length and carrying uniform current per unit length  along the
circumference as shown. Magnetic field inside the cylinder is
0 
(A) (B) 0 (C) 20 (D) None
2
16. An ionized gas contains both positive and negative ions. If it is subjected simultaneously to an
electric field along the +x direction and a magnetic field along the +z direction, then
(A) positive ions deflect towards +y direction and negative ions towards −y direction
(B) all ions deflect towards +y direction.
(C) all ions deflect towards −y direction
(D) positive ions deflect towards −y direction and negative ions towards +y direction.

17. An electron is moving along positive x-axis. A uniform electric field exists towards negative y-
axis. What should be the direction of magnetic field of suitable magnitude so that net force of
electron is zero
(A) positive z- axis (B) negative z-axis (C) positive y-axis (D) negative y-axis
18. A particle of charge q and mass m starts moving from the origin under the action of an electric
field E = E0î and B = B0î with velocity v = v 0ˆj . The speed of the particle will become 2v0 after a
time
2mv 0 2Bq 3 Bq 3 mv 0
(A) t = (B) t = (C) t = (D) t =
qE mv0 mv0 qE
19. An electron is projected with velocity v0 in a uniform electric field E perpendicular to the field.
Again, it is projected with velocity v0 perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B. If r 1 is initial
radius of curvature just after entering in the electric field and r 2 is initial radius of curvature
just after entering in magnetic field then the ratio r1/r2 is equal to
Bv 02 B Ev 0 Bv 0
(A) (B) (C) (D)
E E B E
20. A uniform magnetic field B = B0 ˆj exists in a space. A particle of mass m and charge q is
projected towards negative x-axis with speed v from the a point (d, 0, 0). The maximum value
v for which the particle does not hit y-z plane is
2B0q B0qd B0q B0qd
(A) (B) (C) (D)
dm m 2dm 2m
21. Three ions H+, He+ and O+2 having same kinetic energy pass through a region in which there is a
uniform magnetic field perpendicular to their velocity, then :
(A) H+ will be least deflected.
(B) He+ and O+2 will be deflected equally.
(C) O+2 will be deflected most.
(D) all will be deflected equally.
22. An electron having kinetic energy T is moving in a circular orbit of radius R perpendicular to a
uniform magnetic induction B . If kinetic energy is doubled and magnetic induction tripled, the
radius will become
3R 3 2 4
(A) (B) R (C) R (D) R
2 2 9 3
23. An electron (mass = 9.1 × 10−31 ; charge = − 1.6 × 10−19 C) experiences no deflection if subjected
to an electric field of 3.2 × 105 V/m and a magnetic field of 2.0 × 10 −3 Wb/m2 . Both the fields
are normal to the path of electron and to each other. If the electric field is removed, then the
electron will revolve in an orbit of radius:
(A) 45 m (B) 4.5 m
(C) 0.45 m (D) 0.045 m
24. A charged particle moves in a magnetic field B = 10 î with initial velocity u = 5iˆ + 4ˆj . The path of
the particle will be
(A) straight line (B) circle (C) helical (D) none

25. ( )
A electron experiences a force 4.0 î + 3.0 ˆj × 10–13 N in a uniform magnetic field when its
( )
velocity is 2.5kˆ  107 ms–1. When the velocity is redirected and becomes 1.5 î − 2.0 ˆj  107 ms–1,
→
the magnetic force of the electron is zero. The magnetic field vector B is :
(A) – 0.075 î + 0.1ˆj (B) 0.1î + 0.075 ˆj (C) 0.075 î − 0.1ˆj + k

ˆ (D) 0.075 î − 0.1ˆj
26. Electrons moving with different speeds enter a uniform magnetic field in a direction
perpendicular to the field. They will move along circular paths.
(A) of same radius
(B) with larger radii for the faster electrons
(C) with smaller radii for the faster electrons
(D) either (B) or (C) depending on the magnitude of the magnetic field
27. In the previous question, time periods of rotation will be :

(A) same for all electrons
(B) greater for the faster electrons
(C) smaller for the faster electrons
(D) either (B) or (C) depending on the magnitude of the magnetic field
28. OABC is a current carrying square loop an electron is projected from the centre of loop along
its diagonal AC as shown. Unit vector in the direction of initial acceleration will be
 î + ˆj 
(A) k̂ (B) −  
 2 
 
î + ˆj
(C) – k̂ (D)
2
29. A particle having charge of 1 C, mass 1 kg and speed 1 m/s enters a uniform magnetic field,
having magnetic induction of 1 T, at an angle  = 30° between velocity vector and magnetic
induction. The pitch of its helical path is (in meters)
3
(A) (B) 3
2

(C) (D) 
2
30. A charged particle is released from rest in a region of uniform electric and magnetic fields,
which are parallel to each other. The locus of the particle will be
(A) helix of constant pitch
(B) straight line
(C) helix of varying pitch
(D) cycloid

31. For a positively charged particle moving in a x – y plane initially along the x-axis, there is a
sudden change in its path due to the presence of electric and/or magnetic fields beyond P. The
curved path is shown in the x – y plane and is found to be non-circular.
y
P x
O
Which one of the following combinations is possible?
(A) E = 0;B = bjˆ + ckˆ (B) E = aiˆ ;B = ckˆ + aiˆ
(C) E = 0;B = cjˆ + bk

ˆ (D) E = aî ;B = ckˆ + bjˆ
32. A particle of specific charge (q/m) is projected from the origin of coordinates with initial velocity
[ui – vj]. Uniform electric magnetic fields exist in the region along the +y direction, of magnitude
E and B. The particle will definitely return to the origin once if
(A) [vB 2E] is an integer
(B) (u2 + v2)1/2 [B E] is an integer
(C) [vB E] in an integer
(D) [uB E] is an integer
33. An electron moving with a velocity V1 = 2 î m/s at a point in a magnetic field experiences a force
F1 = −2ˆjN . If the electron is moving with a velocity V2 = 2 ˆj m/s at the same point, it experiences
a force F2 = +2 î N . The force the electron would experience if it were moving with a velocity
ˆ m/s at the same point is
V3 = 2k
(A) Zero ˆ
(B) 2kN
ˆ
(C) −2kN (D) information is insufficient
34. Two particles of charges +Q and –Q are projected from the same point with a velocity v in a
region of uniform magnetic field B such that the velocity vector makes an angle  with the
magnetic field. Their masses are M and 2M, respectively. Then, they will meet again for the first
time at a point whose distance from the point of projection is
(A) 2Mv cos  QB (B) 8Mv cos  QB
(C) Mv cos  QB (D) 4Mv cos  QB
35. A particle with charge +Q and mass m enters a magnetic field of magnitude B,
existing only to the right of the boundary YZ. The direction of the motion of
m
the particle is perpendicular to the direction of B. Let T = 2 . The time
QB
spent by the particle in the field will be
  + 2    − 2 
(A) T (B) 2T (C) T   (D) T  
 2   2 

36. In the previous question, if the particle has –Q charge, the time spend by the particle in the
field will be
  + 2    − 2 
(A) T (B) 2T (C) T   (D) T  
 2   2 
37. The direction of magnetic force on the electron as shown in the diagram is along
(A) y-axis (B) –y-axis

(C) z-axis (D) –z-axis
38. A block of mass m & charge q is released on a long smooth inclined plane
magnetic field B is constant, uniform, horizontal and parallel to surface as
shown. Find the time from start when block loses contact with the surface.
mcos  mcosec 
(A) (B)
qB qB
mcot 
(C) (D) None
qB
39. A straight rod of mass m and length L is suspended from the identical spring as shown in the
figure. The spring\ stretched by a distance of x0 due to the weight of the wire. The circuit has
total resistance R. When the magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the paper is switched
on, springs are observed to extend further by the same distance. The magnetic field strength is
mgR
(A) ; directed outward from the plane of the paper
L
mgR
(B) ; directed outward from the plane of the paper
2  x0
mgR
(C) ; directed into the plane of the paper
L
mgR
(D) ; directed into the plane of the paper
 x0
40. A conducting wire bent in the form of a parabola y2 = 2x carries a current

i = 2 A as shown in figure. This wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field
B = −4k ˆ Tesla. The magnetic force on the wire is (in newton)
(A) −16 î (B) 32 î (C) −32 î (D) 16 î

41. A square loop ABCD, carrying a current i, is placed near and coplanar with a long straight
conductor XY carrying a current I, the net force on the loop will be
20Ii  0Ii 20Iil  0Iil

(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 3 2
42. A circular coil carrying current I is placed in a region of uniform magnetic field acting
perpendicular to a coil as shown in the figure. Mark correct option
(A) coil expands (B) coil contracts

(C) coil moves left (D) coil moves right
43. A metal ring of radius r = 0.5 m with its plane normal to a uniform magnetic field B of induction
0.2 T carries a current I = 100 A. The tension in newtons developed in the ring is:
(A) 100 (B) 50 (C) 25 (D) 10
44. In given figure, X and Y are two long straight parallel conductors each carrying a current of 2 A.
The force on each conductor is F newtons. When the current in each is changed to 1 A and
reversed in direction, the force on each is now
(A) F/4 and unchanged in direction (B) F/2 and reversed in direction
(C) F/2 and unchanged in direction (D) F/4 and reversed in direction
45. A conducting ring of mass 2 kg and radius 0.5 m is placed on a smooth horizontal plane. The
ring carries a current i = 4A. A horizontal magnetic field B = 10T is switched on at time t = 0 as
shown in figure. The initial angular acceleration of the ring will be
(A) 40  rad/s2 (B) 20  rad/s2 (C) 5  rad/s2 (D) 15  rad/s2
46. In the figure shown a coil of single turn is wound on a sphere of radius R and mass m. The plane
of the coil is parallel to the plane and lies in the equatorial plane of the sphere. Current in the
coil is i. The value of B if the sphere is in equilibrium is
mg cos  mg mg tan  mg sin 

(A) (B) (C) (D)
iR iR iR iR

47. The magnetic moment of a circular orbit of radius ‘r’ carrying a charge ‘q’ and rotating with
velocity v is given by
qvr qvr
(A) (B) (C) qvr (D) qvr2
2 2
48. A thin non-conducting disc of radius R is rotating clockwise (see figure) with an angular velocity
 about its central axis, which is perpendicular to its plane. Both its surfaces carry +ve charges
of uniform surface density. Half the disc is in a region of a uniform, unidirectional magnetic field
B parallel to the plane of the disc, as shown. Then,
(A) The net torque on the disc is zero.

(B) The net torque vector on the disc is directed leftwards.
(C) The net torque vector on the disc is directed rightwards.
(D) The net torque vector on the disc is parallel to B.
49. A rectangular coil PQ has 2n turns, an area 2a and carries a current 2I, (refer figure). The plane
of the coil is at 60° to a horizontal uniform magnetic field of flux density B. The torque on the
coil due to magnetic force is
(A) BnaI sin60° (B) 8BnaI cos60° (C) 4naI Bsin60° (D) none
50. A straight current carrying conductor is placed in such a way that the current in the conductor
flows in the direction out of the plane of the paper. The conductor is placed between two poles
of two magnets, as shown. The conductor will experience a force in the direction towards
(A) P (B) Q (C) R (D) S
51. Figure shows a square current carrying loop ABCD of side 10 cm and current i = 10A. The
magnetic moment M of the loop is
(
(A) (0.05) î − 3k )
ˆ A − m2 (B) (0.05) (ˆj + kˆ) A − m
2
(C) (0.05) ( 3iˆ + k )

ˆ A −m
2
(
(D) î + k )
ˆ A − m2

52. Current I is flowing along the path ABCD, along the four edges of the cube (figure-a), creates a
magnetic field in the centre of the cube of B 0. Find the magnetic field B created at the center
of the cube by a current I flowing along the path of the six edges ABCGHEA (figure-b)
Z Z
B F B F
G G
C C
A E A E
Y Y
D D
H H
X X
Figure-(a) Figure-(b)
3
(A) B Towards corner G (B) 3B0 Towards corner E
2 0
3
(C) B Towards corner H (D) 3B0 Towards corner F
2 0
53. The angle of dip at a place is 40.6º and the intensity of the vertical component of the earth's
magnetic field V = 6 × 10–5 T. The total intensity of the earth's magnetic field at this place is :
(A) 7 × 10–5 T (B) 6 × 10–5 T (C) 5 × 10–5T (D) 9.2 × 10–5 T
54. Two short magnets of magnetic moment 2Am2 and 5Am2 are placed along two lines drawn at
right angle to each other on the sheet of paper as shown in the figure. What is the magnetic
field at the point of intersection of their axis :
S N
P
1 r1=0.3m
r2=0.4m
N
2 S
(A) 2.15 × 10 T
–5
(B) 215 × 10–5 T
(C) 2.15 × 10–3 T (D) 21.5 × 10–5 T
55. The magnetic field lines due to a bar magnet are correctly shown in
(A) (B) (C) (D)
56. At a place the value of BH and BV are 0.4 × 10–4T and 0.3 × 10–4 T respectively. The resultant
earth's magnetic field is :
(A) 0.5 × 10–4 J (B) 10–4 T (C) 2 × 10–4 T (D) None of these
57. The total intensity of the earth’s magnetic field at the magnetic equator is 5 units. What is its
value at a magnetic latitude of 37 degree?
(A) 73 units (B) 52 units (C) 4 units (D) 3 units

58. It is known that the magnetic dipole of earth and earth's axis are at an angle of 11° to each
other. Consider a plane S formed by dipole axis and axis of earth. let P be a point on magnetic
equator and in S. Let Q be point of intersection of geographic and magnetic equators. If
declination angle be denoted by  and angle of dip be ,
(A) P = Q = 0°, P = 11°, Q = 0° (B) P = 11°, Q = 0°, P = Q = 0°
(C) P = Q = 0°, P = Q = 11° (D) P = 0°, Q = 11°, P = Q = 0°
59. An unmagnetized sample of iron is placed in a magnetic field H which varies with time as shown
in the plot below.
H (kilo oersted)
0.6
0.3
0.0
–0.3
–0.6
2 4 6 8 0
Time (min)
The magnetization M of this iron sample is continuously measured and also plotted as a function
of time. The appearance of this plot will be closest to
+1 +1
M (arb. units)
M (arb. units)
(A) 0 (B) 0
–1 –1
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
Time (min) Time (min)
+1 +1
M (arb. units)
M (arb. units)
(C) 0 (D) 0
–1 –1
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
Time (min) Time (min)
60. Two bar magnets of the same mass, same length and breadth but having magnetic moments M
and 2M are joined together pole for pole and suspended by a string. The time period of assembly
in a magnetic field of strength H is 3 seconds. If now the polarity of one of the magnets is
reversed and the combination is again made to oscillate in the same field, the time of
oscillations is:
(A) 3 sec (B) 3 3 sec (C) 3 sec (D) 6 sec
61. If a solution of ferromagnetic material is poured into a U-tube and one arm of this tube is
placed between the poles of a strong magnet with the meniscus in line with the field, then the
level of the solution with:
(A) Rise
(B) Fall
(C) Oscillate slowly
(D) Remain unchanged

62. A specimen of iron of permeability 8 × 10–3 weber/amp × meter is placed in a magnetic field of
strength 160 amp/meter. Then magnetic induction in this iron is:
(A) 20 × 103 wb/m2 (B) 1.28 wb/m2 (C) 5 × 10–5 wb/m2 (D) 0.8 wb/m2
63. A sample of paramagnetic salt contains 2.0 × 1024 atomic dipoles each of dipole moment 1.5 ×
10–23 J T–1. The sample is placed under a homogeneous magnetic field of 0.84T, and cooled to
a temperature of 4.2 K. The degree of magnetic saturation achieved is equal to 15%. What is
the total dipole moment (approximate) of the sample for a magnetic field of 0.98 T and a
temperature of 2.8 K? (Assume Curie's law).
(A) 7.9 J T–1 (B) 52.5 J T–1 (C) 30 J T–1 (D) 4.6 J T–1
64. When magnetic field at P and Q is same then OP / OQ = ?

Q
O P
3 1 3/2
(A) 2 (B) (C) 2 2 (D) 2
3
2
65. The B-H curve for a certain specimen is schematically shown by the given diagram. Which one
of the following is the correct magnetic nature of the specimen?
(A) Diamagnetic and not ferromagnetic or paramagnetic

(B) Ferromagnetic and not diamagnetic or paramagnetic
(C) Paramagnetic and not diamagnetic or ferromagnetic
(D) Applicable to all the three types of magnetism mentioned above
66. To increase the current sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer, we should :–

(A) decrease number of turns in coil
(B) decrease area of cross section of the coil
(C) increase torsional constant of spiral springs
(D) none of the above

Paragraph Type Questions
Paragraph for question nos. 67 to 68
A uniform ring of mass m and radius R carrying current I0 is lying in the x-y plane in vacuum in gravity free
( )
space with centre at origin. A uniform external magnetic field of strength B = B0 2iˆ − 2jˆ + 5k
ˆ is switched on
at t = 0 (here B0 = constant). If the ring can freely rotate.
67. Initial angular acceleration of ring

4 2I0B0  10 2I0B0  2 2I0B0 
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
m m m
68. The magnetic force acting on loop

(A) 0 (B) I0RB0 (C) 2 33 I0RB0 (D) None of these
Reasoning Type
69. Statement-1 : It is not possible for a charged particle to move in a circular path around a long
straight uncharged conductor carrying current under the influence of its magnetic field alone.
Statement-2 : The magnetic force (if nonzero) on a moving charged particle is normal to its
velocity.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
70. Statement-1 : For a charged particle to pass through a uniform electro-magnetic field without
change in velocity, its velocity vector must be perpendicular to the magnetic field.
Statement-2 : Net Lorentz force on the particle is given by F = q[E + v  B]
statement-1.
71. Statement-1 : Ampere law can be used to find magnetic field due to finite length of a straight
current carrying wire.
Statement-2 : The magnetic field due to finite length of a straight current carrying wire is
symmetric about the wire.
statement-1.

72. Statement-1 : A pendulum made of a non-conducting rigid massless rod of length  is attached
to a small sphere of mass m and charge q. The pendulum is undergoing oscillations of small
amplitude having time period T. Now a uniform horizontal magnetic field B out of plane of page
is switched on. As a result of this change, the time period of oscillations will change.
B

m,q
Statement-2 : In the situation of statement-1, after the magnetic field is switched on the
tension in string will change (except when the bob is at extreme position)
statement-1.
73. Statement-1 : Net force on a current carrying loop in a non -uniform magnetic field
must be non-zero.
Statement-2 : Force on a current carrying wire of length dl placed in magnetic field B is given by
dF = idl  B
statement-1.
74. Statement-1 : Two long parallel conductors carrying currents in the same direction experience a force of
attraction.
Statement-2 : The magnetic fields produced in the space between the conductors are in the same
direction.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-
1.
statement-1.
75. Statement-1 : A charged particle can never move along a magnetic field line in absence of any
other force.
Statement-2 : Force due to magnetic field is given by F = q(v  B)
statement-1.

One or More Than One Correct Type Questions
76. In the following hexagons, made up of two different material P and Q, current enters and leaves
from points X and Y respectively. In which case the magnetic field at its centre is not zero.
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
l
77. Consider three quantities x = E/B, y = 1 / 0 0 and z =. Here, l is the length of a wire, C is
CR
a capacitance and R is a resistance. All other symbols have standard meanings.
(A) x, y have the same dimensions
(B) y, z have the same dimensions
(C) z, x have the same dimensions
(D) none of the three pairs have the same dimensions.
78. Two long thin, parallel conductors carrying equal currents in the same direction are fixed
parallel to the x-axis, one passing through y = a and the other through y = –a. The resultant
magnetic field due to the two conductors at any point is B. Which of the following are correct?
(A) B = 0 for all points on the x-axis

(B) At all points on the y-axis, excluding the origin, B has only a z-component.
(C) At all points on the z-axis, excluding the origin, B has only a y-component.
(D) B cannot have an x-component.
79. Current flows through uniform, square frames as shown. In which case is the magnetic field at
the centre of the frame not zero?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
80. A long straight wire carries a current along the x-axis. Consider the points A(0, 1, 0), B(0, 1, 1),
C(1, 0, 1) and D(1, 1, 1). Which of the following pairs of points will have magnetic fields of the
same magnitude?
(A) A and B (B) A and C
(C) B and C (D) B and D

81. In the previous question, if the current is i and the magnetic field at D has magnitude B,
 0i  0i
(A) B = (B) B =
2 2 2 3
(C) B is parallel to the x-axis (D) B makes an angle of 45° with the xy plane
82. Which of the following statement is correct :

(A) A charged particle enters a region of uniform magnetic field at an angle 85 0 to magnetic
lines of force. The path of the particle is a circle.
(B) An electron and proton are moving with the same kinetic energy along the same direction.
When they pass through uniform magnetic field perpendicular to their direction of motion,
they describe circular path.
(C) There is no change in the energy of a charged particle moving in a magnetic field although
magnetic force acts on it.
(D) Two electrons enter with the same speed but in opposite direction in a uniform transverse
magnetic field. Then the two describe circle of the same radius and these move in the same
sense.
83. Two identical charged particles enter a uniform magnetic field with same speed but at angles
30° and 60° with field. Let a, b and c be the ratio of their time periods, radii and pitches of the
helical paths than
(A) abc = 1 (B) abc > 1 (C) abc < 1 (D) a = bc
84. A charged body is projected such that it just completes a full vertical circle. It is attached to a
nail by an inextensible thread of length R. The minimum speed required is u at bottom in
situation shown. Magnetic field is uniform. Take q = 3 × 10–6 C, B = 0.01 T, R = 1 m, m = 10–8 kg.
B
O
u
m, q
(A) velocity at top is 2 m/s
(B) velocity at bottom is 5 2 m/s
(C) if we projected the charged body to left at bottom most point, the minimum speed u
required is more.
(D) if we projected the charged body to left at bottom most point, the minimum speed u
required is less.
85. Consider the following statements regarding a charged particle in a magnetic field. Which of
the statements are true:
(A) Starting with zero velocity, it accelerates in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field.
(B) While deflecting in magnetic field its energy gradually increases.
(C) Only the component of magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of motion of the
charged particle is effective in deflecting it.
(D) Direction of deflecting force on the moving charged particle is perpendicular to its velocity.

86. In a region of space, a uniform magnetic field B exists in the y-direction. A proton is fired from
the origin, with its initial velocity v making a small angle  with the y-direction in the yz plane.
In the subsequent motion of the proton,
(A) its x-coordinate can never be positive

(B) its x- and z-coordinates cannot both be zero at the same time
(C) its z-coordinate can never be negative
(D) its y-coordinate will be proportional to the square of its time of flight
Matrix Match Type Question

87. A loop carrying current is placed near a long current carrying wire in 3 different configurations.
Comment on the net force F experienced by the loop and net torque  about appropriate axis
experienced by the loop.
Column-I Column-II
(A) (P) F = 0,  = 0
(B) (Q) F  0,  = 0
(C) (R) F = 0,   0
(S) F  0,   0

ANSWER KEY
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (A) 7. (A)

8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (D) 11. (A) 12. (A) 13. (C) 14. (A)
15. (B) 16. (C) 17. (B) 18. (D) 19. (D) 20. (B) 21. (B)
22. (C) 23. (C) 24. (C) 25. (A) 26. (B) 27. (A) 28. (B)
29. (B) 30. (B) 31. (B) 32. (C) 33. (A) 34. (D) 35. (C)
36. (D) 37. (A) 38. (C) 39. (A) 40. (B) 41. (A) 42. (A)
43. (D) 44. (A) 45. (A) 46. (B) 47. (B) 48. (B) 49. (B)
50. (B) 51. (A) 52. (D) 53. (D) 54. (A) 55. (D) 56. (A)
57. (B) 58. (D) 59. (B) 60. (B) 61. (A) 62. (B) 63. (A)
64. (A) 65. (B) 66. (D) 67. (A) 68. (A) 69. (B) 70. (D)
71. (D) 72. (D) 73. (D) 74. (C) 75. (D) 76. (A) 77. (ABC)
78. (ABCD) 79. (C) 80. (BD) 81. (AD) 82. (BCD) 83. (AD) 84. (AC)
85. (CD) 86. (A)
87. A-Q, B-R, C-S

Objective Exercise - II
1. A ring like metallic conductor of resistance R and radius a, caries a constant current I. The ratio
of the angular momentum L of the conduction electrons (about the axis of the ring) and the
magnetic field B at the centre of the ring satisfy [where e and m represent the magnitudes of
the electronic charge and mass]
B e2 B B e B m
(A)  (B)  e.m (C)  (D) 
L m L L m L e
2. A coaxial cable is made up of two conductors. The inner conductor is solid and is of radius R1 &
the outer conductor is hollow of inner radius R 2 and outer radius R3. The space between the
conductors is filled with air. The inner and outer conductors are carrying currents of equal
magnitudes and in opposite directions. Then the variation of magnetic field with distance from
the axis is best plotted as:
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
3. A small segment of length a is cut along z-axis from a infinite sheet having a surface current
density J (current per unit width). The magnetic field at P is :-
 h ˆ 0 Jh 0 J  a  0 J  h 
(A) 20J  1 − i (B) î (C)  − 1  î (D) −  − 1  î
 a  2a 2  h  2  a 

4. At t = 0 a charge q is at the origin and moving in the y-direction with velocity v = vjˆ . The charge
moves in a magnetic field that is for y > 0 out of page and given by B1 = z
ˆ and for y < 0 into the
page and given −B2z
ˆ . The charge’s subsequent trajectory is shown in the sketch. From this
information, we can deduce that
(A) q > 0 and | B1 | < | B2 | (B) q < 0 and | B1 | < | B2 |

(C) q > 0 and | B1 | > | B2 | (D) q < 0 and | B1 | > | B2 |
5. A particle of specific charge (charge/mass)  starts moving from the origin under the action of
an electric field E = E0î and magnetic field B = B0kˆ . Its velocity at (x0, y0, 0) is (4iˆ − 3j)
ˆ . The value
of x0 is:
13 aE0 16B0 25 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 B0 E0 2E0 2B0
6. A particle of specific charge (q/m) is projected from the origin of coordinates with initial velocity
[ui – vj]. Uniform electric and magnetic fields exist in the region along the + y direction, of
magnitude E and B. The particle will definitely return to the origin once if
(A) [vB/2E] is an integer (B) (u2 + v2)1/2 [B/E] is an integer
(C) [vB/E] in an integer (D) [uB/E] is an integer
7. The magnetic force between wires as shown in figure is :-
0iI2 x+  0iI2  2x +  0iI2 x+ 

(A) n  (B) n  (C) n  (D) None of these
2  2x  2  2x  2  x 
8. A semicircular current carrying wire having radius R is placed in x-y plane with its centre at
B0 x ˆ
origin ‘O’. There is non-uniform magnetic field B = k (here B0 is +ve constant) is existing in
2R
the region. The magnetic force acting on semicircular wire will be along :-
(A) – x-axis (B) + y-axis (C) – y-axis (D) + x-axis

9. A conducting ring of mass 2 kg and radius 0.5 m is placed on a smooth horizontal plane. The
ring carries a current i = 4A. A horizontal magnetic field B = 10T is switched on at time t = 0 as
shown in figure. The initial angular acceleration of the ring will be :-
(A) 40  rad/s2 (B) 20  rad/s2

(C) 5  rad/s2 (D) 15  rad/s2
10. In the figure shown a coil of single turn is wound on a sphere of radius R and mass m. The plane
of the coil is parallel to the plane and lies in the equatorial plane of the sphere. Current in the
coil is i. The value of B if the sphere is in equilibrium is :-
mg cos  mg
(A) (B)
iR iR
mg tan  mg sin 
(C) (D)
iR iR
11. Two protons move parallel to each other, keeping distance r between them, both moving with
same velocity V . Then the ratio of the electric and magnetic force of interaction between them
is:
(A) c2/v2
(B) 2c2/v2
(C) c2/2v2
(D) None
12. A particle of charge 'q' and mass 'm' enters normally (at point P) in a region of magnetic field
with speed v. It comes out normally from Q after time T as shown in figure. The magnetic field
B is present only in the region of radius R and is uniform. Initial and final velocities are along
radial direction and they are perpendicular to each other. For this to happen, which of the
following expression(s) is/are CORRECT:
mv R
(A) B = (B) T =
qR 2v
m
(C) T = (D) None of these
2qB

13. A charged particle with some initial velocity is projected in a region where uniform electric and/
or magnetic fields are present. In Column-I information about the existence of electric and/or
magnetic field and direction of initial velocity of charged particle are given, while in column-II
the possible paths of charged particle is mentioned. Match the entries of Column I with the
entries of Column-II.
Column–I Column–II
(A) E = 0,B  0 and initial velocity is (P) Straight line
at an unknown angle with B

(B) E  0,B = 0 and initial velocity is (Q) Parabola
at an unknown angle with E

(C) E  0,B  0,E || B and initial (R) Circular
velocity is perpendicular to E
(D) E  0,B  0,E is perpendicular to B (S) Helical path with nonuniform pitch and initial
velocity is perpendicular to both E and B

(T) Helical path with uniform pitch
14. A small block of mass m. having charge q, is placed on a frictionless inclined plane making an
angle  with the horizontal. There exists a uniform magnetic field B parallel to the inclined plane
but perpendicular to the length of spring. If m is lightly pulled on the incline in downward
direction, the time period of oscillation will be (assume that the lock does not leave contract
with the plane)
m 2m qB qB
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 2
K K K 2K
15. A uniform conducting rectangular loop of sides , b and mass ma carrying current i is hanging
horizontally with the help of two vertical strings. The4re exists a uniform horizontal magnetic
field B which is parallel to the longer side of loop. The value of tension which is least is:-
mg – Bb mg + Bb mg – 2iBb mg – 2Bb
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2

16. There is a horizontal cylindrical uniform but time-varying magnetic field increasing at a constant
dB
rate as shown in figure 9.267. A charged particle having charge q and mass m is kept in
dt
equilibrium, at the top of a spring of spring constant K in such a way that it is on the horizontal
line passing through the center of the magnetic field as shown in the figure. The compression
in the spring will be
1 qR2 dB  1 qR2 dB 
(A) mg –  (B) mg + 
K 2 dt  K dt 
1 2qR2 dB  1 2R2 dB 
(C) mg +  (D) mg + 
K dt  K dt 
Paragraph for Q. 17 to Q. 19
A particle of mass m and charge q is accelerated by a potting difference V volt and made to
enter a magnetic field region angle with field. At the same moment, another particle same
mass and charge is projected in the direction of the from the same point. Magnetic field of
induction is B.
17. What would be the speed of second particle so that particles meet again and again after a
regular internal time. Which should be minimum?
qv 2qv qv qv
(A) cos  (B) cos  (C) 2 sin  (D) 2 cos 
m m m m
18. Find the time interval after which they meet.

2m m m 3m
(A) (B) (C) (D)
qB 2qB qB 2qB
19. Find the distance travelled by the second particle during interval mentioned in the above
problem.
vm 2 2vm 2 2vm 2 2 vm 
(A) cos  (B) cos  (C) cos  (D) cos 
q B 3q B q B 3 q B
ANSWER KEY
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (A) 5. (C) 6. (C) 7. (C)

8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (A) 12. (A,B,C) 13. A-P,R,T; B-P,Q; C-S; D-P
14. (B) 15. (C) 16. (D) 17. (B) 18. (A) 19. (C)

Subjective Exercise - I
1. A long straight wire carries a current of 10 A directed along the negative y-axis as shown in
figure. A uniform magnetic field B0 of magnitude 10−6 T is directed parallel to the x-axis. What
is the resultant magnetic field at the following points?
z
y
x
i
(a) x = 0 , z = 2 m ; (b) x = 2 m, z = 0 ; (c) x = 0 , z = − 0.5 m
5 5
2. Two circular coils A and B of radius cm and 5 cm respectively carry current 5 Amp and
2 2
Amp respectively. The plane of B is perpendicular to plane of A and their centres coincide. Find
the magnetic field at the centre.
3. Find the magnetic field at the centre P of square of side a shown in figure.
4. What is the magnitude of magnetic field at the centre ‘O’ of loop of radius 2 m made of
uniform wire when a current of 1 amp enters in the loop and taken out of it by two long wires
as shown in the figure.
5. Find the magnetic induction at the origin in the figure shown.
6. Find the magnetic induction at point O, if the current carrying wire is in the shape shown in the
figure.

7. Find the magnitude of the magnetic induction B of a magnetic field generated by a system of
thin conductors along which a current i is flowing at a point A (O, R, O), that is the centre of
a circular conductor of radius R. The ring is in yz plane.
8. Two circular coils of wire each having a radius of 4 cm and 10 turns have a common axis and
are 3 cm apart. If a current of 1 A passes through each coil in the opposite direction find the
magnetic induction.
(i) At the centre of either coil (ii) At a point on the axis, midway between them.
9. Two coils each of 100 turns are held such that one lies in the vertical plane with their centers
coinciding. The radius of the vertical coil is 20 cm and that of the horizontal coil is 30cm. How
would you neutralize the magnetic field of the earth at their common centre? What is the
current to be passed through each coil? Horizontal component of earth's magnetic induction =
3.49 × 10 -5 T and angle of dip = 30º.
10. Six wires of current I1 = 1A, I2 = 2A, I3 = 3A, I4 = 1A, I5 = 5A and I6 = 4A cut the page perpendicularly
at the points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively as shown in the figure. Find the value of the integral
 B.dl around the closed path.
11. A cylindrical conductor of radius R carries a current along its length. The current density J,
however, it is not uniform over the cross section of the conductor but is a function of the radius
according to J = br, where b is a constant. Find an expression for the magnetic field B.
(a) at r1 < R &

(b) at distance r2 > R, measured from the axis
12. Electric charge q is uniformly distributed over a rod of length l. The rod is placed parallel to a
long wire carrying a current i. The separation between the rod and the wire is a. Find the force
needed to move the rod along its length with a uniform velocity v.
13. An electron moving with a velocity 5 × 10 6 ms–1 î in the uniform electric field of 5 × 10 7 vm–1 ˆj .
Find the magnitude and direction of a minimum uniform magnetic field in tesla that will cause
the electron to move undeviated along its original path.
14. A charged particle (charge q, mass m) has velocity v0 at origin in +x direction. In space there is
a uniform magnetic field B in - z direction. Find the y coordinate of particle when is crosses y
axis.

15. A proton beam passes without deviation through a region of space where there are uniform
transverse mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic field with E and B. Then the beam strikes
a grounded target. Find the force imparted by the beam on the target if the beam current is equal
to I.
16. An electron gun G emits electron of energy 2kev traveling in the (+)ve x-direction. The electron
are required to hit the spot S where GS = 0.1m & the line GS makes an angle of 60° with the x-
axis, as shown in the fig. A uniform magnetic field B parallel to GS exists in the region outside
to electron gun. Find the minimum value of B needed to make the electron hit S.
17. Figure shows a strip of conductor through which a battery of emf  drives a current i = 4.8A.
The applied field on strip is B = 1T, length of strip is L = 1 cm and width w = 1mm. Take number
of free electrons 1 volume = 1029/m3. Find the Hall potential? Express your answer as
x × 10–7 V. Fill x in OMR sheet.


i = 4.8A B
A L
18. A conducting circular loop of radius r carries a constant current i. It is placed in a uniform
magnetic field B0 such that B0 is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. Find the magnetic
force acting on the loop.
19. A circular loop of radius R is bent along a diameter and given a shape as shown in the figure.
One of the semicircles (KNM) lies in the x − z plane and the other one (KLM) in the y − z plane
with their centers at the origin. Current I is flowing through each of the semicircles as shown
in figure.
(i) A particle of charge q is released at the origin with a velocity v = î − v0. Find the
instantaneous force F on the particle. Assume that space is gravity free.
(ii) If an external uniform magnetic field B ˆj is applied, determine the forces F1 and F2 on the
semicircles KLM and KNM due to this field and the net force F on the loop.

20. An arc of a circular loop of radius R is kept in the horizontal plane and a constant magnetic
field B is applied in the vertical direction as shown in the figure. If the arc carries current I then
find the force on the arc.
21. A wire loop carrying current I is placed in the X-Y plane as shown in the figure
(a) If a particle with charge +Q and mass m is placed at the centre P and given a velocity along
NP (fig). Find its instantaneous acceleration
(b) If an external uniform magnetic induction field B = B î is applied, find the torque acting on
the loop due to the field.
22. An infinitely long straight wire carries a conventional current I as shown in the figure. The
rectangular loop carries a conventional current I' in the clockwise direction. Find the net force
on the rectangular loop.
23. 3 infinitely long thin wires each carrying current i in the same direction, are in the x-y plane of
a gravity free space. The central wire is along the y-axis while the other two are along x = ± d.
(i) Find the locus of the points for which the magnetic field B is zero.
(ii) If the central wire is displaced along the z-direction by a small amount & released, show
that it will execute simple harmonic motion. If the linear density of the wires is , find the
frequency of oscillation.
24. Q charge is uniformly distributed over the same surface of a right circular cone of semi-vertical
angle  and height h. The cone is uniformly rotated about its axis at angular velocity .
Calculated associated magnetic dipole moment.

25. A square current carrying loop made of thin wire and having a mass m =10g can rotate without
friction with respect to the vertical axis OO1, passing through the centre of the loop at right
angles to two opposite sides of the loop. The loop is placed in a homogeneous magnetic field
with an induction B = 10-1 T directed at right angles to the plane of the drawing. A current I = 2A
is flowing in the loop. Find the period of small oscillations that the loop performs about its
position of stable equilibrium.
26. Four long wires each carrying current I as shown in the figure are placed at the points A, B, C
and D. Find the magnitude and direction of
(i) magnetic field at the centre of the square.

(ii) force per meter acting on wire at point D.
ANSWER KEY
1. (a) 0 (b) 1.41 × 10–6 T, 45º in xz - plane, (c) 5 × 10–6 T , + x - direction]

5 (2 2 − 1) 0i
2. 4p × 10–5 T 3. 4. zero
2 2 a
0I  3 ˆ 1 ˆ  0 i  3  0 i
5.  k + j
4R  4  
6.   + 1
4r  2 
7. B=
4 R
( )
2 2 2 − 2  + 1
8. (i) .766 ×10–4T, (ii) zero 9. I1 = 0.1110 A, i2 = 0.096 A

 0 br12  0 bR 3
10. µ0 weber.m–1 11. B1 = , B2 =
3 3r2
0iqv 2mv 0
12. 13. 10kˆ 14.
2a qB
mEI
15. 16. Bmin = 4.7×10–3 T 17. 3 18. zero
Be
0 I
19. (i) - q v0 k̂ (ii) F1 = 2 I R B F2 =2 I R B , Net force = F1 + F2 = 4 I R B
4R
Q V 0 I  3 3   3 2 ˆ
20. 2I R B 21. (a)  − 1  , (b)  = BI  − a j
m 6a    3 4 
  
0II C  1 1  d I 0
22.  −  to the left 23. z = 0, x = ± , (ii)
2  a b  3 2d 
Q m
24. h2 tan2  25. T0 = 2  = 0.57 s
4 6IB
0  4I  0  I2  −1  1 
26. (i)   along Y-axis, (ii)   10 , tan   +  with positive axis
4  a  4  2a  3

Subjective Exercise - II
1. A U-shaped wire of mass m and length  is immersed with its two ends in mercury (see figure).
The wire is in a homogeneous field of magnetic induction B. If a charge, that is, a current pulse
q =  idt, is sent through the wire, the wire will jump up.
Calculate, the height h that the wire reaches, the size of the charge or current pulse, assuming
that the time of the current pulse is very small in comparison with the time of flight. Make use
of the fact that impulse of force equals  F dt ,which equals mv. Evaluate q for B = 0.1 Wb/m2,
m = 10gm, .. = 20cm & h = 3 meters. [g = 10 m/s2]
2. A current of 10A flows around a closed path in a circuit which is in the horizontal plane as
shown in the figure. The circuit consists of eight alternating arcs of radii r1 = 0.08 m and r2 =
0.12 m. Each arc subtends the same angle at the centre.
(a) Find the magnetic field produced by this circuit at the centre.
(b) An infinitely long straight wire carrying a current of 10A is passing through the centre of the
above circuit vertically with the direction of the current being into the plane of the circuit. What
is the force acting on the wire at the centre due to the current in the circuit? What is the force
acting on the arc AC and the straight segment CD due to the current at the centre?
3. Electric charge q is uniformly distributed over a rod of length . The rod is placed parallel to a
long wire carrying a current i. The separation between the rod and the wire is a. Find the force
needed to move the rod along its length with a uniform velocity v.
4. There exists a uniform magnetic and electric field of magnitude 1 T and 1 V/m respectively along
positive y-axis. A charged particle of mass 1 kg and charge 1 C moving with velocity 1 m/sec
along x-axis is at origin at t = 0. If the coordinates of particle at time  seconds is given as (X,
5
Y, Z) in meter, then find the value of (XY + YZ + ZX) × .
2
5. A proton beam passes without deviation through a region of space where there are uniform
transverse mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic field with E and B. Then the beam
strikes a grounded target. Find the force imparted by the beam on the target if the beam current
is equal to I.

6. An infinite uniform current carrying wire is kept along z-axis, carrying current I0 in the direction
of the positive z-axis. OABCDEFG represents a circle (where all the points are equally spaced),
I0
whose centre at point (4m, 0 m) and radius 4 m as shown in the figure. If  B.d
DEF
=
k
unit,
then find the value of k.

7. A uniform wooden bar of mass kg and radius of cross-section 10cm carries a light coil C
100
of 100 turns. The bar is smoothly pivoted at P. If the coil carries a current 2A and subjected to
an external magnetic field 10–2T, the bar remains in equilibrium. Find the distance x (in cm) of
the C.M. of the rod from the pivot.
8. A rectangular loop PQRS made from a uniform wire has length a, width
b and mass m. It is free to rotate about the arm PQ, which remains
hinged along a horizontal line taken as the y-axis (see figure). Take
the vertically upward direction as the z-axis. A uniform magnetic field
B = (3iˆ + 4k)B
ˆ
0
exists in the region. The loop is held in the x-y plane
and a current I is passed through it. The loop is now released and is
found to stay in the horizontal position in equilibrium.
(a) What is the direction of the current I in PQ?
(b) Find the magnetic force on the arm RS.
(c) Find the expression for I in terms of B0, a, b and m.
9. A rectangular loop of wire is oriented with the left corner at the origin, one edge along X-axis
and the other edge along Y-axis as shown in the figure. A magnetic field is into the page and
has a magnitude that is given by  = y where  is constant. Find the total magnetic force on
the loop if it carries current i.

10. A closed loop carrying a current i is placed so that its plane is perpendicular to the long straight
conductor which carries a current i0 as shown in the figure. The torque acting on the current
loop is µ0 N-m. Then find the value of  (Given i = 2 A, i0 = 2A, r0 = 2 m,  = 60°)
11. A wheel of radius R having charge Q, uniformly distributed on the rim

of the wheel is free to rotate about a light horizontal rod. The rod is
suspended by light inextensible string and a magnetic field B is
applied as shown in the figure. The initial tensions in the strings are
3T0
T0. If the breaking tension of the strings are , find the maximum
2
angular velocity 0 with which the wheel can be rotate.
12. A moving coil galvanometer has a coil of area A and number of turns N. A magnetic field B is
applied on it. The torque acting on it is given by  = ki where I is current through the coil. If
moment of inertia of the coil is I about the axis of rotation.
(A) Find the value of k in terms of galvanometer parameters (N, B, A).
(B) Find the value of torsional constant if current i0 produces angular deflection of radian.
(C) If a charge Q is passed almost instantaneously through coil, find the maximum angular
deflection in it
13. An electron accelerated by a potential difference V = 3 volt first enters into a uniform electric
field of a parallel-plate capacitor whose plates extend over a length l = 6 cm in the direction of
initial velocity. The electric field is normal to the direction of initial velocity and its strength
varies with time as E = t, where a = 3600 vm–1s–1. Then the electron enters into a uniform
magnetic field of induction B =  × 10–9 T. Direction of magnetic field is same as that of the
electric field.
Calculate pitch of helical traced buy the electron in the magnetic field. (Mass of electron,
m = 9 × 1031 kg)
14. A charged particle of mass m and charge q is projected on a rough horizontal x-y plane surface
with z-axis in the vertically upward direction. Both electric and magnetic fields are acting in the
region and given by E = –E kˆ and B = –B kˆ respectively. The particle enters into the field at
0 0
(0, 0, 0) with velocity v = –v 0ˆj . The particle starts moving into a circular path on the plane. If the
coefficient of friction between the particle and the plane is m. Then calculate the.
a. Time when the particle will come to rest
b. Time when the particle will hit the center
c. Distance travelled by the particle when it comes to rest.

ANSWER KEY
3 0iqv
1. 15 C 2. (a)-6.6×10–5T (b) 0,0,2×10–5 n 3. 4. 5
2 2
mEI
5. 6. 8 7. 20
Be
ˆ – 4i)
ˆ mg
8. (a) current in loop PQRS is clock wise from P to QRS (b) F = BI0b(3k (c) I =
6bB0
dT0
9. F = a2ˆj 10. 4 11. =
QR2B
NAB
12. (a) k=NAB (b) C = 2i0ABN/ (c) Q 
21i0
mv 0 mv 0 mv02
13. 1.215 cm 14. (a) t= (b) t= (c) =
(mg + qE0 ) (mg + qE0 ) 2(mg + qE0 )

JEE-Main (Previous Year Questions)
Passage: Q. No. 1 to 2
A current loop ABCD is held fixed on the plane of the paper as shown in the figure. The arcs BC
(radius = b) and DA (radius = a) of the loop are joined by the straight wires AB and CD. A steady
current I is flowing in the loop. angle made by AB and CD at the origin O is 30°. Another straight
thin wire with steady current I1 flowing out of the plane of the paper is kept at the origin.
[AIEEE-2009]
B
a A
I1 . 30° I
O
D
b
C
1. The magnitude of the magnetic field (B) due to loop ABCD at the origin (O) is
µ0 (b − a) µ0I  b − a  µ0I   
(1) zero (2) I (3)   (4) 2(b − a) + (a + b) 
24ab 4  ab  4  3 
2. Due to the presence of the current I1 at the origin:

(1) The forces on AB and DC are zero
(2) The forces on AD and BC are zero
µ0II1   
(3) The magnitude of the net force on the loop is given by 2(b − a) + (a + b)
4  3 
µ0II1
(4) The magnitude of the net force on the loop is given by (b − a)
24
3. Two long parallel wires are at a distance 2d apart. They carry steady equal currents flowing out
of the plane of the paper as shown. The variation of the magnetic field B along the line XX’ is
given by [AIEEE-2010]
B B
(1) X X (2) X X
d d d d
B B
(3) X X (4) X X
d d d d
4. A thin circular disk of radius R is uniformly charged with density  > 0 per unit area. The disk
rotates about its axis with a uniform angular speed . The magnetic moment of the disk is
[AIEEE-2011]
R4 R4
(1) 2R4 (2) R4 (3)  (4) 
2 4

5. A current I flows an infinitely long wire with cross section in the form of a semi-circular ring of
radius R. The magnitude of the magnetic induction along its axis is [AIEEE-2011]
µ0I µ0I µ0I µ0I
(1) (2) (3) (4)
R 2
2 R
2
2R 4R
6. Proton, Deuteron and alpha particle of the same kinetic energy are moving in circular
trajectories in a constant magnetic field. The radii of proton, deuteron and alpha particle are
respectively rp, rd and r. Which one of the following relations is correct? [AIEEE-2012]
(1) r > rd > rp (2) r = rd > rp (3) r = rp = rd (4) r = rp < rd
7. A charge Q is uniformly distributed over the surface of non-conducting disc of radius R. The
disc rotates about an axis perpendicular to its plane and passing through its centre with an
angular velocity . As a result of this rotation a magnetic field of induction B is obtained at the
centre of the disc. If we keep both the amount of charge placed on the disc and its angular
velocity to be constant and vary the radius of the disc then the variation of the magnetic
induction at the centre of the disc will be represented by the figure: [AIEEE-2012]
(1) B (2) B (3) B (4) B
R R R R
8. Two short bar magnets of length 1 cm each have magnetic moments 1.20 Am 2 and 1.00 Am2
respectively. They are placed on a horizontal table parallel to each other with their N poles
pointing towards the South. They have a common magnetic equator and are separated by a
distance of 20.0 cm. The value of the resultant horizontal magnetic induction at the mid-point
O of the line joining their centers is close to (Horizontal component of earth's magnetic
induction is 3.6 × 10–5 Wb/m2) [JEE(MAIN)-2013]
(1) 2.56 × 10 Wb/m (2) 3.50 × 10 Wb/m (3) 5.80 × 10 Wb/m (4) 3.6 × 10 Wb/m2
–4 2 –4 2 –4 2 –5
9. The coercivity of a small magnet where the ferromagnet gets demagnetized is 3 × 10 3 Am–1. The
current required to be passed in a solenoid of length 10 cm and number of turns 100, so that
the magnet gets demagnetized when inside the solenoid, is: [JEE(Main)-2014]
(1) 60 mA (2) 3 A (3) 6 A (4) 30 mA
10. A conductor lies along the z-axis at –1.5  z < 1.5 m and carries a fixed current of 10.0 A in −âz
direction (see figure). For a field B = 3.0 × 10–4 e–0.2x â y T, find the power required to move the
conductor at constant speed to x = 2.0 m, y = 0 m in 5 × 10 –3 s. Assume parallel motion along
the x-axis. [JEE(Main)-2014]
z
1.5
I
y
B
2.0
x
–1.5
(1) 2.97 W (2) 14.85 W (3) 29.7 W (4) 1.57 W

11. Two long current carrying thin wires, both with current I, are held by insulating threads of length
L and are in equilibrium as shown in the figure, with threads making an angle '' with the vertical.
If wires have mass  per unit length then the value of I is : (g = gravitational acceleration)
[JEE(Main)-2015]
 L
I I
gL gL
(1) 2 tan  (2) tan 
µ0 µ0
gL gL
(3) sin  (4) 2sin 
µ0 cos  µ0 cos 
12. A rectangular loop of sides 10 cm and 5 cm carrying a current I of 12 A is placed in different

orientations as shown in the figures below: [JEE(Main)-2015]
z z
B I B
I I
(a) (b) I
y I y
I I
x x I
z z
B
I B
I
(c) I (d) I
y I y
I I
x x I
If there is a uniform magnetic field of 0.3 T in the positive z direction, in which orientations the
loop would be in (i) stable equilibrium and (ii) unstable equilibrium?
(1) (b) and (d), respectively
(2) (b) and (c), respectively
(3) (a) and (b), respectively
(4) (a) and (c), respectively
13. Two coaxial solenoids of different radii carry current I in the same direction. Let F1 be the
magnetic force on the inner solenoid due to the outer one and F2 be the magnetic force on the
outer solenoid due to the inner one. Then: [JEE(Main)-2015]
(1) F1 is radially inwards and F2 = 0
(2) F1 is radially outwards and F2 = 0
(3) F1 = F2 = 0
(4) F1 is radially inwards and F2 is radially outwards

14. Hysteresis loops for two magnetic materials A and B are given below: [JEE(Main)-2016]
B B
H H
(A) (B)
These materials are used to make magnets for electric generators, transformer core and
electromagnet core. Then it is proper to use:
(1) B for electromagnets and transformers.
(2) A for electric generators and transformers.
(3) A for electromagnets and B for electric generators.
(4) A for transformers and B for electric generators.
15. Two identical wires A and B, each of length 'l', carry the same current I. Wire A is bent into a
circle of radius R and wire B is bent to form a square of side 'a'. If B A and BB are the values of
BA
magnetic field at the centres of the circle and. square respectively, then the ratio is :
BB
2 2 2 2
(1) (2) (3) (4) [JEE(Main)-2016]
8 2 8 16 2 16
16. A magnetic needle of magnetic moment 6.7 × 10 –2 Am2 and moment of inertia 7.5 × 10–6 kg m2
is performing simple harmonic oscillations in a magnetic field of 0.01 T. Time taken for 10
complete oscillations is [JEE(Main)-2017]
(1) 8.76 s (2) 6.65 s (3) 8.89 s (4) 6.98 s
17. An electron, a proton and an alpha particle having the same kinetic energy are moving in circular
orbits of radii re, rp, r respectively in a uniform magnetic field B. The relation between r e, rp, r
is [JEE(Main)-2018]
(1) re < rp < r (2) re < r < rp (3) re > rp = r (4) re < rp = r
18. The dipole moment of a circular loop carrying a current I, is m and the magnetic field at the
centre of the loop is B1. When the dipole moment is doubled by keeping the current constant,
the magnetic field at the centre of the loop is B 2. The ratio is [JEE(Main)-2018]
1
(1) 2 (2) (3) 2 (4) 3
2
19. A bar magnet is demagnetized by inserting it inside a solenoid of length 0.2 m, 100 turns, and
carrying a current of 5.2 A. The coercivity of the bar magnet is: [JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 1200 A/m (2) 2600 A/m (3) 520 A/m (4) 285 A/m
20. At some location on earth the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field is 18 × 10 –6 T. At
this location, magnetic needle of length 0.12 m and pole strength 1.8 Am is suspended from its
mid-point using a thread, it makes 45º angle with horizontal in equilibrium. To keep this needle
horizontal, the vertical force that should be applied at one of its ends is : [JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 3.6 × 10 N
–5
(2) 6.5 × 10 N
–5
(3) 1.3 × 10 N
–5
(4) 1.8 × 10–5 N

x
21. An insulating thin rod of length  has a x linear charge density p(x) = 0 on it. The rod is rotated
about an axis passing through the origin (x = 0) and perpendicular to the rod. If the rod makes n
rotations per second, then the time averaged magnetic moment of the rod is :
[JEE(Main)-2019]
 
(1) n 3
(2) n3 (3) n3 (4)n 3
4 3
22. A paramagnetic substance in the form of a cube with sides 1 cm has a magnetic dipole moment
of 20 × 10–6 J/T when a magnetic intensity of 60 × 103 A/m is applied. Its magnetic susceptibility
is:- [JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 2.3 × 10 –2
(2) 3.3 × 10 –2
(3) 3.3 × 10 –4
(4) 4.3 × 10 –2
23. A galvanometer having a resistance of 20  and 30 divisions on both sides has figure of merit
0.005 ampere/division. The resistance that should be connected in series such that it can be
used as a voltmeter upto 15 volt, is :- [JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 80  (2) 120  (3) 125  (4) 100 
24. A particle of mass m and charge q is in an electric and magnetic field given by
E = 2iˆ + 3jˆ ; B = 4jˆ + 6k
ˆ
The charged particle is shifted from the origin to the point P(x = 1 ; y = 1) along a straight path.
The magnitude of the total work done is:- [JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) (0.35)q (2) (0.15)q (3) (2.5)q (4) 5q
25. There are two long co-axial solenoids of same length l. the inner and outer coils have radii r1
and r2 and number of turns per unit length n1 and n2 respectively. The rate of mutual inductance
to the self-inductance of the inner-coil is : [JEE(Main)-2019]
n2 r22 n2 r1 n1 n2
(1)  (2)  (3) (4)
n1 r12 n1 r2 n2 n1
26. A paramagnetic material has 1028 atoms/m3. Its magnetic susceptibility at temperature 350 K is
2.8 × 10–4. Its susceptibility at 300 K is: [JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 3.672 × 10 –4
(2) 3.726 × 10 –4
(3) 3.267 × 10 –4
(4) 2.672 × 10–4
27. As shown in the figure, two infinitely long, identical wires are bent by 90° and placed in such a
way that the segments LP and QM are along the x-axis, while segments PS and QN are parallel
to the y-axis. If OP = OQ = 4cm, and the magnitude of the magnetic field at O is 10 –4 T, and
the two wires carry equal currents (see figure), the magnitude of the current in each wire and
the direction of the magnetic field at O will be (0 = 4 × 10–7 NA–2): [JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 40 A, perpendicular into the page (2) 40 A, perpendicular out of the page
(3) 20 A, perpendicular out of the page (4) 20 A, perpendicular into the page

28. Two magnetic dipoles X and Y are placed at a separation d, with their axes perpendicular to
each other. The dipole moment of Y is twice that of X. A particle of charge q is passing, through
their midpoint P, at angle  = 45° with the horizontal line, as shown in figure. What would be
the magnitude of force on the particle at that instant ? (d is much larger than the dimensions
of the dipole) [JEE(Main)-2019]
  M    2M
(1) 2 0   qv (2)  0   qv
 4  (d / 2)3  4  (d / 2)3
   
  M
(3)  0   qv (4) 0
 4  (d / 2)3
 
29. Two coils 'P' and 'Q' are separated by some distance. When a current of 3 A flows through coil
'P', a magnetic flux of 10–3 Wb passes through 'Q'. No current is passed through 'Q'. When no
current passes through 'P' and a current of 2 A passes through 'Q', the flux through 'P' is :-
[JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 6.67 × 10–3 Wb (2) 6.67 × 10–4 Wb
(3) 3.67 × 10–4 Wb (4) 3.67 × 10–3 Wb
30. A rigid square loop of side 'a' and carrying current I2 is lying on a horizontal surface near a long
current I1 carrying wire in the same plane as shown in figure. The net force on the loop due to
wire will be : [JEE(Main)-2019]
0I1I2 0I1I2
(1) Attractive and equal to (2) Repulsive and equal to
3 4
0I1I2
(3) Repulsive and equal to (4) Zero
2
31. A rectangular coil (Dimension 5 cm × 2.5 cm) with 100 turns, carrying a current of 3 A in the
clock-wise direction is kept centered at the origin and in the X-Z plane. A magnetic field of 1 T
is applied along X-axis. If the coil is tilted through 45° about Z-axis, then the torque on the coil
is : [JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 0.55 Nm (2) 0.27 Nm
(3) 0.38 Nm (4) 0.42 N

32. An electron, moving along the x-axis with an initial energy of 100 eV,
ˆ at S (See figure). The
enters a region of magnetic field B = (1.5  10−3 T)k
field extends between x = 0 and x = 2 cm. The electron is detected at
the point Q on a screen placed 8 cm away from the point S. The distance
d between P and Q (on the screen) is : [JEE(Main)-2019]
(electron's charge = 1.6 × 10–19 C, mass of electron = 9.1 × 10–31 kg)
(1) 12.87 cm (2) 1.22 cm (3) 11.65 cm (4) 2.25 cm
33. A magnetic compass needle oscillates 30 times per minute at a place where the dip is 45º, and
40 times per minute where the dip is 30º. If B1 and B2 are respectively the total magnetic field
due to the earth at the two places, then the ratio B1/B2 is best given by :
[JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 2.2 (2) 1.8 (3) 0.7 (4) 3.6
34. The figure gives experimentally measured B vs. H variation in a ferromagnetic material. The
retentivity, coercivity and saturation, respectively, of the material are: [JEE(Main)-2020]
(1) 150 A/m, 1.0 T and 1.5 T (2) 1.0 T, 50 A/m and 1.5 T
(3) 1.5 T, 50 A/m and 1.0 T (4) 1.5 T, 50 A/m and 1.0 T
35. Consider a circular coil of wire carrying constant current I, forming a magnetic dipole. The
magnetic flux through an infinite plane that contains the circular coil and excluding the circular
coil area is given by i. The magnetic flux through the area of the circular coil area is given by
0.
Which of the following option is correct? [JEE(Main)-2020]
(1) i = –0 (2) i = 0 (3) i < 0 (4) i > 0
36. An electron gun is placed inside a long solenoid of radius R on its axis. The solenoid has n
turns/length and carries a current I. The electron gun shoots an electron along the radius of the
solenoid with speed v. If the electron does not hit the surface of the solenoid, maximum
possible value of v is (all symbols have their standard meaning) : [JEE(Main)-2020]
e0nIR e0nIR 2e0nIR e0nIR

(1) (2) (3) (4)
m 2m m 4m

37. Magnetic materials used for making permanent magnets (P) and magnets in a transformer
(T) have different properties of the following, which property best matches for the type of
magnet required? [JEE(Main)-2020]
(1) T : Large retentivity, small coercivity
(2) P : Small retentivity, large coercivity
(3) T : Large retentivity, large coercivity
(4) P : Large retentivity, large coercivity
38. A perfectly diamagnetic sphere has a small spherical cavity at its centre, which is filled with a
paramagnetic substance. The whole system is placed in a uniform magnetic field B . Then the
field inside the paramagnetic substance is: [JEE(Main)-2020]
(1) Zero (2) B

(3) much large than B but opposite to B (4) much large than B and parallel to B
39. A galvanometer coil has 500 turns and each turn has an average area of 3 × 10 –4 m2. If a torque
of 1.5 Nm is required to keep this coil parallel to magnetic field when a current of 0.5 A is
flowing through it, the strength of the field (in T) is ________. [JEE(Main)-2020]
40. A paramagnetic sample shows a net magnetization of 6 A/m when it is placed in an external
magnetic field of 0.4 T at a temperature of 4 K. When the sample is placed in an external magnetic
field of 0.3 T at a temperature of 24 K, then the magnetization will be : [JEE(Main)-2020]
(1) 4 A/m (2) 0.75 A/m (3) 2.25 A/m (4) 1 A/m
41. An iron rod of volume 10–3 m3 and relative permeability 1000 is placed as core in a solenoid with
10 turns/cm. If a current of 0.5 A is passed through the solenoid, then the magnetic moment of
the rod will be : [JEE(Main)-2020]
(1) 0.5 × 102 Am2 (2) 50 × 102 Am2
(3) 500 × 102 Am2 (4) 5 × 102 Am2
42. A square loop of side 2a, and carrying current I, is kept in XZ plane with its centre at origin. A
long wire carrying the same current I is placed parallel to the z-axis and passing through the
point (0, b, 0), (b > > a). The magnitude of the torque on the loop about z-axis is given by:
[JEE(Main)-2020]
20I2a 2 0I2a3
(1) (2)
b 2b2
0I2a2 20I2a 3
(3) (4)
2b b2
43. A proton, a deuteron and an  particle are moving with same momentum in a uniform magnetic
field. The ratio of magnetic forces acting on them is ____ and their speed is ____ in the ratio.
(1) 1 : 2 : 4 and 2 : 1 : 1 (2) 2 : 1 : 1 and 4 : 2 : 1 [JEE(Main)-2021]
(3) 4 : 2 : 1 and 2 : 1 : 1 (4) 1 : 2 : 4 and 1 : 1 : 2

44. A hairpin like shape as shown in figure is made by bending a long current carrying wire. What is
the magnitude of a magnetic field at point P which lies on the centre of the semicircle?
[JEE(Main)-2021]
0I 0I 0I 0I

(1) (2 − ) (2) (2 + ) (3) (2 + ) (4) (2 − )
4r 4r 2r 2r
45. A loop of flexible wire of irregular shape carrying current is placed in an external magnetic field.
Identify the effect of the field on the wire. [JEE(Main)-2021]
(1) Loop assumes circular shape with its plane normal to the field.
(2) Loo p assumes circular shape with its plane parallel to the field.
(3) Wire gets stretched to become straight.
(4) Shape of the loop remains unchanged.
46. Figure A and B show two long straight wires of circular cross-section (a and b with a < b),
carrying current I which is uniformly distributed across the cross-section. The magnitude of
magnetic field B varies with radius r and can be represented as: [JEE(Main)-2021]
(1) (2) (3) (4)
47. If the maximum value of accelerating potential provided by a ratio frequency oscillator is 12 kV.
The number of revolutions made by a proton in a cyclotron to achieve one sixth of the speed
of light is ............
[mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg, e = 1.6 × 10–19 C, Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s] [JEE-Main-2021]

48. A uniform conducting wire of length 24a, and resistance R is wound up as a current carrying
coil in the shape of an equilateral triangle of side 'a' and then in the form of a square of side
'a'. The coil is connected to a voltage source V0. The ratio of magnetic moment of the coils in
case of equilateral triangle to that for square is 1: y , where y is....... [JEE(Main)-2021]
49. A current of 1.5 A is flowing through a triangle, of side 9 cm each. The magnetic field at the
centroid of the triangle is: [JEE(Main)-2021]
(Assume that the current is flowing in the clockwise direction.)
(1) 3 × 10–7 T, outside the plane of triangle (2) 2 3 × 10–7 T, outside the plane of triangle
(3) 2 3 × 10–5 T, inside the plane of triangle (4) 3 × 10–5 T, inside the plane of triangle
50. Given below are two statements : One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R).
Assertion (A): In an uniform magnetic field, speed and energy remains the same for a moving
charged particle.
Reason (R): Moving charged particle experiences magnetic force perpendicular to its direction
of motion. [JEE(Main)-2022]
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) (A) is false but (R) is ture.
51. The magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil of radius r, due to current I flowing through
r
it, is B. The magnetic field at a point along the axis at a distance from the centre is:
2
[JEE(Main)-2022]
3 3
 2   2 
(1) B/2 (2) 2B (3)   B (4)   B
 5  3
52. A proton, a deuteron and -particle with same kinetic energy enter into a uniform magnetic
field at right angle to magnetic field. The ratio of the radii of their respective circular paths is:
[JEE(Main)-2022]
(1) 1 : 2 : 2 (2) 1 : 1 : 2 (3) 2 : 1: 1 (4) 1 : 2 : 1
53. A long straight wire with a circular cross-section having radius R, is carrying a steady current I.
The current I is uniformly distributed across this cross-section. Then the variation of magnetic
field due to current I with distance r (r < R) from its centre will be : [JEE(Main)-2022]
1 1
(1) B  r2 (2) B  r (3) B  (4) B 
r 2
r
54. A long solenoid carrying a current produces a magnetic field B along its axis. If the current is
doubled and the number of turns per cm is halved, the new value of magnetic field will be equal
to [JEE(Main)-2022]
B
(1) B (2) 2B (3) 4 B (4)
2

55. The soft iron suitable material for making an electromagnet. This is because soft-iron has:
[JEE(Main)-2022]
(1) low coercively and high retentively
(2) low coercively and low permeability
(3) high permeability and low retentively
(4) high permeability and high retentively
56. Given below are two statements :

Statement -I Susceptibilities of paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances increase with
decrease in temperature.
Statement – II Diamagnetism is a result of orbital motions of electrons developing magnetic
moments opposite to the applied magnetic filed.
Choose the CORRECT answer from the options given below:- [JEE(Main)-2022]
(1) Both statement -I and statement -II are true
(2) Both statement -I and statement -II are false
(3) Statement -I is true but statement -II is false
(4) Statement – I is false but statement -II are true.
57. Assertion (A): Non-polar materials do not have any permanent dipole moment
Reason (R): when an non-polar materials is placed in a electric filed. The centre of the positive
charge distribution of it’s individual atom or molecule coinside with the centre of the negative
charge distribution.
In the light of above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given
below. [JEE(Main)-2022]
(A) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(B) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(C) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
(D) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct
ANSWER KEY
1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (4) 5. (1) 6. (4) 7. (3)

8. (1) 9. (2) 10. (1) 11. (4) 12. (1) 13. (2) 14. (1)
15. (1) 16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (2) 19. (2) 20. (2) 21. (1)
22. (3) 23. (1) 24. (4) 25. (4) 26. (3) 27. (4) 28. (4)
29. (2) 30. (2) 31. (2) 32. (1) 33. (3) 34. (2) 35. (1)
36. (2) 37. (4) 38. (4) 39. 20 40. (2) 41. (4) 42. (1)
43. (2) 44. (2) 45. (1) 46. (3) 47. 543 48. (3) 49. (4)
50. (1) 51. (3) 52. (4) 53. (2) 54. (1) 55. (3) 56. (1)
57. (3)

JEE-Main (Previous Year Questions)
1. A proton and an alpha particle, after being accelerated through same potential difference, enter
a uniform magnetic field the direction of which is perpendicular to their velocities. Find the
ratio of radii of the circular paths of the two particles. [JEE-2004]
2. An electron moving with a speed u along the positive x-axis at y = 0 enters a region of uniform
magnetic field B = −B0kˆ which exists to the right of y-axis. The electron exits from the region
after sometime with the speed v at coordinate y, then [JEE-2004]
y
× × × ×
× × × ×
–
e u × × × ×
× × × × x
× × × ×
× × × ×
× × × ×
(A) v > u, y < 0 (B) v = u, y > 0 (C) v > u, y > 0 (D) v = u, y < 0
3. In a moving coil galvanometer, torque on the coil can be expressed as  = ki, where i is current
through the wire and k is constant. The rectangular coil of the galvanometer having numbers of
turns N, area A and moment of inertia I is placed in magnetic field B. Find [JEE-2005]
(a) k in terms of given parameters N, I, A and B.
(b) the torsional constant of the spring, if a current i0 produces a deflection of /2 in the coil in
reaching equilibrium position.
(c) the maximum angle through which coil is deflected, if charge Q is passed through the coil
almost instantaneously. (Ignore the damping in mechanical oscillations)
4. An infinite current carrying wire passes through point O and in perpendicular

to the plane containing a current carrying loop ABCD as shown in the figure.
Choose the correct option (s). [JEE-2006]
(A) Net force on the loop is zero.
(B) Net torque on the loop is zero.
(C) As seen from O, the loop rotates clockwise.
(D) As seen from O, the loop rotates anticlockwise
5. A magnetic field B = B0 ˆj exists in the region a < x < 2a and = B –B0 ˆj , in the region 2a < x < 3a,
where B0 is a positive constant. A positive point charge moving with a velocity v = v0 î , where
v0 is a positive constant, enters the magnetic field at x = a. The trajectory of the charge in this
region can be like, [JEE-2007]
(A) (B) (C) (D)

6. Two wires each carrying a steady current I are shown in four configurations in Column I. Some
of the resulting effects are described in Column II. Match the statements in Column I with the
statements in Column II and indicate your answer by darkening appropriate bubbles in the
4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS. [JEE-2007]
Column I Column II
(A) Point P is situated (P) The magnetic fields (B) at P due
midway between to the currents in the wires are
the wires in the same direction.
(B) Point P is situated at the (Q) The magnetic fields (B) at P due
mid-point of the line to the currents in the wires are
joining the centers of the in opposite directions
circular wires, which
have same radii.
(C) Point P is situated at the (R) There is no
mid-point of the line magnetic field at P
joining the centers of the
circular wires, which
have same radii.
(D) Point P is situated at the (S) The wires
common center repel each other
of the wires
7. Column-I gives certain situations in which a straight metallic wire of resistance R is used and
Column-II gives some resulting effects. Match the statements in Column-I with the statements
in Column-II. [JEE-2007]
Column-I Column-II
(A) A charged capacitor is connected to (P) A constant current flows through the
wire the ends of the wire
(B) The wire is moved perpendicular to its length (Q) Thermal energy is generated in the wire
with a constant velocity in a uniform magnetic
field perpendicular to the plane of motion
(C) The wire is placed in a constant electric field (R) A constant potential difference develops
that has a direction along the length of
wire the wire between the ends of the
(D) A battery of constant emf is connected to the (S) Charges of constant magnitude appear
the ends of the wire
at ends of the wire
8. A particle of mass m and charge q, moving with velocity V enters Region II normal to the
boundary as shown in the figure. Region II has a uniform magnetic field B perpendicular to the
plane of the paper. The length of the Region II is . Choose the correct choice(s) [JEE-2008]
Region I Region II Region III
× × × ×
× × × ×
× × × ×
V
× × × ×
× × × ×

q B
(A) The particle enters Region III only if its velocity V >
m
q B
(B) The particle enters Region III only if its velocity V <
m
q B
(C) Path length of the particle in Region II is maximum when velocity V =
m
(D) Time spent in Region II is same for any velocity V as long as the particle returns to Region I

9. Statement-1 : The sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is increased by placing a suitable
magnetic material as a core inside the coil. [JEE-2008]
Statement-2 : Soft iron has a high magnetic permeability and cannot be easily magnetized or
demagnetized.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is a correct explanation for
statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
10. Six point charges, each of the same magnitude q, are arranged in different manners as shown
in Column II. In each case, a point M and a line PQ passing through M are shown. Let E be the
electric field and V be the electric potential at.M (potential at infinity is zero) due to the given
charge distribution when it is at rest. Now, the whole system is set into rotation with a constant
angular velocity about the line PQ. Let B be the magnetic field at M and µ be the magnetic
moment of the system in this condition. Assume each rotating charge to be equivalent to a
steady current. [JEE-2009]
+ –
Column-I Q Column-II
(A) E=0 (p) Charges are at the corners of a
¯ + regular hexagon. M is the centre of the
M
hexagon. PQ is perpendicular to the
P + – plane of the hexagon.
P
(B) V0 (q) Charges are on a line perpendicular
– + – + – +
To PQ at equal intervals. M is the
M
mid-point between the two
innermost charges.
Q
+ – Q
(C) B=0 (r) + Charges are placed on two coplanar
circles of radius a and 2a. M is at the
– M –
centre of the circle PQ is
perpendicular to the plane of the
P
+ circles.
– + –
(D) µ0 (s) Charges are placed at the corners of
M
P Q A rectangle of sides a and 2a and at
– – the mid points of the longer sides. M
+
is at the centre of the rectangle. PQ
is parallel to the longer sides.
+ P –
(t) Charges are placed on two coplanar,
M identical insulating rings at equal
+ + – –
intervals. M is the mid-point
Q between the centers of the rings. PQ
is perpendicular to the line joining
the centers and coplanar to the
rings.

11. Column II shows five systems in which two objects are labelled as X and Y. Also, in each case
a point P is shown. Column I gives some statements about X and/or Y. Match these statements
to the appropriate system(s) from Column II. [JEE-2009]
Column-I Y Column-II
(A) The force exerted (p) X Block Y of mass M left on a fixed
by X on Y has a inclined plane X, slides on it with a
magnitude Mg. P constant velocity.
(B) The gravitational (q) P Two ring magnets Y and Z, each of

potential energy mass M, are kept in frictionless
of X is continuously Z vertical plastic stand so that they
increasing repel each other. Y rests on the
Y
base X and Z hangs in air in
X equilibrium. P is the topmost
point of the stand on the common
axis of the two rings. The whole
system is in a lift that is going up
with a constant velocity.
(C) Mechanical energy (r) A pulley Y of mass m0 is fixed to a
of the system X + Y P table through a clamp X. A block of
Y
is continuously mass M hangs from a string that
decreasing X goes over the pulley and is fixed at
point P of the table. The whole
system is kept in a lift that is going
down with a constant velocity.
(D) The torque of the (s) A sphere Y of mass M is put in a
weight of Y about nonviscous liquid X kept in a
point P is zero. Container at rest. The sphere is
Y
released and it moves down in the
X liquid.
P
(t) A sphere Y of mass M is falling with
its terminal velocity in a viscous
liquid X kept in a container.
Y
X
P
12. A thin flexible wire of length L is connected to two adjacent fixed points and carries a current
I in the clockwise direction, as shown in the figure. When the system is put in a uniform
magnetic field of strength B going into the plane of the paper, the wire takes the shape of a
circle. The tension in the wire is [JEE-2010]
× × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × ×
IBL IBL IBL
(A) IBL (B) (C) (D)
 2 4

Paragraph for Questions 13 to 14
Electrical resistance of certain materials, known as superconductors, changes abruptly from a
nonzero value to zero as their temperature is lowered below a critical temperature T C(0). An
interesting property of superconductors is that their critical temperature becomes smaller than
TC(0) if they are placed in a magnetic field, i.e., the critical temperature T C(B) is a function of
the magnetic field strength B. The dependence of TC(B) on B is shown in the figure.
TC(B)
TC(0)
B
O
13. In the graphs below, the resistance R of a superconductor is shown as a function of its
temperature T for two different magnetic fields B 1 (solid line) and B2 (dashed line). If B2 is larger
than B1, which of the following graphs shows the correct variation of R with T in these fields?
[JEE-2010]
R R
B2
B1
(A) (B)
B2 B1
T T
O O
R R
B1
B2
(C) (D)
B1 B2
T T
O O
14. A superconductor has TC(0) = 100 K. When a magnetic field of 7.5 Tesla is applied, its T C
decreases to 75K. For this material one can definitely say that when [JEE-2010]
(A) B = 5 Tesla, TC (B) = 80 K
(B) B = 5 Tesla, 75K < TC (B) < 100 K
(C) B = 10 Tesla, 75 K < TC (B) < 100 K
(D) B = 10 Tesla, TC (B) = 70 K
15. An electron and a proton are moving on straight parallel paths with same velocity. They enter
a semi-infinite region of uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the velocity. Which of the
following statement(s) is/are true? [JEE-2011]
(A) They will never come out of the magnetic field region.
(B) They will come out travelling along parallel paths.
(C) They will come out at the same time.
(D) They will come out at different times.

16. A long insulated copper wire is closely wound as a spiral of 'N' turns. The spiral has inner radius
'a' and outer radius 'b'. The spiral lies in the X-Y plane and a steady current 'I' flows through the
wire. The Z-component of the magnetic field at the centre of the spiral is [JEE-2011]
Y
I a
b X
µ0N I b µ0N I b + a  µ0N I  b  µ0N I b + a 

(A) ln   (B) ln   (C) ln   (D) ln  
2(b − a)  a  2(b − a)  b − a  2b a 2b b − a 
17. Consider the motion of a positive point charge in a region where there are simultaneous uniform
electric and magnetic fields E = E ˆj and B = B ˆj . At time t = 0, this charge has velocity v in the
0 0
x-y plane, making an angle  with the x-axis. Which of the following option(s) is(are) correct for
time t > 0? [JEE 2012]
(A) If  = 0°, the charge moves in a circular path in the x-z plane
(B) If  = 0°, the charge undergoes helical motion with constant pitch along the y-axis
(C) If  = 10°, the charge undergoes helical motion with its pitch increasing with time, along the
y-axis
(D) If  = 90°, the charge undergoes linear but accelerated motion along the y-axis
18. A cylindrical cavity of diameter a exists inside a cylinder of diameter 2a as

shown in the figure. Both the cylinder and the cavity are infinitely long. A
uniform current density J flows along the length. If the magnitude of the a
P O
N
magnetic field at the point P is given by 0aJ , then the value of N is
12
[JEE 2012] 2a
19. An infinitely long hollow conducting cylinder with inner radius R/2 and outer radius R carries a
uniform current density along its length. The magnitude of the magnetic field, | B | as a function
of the radial distance r from the axis is best represented by [JEE 2012]
 
|B| |B|
(A) (B)
r r
R/2 R R/2 R
 
|B| |B|
(C) (D)
r r
R/2 R R/2 R

20. A particle of mass M and positive charge Q, moving with a constant velocity u1 = 4iˆ ms−1 , enters
a region of uniform static magnetic field normal to the x-y plane. The region of the magnetic
field extends from x = 0 to x = L for all value of y. After passing through this region, the particle
emerges on the other side after 10 milliseconds with velocity u2 = 2 ( )
3 î + ˆj ms−1 . The correct
statement(s) is (are) [JEE(Advanced)-2013]
(A) The direction of the magnetic field is –z direction
(B) The direction of the magnetic field is +z direction

50M
(C) The magnitude of the magnetic field units.
3Q
100M
(D) The magnitude of the magnetic field is units.
3Q
21. A steady current I flows along an infinitely long hollow cylindrical conductor of radius R. This
cylinder is placed coaxially inside an infinite solenoid of radius 2R. The solenoid has n turns per
unit length and carries a steady current I. Consider a point P at a distance r from the common
axis. The correct statement (s) is (are) [JEE(Advanced)-2013]
(A) In the region 0 < r < R, the magnetic field is non-zero.
(B) In the region R < r < 2R, the magnetic field is along the common axis.
(C) In the region R< r < 2R, the magnetic field is tangential to the circle of radius r, centered on
the axis.
(D) In the region r > 2R, the magnetic field is non-zero.
22. Two parallel wires in the plane of the paper are distance X0 apart. A point charge is moving with
speed u between the wires in the same plane at a distance X1 from one of the wires. When the
wires carry current of magnitude I in the same direction, the radius of curvature of the path of
the point charge is R1. In contrast, if the currents I in the two wires have directions opposite to
x0 R1
each other, the radius of curvature of the path is R2. If = 3, the value of is
x1 R2
[JEE(Advanced)-2014]
Paragraph For Questions 23 & 24
The figure shows a circular loop of radius a with two long parallel wires (numbered 1 and 2) all
in the plane of the paper. The distance of each wire from the centre of the loop is d. The loop
and the wires are carrying the same current I. The current in the loop is in the counterclockwise
direction if seen from above.
Q S
d d
Wire 1 a Wire 2
P R
23. When d a but wires are not touching the loop, it is found that the net magnetic field on the axis
of the loop is zero at a height h above the loop. In that case [JEE(Advanced)-2014]
(A) current in wire 1 and wire 2 is the direction PQ and RS, respectively and h  a
(B) current in wire 1 and wire 2 is the direction PQ and SR, respectively and h  a
(C) current in wire 1 and wire 2 is the direction PQ and SR, respectively and h  1.2a
(D) current in wire 1 and wire 2 is the direction PQ and RS, respectively and h  1.2a

24. Consider d >> a, and the loop is rotated about its diameter parallel to the wires by 30° from
the position shown in the figure. If the currents in the wires are in the opposite directions, the
torque on the loop at its new position will be (assume that the net field due to the wires is
constant over the loop) [JEE(Advanced)-2014]
0I2a2 0I2a2 30I2a2 30I2a2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
d 2d d 2d
25. A conductor (shown in the figure) carrying constant current I is kept in the x-y plane in a uniform
magnetic field B . If F is the magnitude of the total magnetic force acting on the conductor,
then the correct statement(s) is (are) [JEE(Advanced)-2015]
y
R R
I /6 /4 x
L R R L
(A) If B is along ẑ , F  (L + R) (B) If B is along x̂ , F = 0
(C) If B is along ŷ , F  (L + R) (D) If B is along ẑ , F = 0

In a thin rectangular metallic strip a constant current I flows along the positive x-direction, as
shown in the figure. The length, width and thickness of the strip are I, w and d, respectively.
A uniform magnetic field B is applied on the strip along the positive y-direction. Due to this,
the charge carriers experience a net deflection along the z-direction. This results in
accumulation of charge carriers on the surface PQRS and appearance of equal and opposite
charges on the face opposite to PQRS. A potential difference along the z-direction is thus
developed. Charge accumulation continues until the magnetic force is balanced by the electric
force. The current is assumed to be uniformly distributed on the cross section of the strip and
carried by electrons.
l
y
K
I  I
S x
R
d M z
P Q
26. Consider two different metallic strips (1 and 2) of the same material. Their lengths, are the
same, width are w1 and w2 and thickness are d1 and d2 respectively. Two points K and M are
symmetrically located on the opposite faces parallel to the x-y plane (see figure). V1 and V2 are
the potential differences between K and M in strips 1 and 2, respectively. Then, for a given
current I flowing through them in a given magnetic field strength B, the correct statement(s) is
(are). [JEE(Advanced)-2015]
(A) If w1 = w2 and d1 = 2d2, then V2 = 2V1
(B) If w1 = w2 and d1 = 2d2, then V2 = V1
(C) If w1 = 2w2 and d1 = d2, then V2 = 2V1
(D) If w1 = 2w2 and d1 = d2, then V2 = V1
27. Consider two different metallic strips (1 and 2) of same dimensions (length l, width  and
thickness d) with carrier densities n1 and n2, respectively. Strip 1 is placed in magnetic field B 1
and strip 2 is placed in magnetic field B2, both along positive y-directions. Then V1 and V2 are
the potential differences developed between K and M is strips 1 and 2, respectively. Assuming
that the current I is the same for both the strips, the correct option(s) is (are)
(A) If B1 = B2 and n1 = 2n2, then V2 = 2V1 (B) If B1 = B2 and n1 = 2n2, then V2 = V1
(C) If B1 = 2B2 and n1 = n2, then V2 = 0.5V1 (D) If B1 = 2B2 and n1 = n2, then V2 = V1

Answer: Q.28, Q.29 and Q.30 by appropriately matching the information given in the three
columns of the following table.
A charged particle (electron or proton) is introduced at the origin (x = 0, y = 0, z = 0) with a given
initial velocity  . A uniform electric field E and a uniform magnetic field B exist everywhere. The
velocity  , electric field E and magnetic field B are given in columns 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The
quantities E0, B0 are positive in magnitude.
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
(I) Electron with  = 2

E0
x (i) E = E0 z (P) B = –B0 x
B0
(II) Electron with  =

E0
y (ii) E = –E 0 y (Q) B = B0 x
B0
(III) Proton with  = 0 (iii) E = –E 0 x (R) B = B0 y
(IV) Proton with  = 2

E0
x (iv) E = E0 x (S) B = B0 z
B0
28. In which case would the particle move in a straight line along the negative direction of y-axis
(i.e., move along – y )? [JEE(Advanced)-2017]
(A) (IV) (ii) (S) (B) (II) (iii) (Q)
(C) (III) (ii) (R) (D) (III) (ii) (P)
29. In which case will the particle move in a straight line with constant velocity?
(A) (II) (iii) (S) (B) (III) (iii) (P)
(C) (IV) (i) (S) (D) (III) (ii) (R)
30. In which case will the particle describe a helical path with axis along the positive z direction?
(A) (II) (ii) (R) (B) (III) (iii) (P)
(C) (IV) (i) (S) (D) (IV) (ii) (R)
31. A symmetric star shaped conducting wire loop is carrying a steady state current I as shown in
the figure. The distance between the diametrically opposite vertices of the star is 4a. The
magnitude of the magnetic field at the center of the loop is [JEE(Advanced)-2017]
4a
0I 0I 0I 0I

(A) 6[ 3 – 1] (B) 3[ 3 – 1] (C) 6[ 3 + 1] (D) 3[2 – 3]
4a 4a 4a 4a

3R
32. A uniform magnetic field B exists in the region between x = 0 and x = (region 2 in the figure)
2
pointing normally into the plane of the paper. A particle with charge +Q and momentum p
directed along x-axis enters region 2 from region 1 at point P 1 (y = –R). Which of the following
option(s) is/are correct ? [JEE(Advanced)-2017]
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3
O x
p2
+Q p1
(y = –R)
3R/2
8 p
(A) For B = , the particle will enter region 3 through the point P2 on axis
13 QR
2 p
(B) For B  , the particle will re-enter region 1
3 QR
(C) For a fixed B, particles of same charge Q and same velocity , the distance between the
point P1 and the point of re-entry into region 1 is inversely proportional to the mass of the
particle
(D) When the particle re-enters region 1 through the longest possible path in region 2, the
magnitude of the change in its linear momentum between point P1 and the farthest point
from y-axis is p/ 2
33. Two infinitely long straight wires lie in the xy-plane along the lines x = R. The wire located at
x = +R carries a constant current I1 and the wire located at x = – R carries a constant current
I2. A circular loop of radius R is suspended with its centre at (0, 0, 3R ) and in a plane parallel
to the xy-plane. This loop carries a constant current I in the clockwise direction as seen from
above the loop. The current in the wire is taken to be positive if it is in the +ˆj direction. Which
of the following statements regarding the magnetic field B is (are) true? [JEE(Advanced)-2018]
(A) If I1 = I2, then B cannot be equal to zero at the origin (0, 0, 0)
(B) If I1 > 0 and I2 < 0, then B can be equal to zero at the origin (0, 0, 0)
(C) If I1 < 0 and I2 > 0, then B can be equal to zero at the origin (0, 0, 0)
  I
(D) If I1 = I2, then the z-component of the magnetic field at the centre of the loop is  − 0 
 2R 
 

34. In the xy-plane, the region y > 0 has a uniform magnetic field B 1kˆ and the region y < 0 has
another uniform magnetic field B2kˆ . A positively charged particle is projected from the origin
along the positive y-axis with speed v0 =  ms–1 at t = 0, as shown in the figure. Neglect gravity
in this problem. Let t = T be the time when the particle crosses the x-axis from below for the
first time. If B2 = 4B1, the average speed of the particle, in ms–1, along the x-axis in the time
interval T is _________. [JEE(Advanced)-2018]
y
B1
v0 =  ms–1
x
B2

In electromagnetic theory, the electric and magnetic phenomena are related to each other.
Therefore, the dimensions of electric and magnetic quantities must also be related to each
other. In the questions below, [E] and [B] stand for dimensions of electric and magnetic fields
respectively, while [0] and [0] stand for dimensions of the permittivity and permeability of
free space respectively. [L] and [T] are dimensions of length and time respectively. All the
quantities are given in SI units.
35. The relation between [E] and [B] is [JEE(Advanced)-2018]

(A) [E] = [B] [L] [T]
(B) [E] = [B] [L]–1 [T]
(C) [E] = [B] [L] [T]–1
(D) [E] = [B] [L]–1 [T]–1
36. The relation between [0] and [0] is [JEE(Advanced)-2018]

(A) [0] = [0] [L]2 [T]–2
(B) [0] = [0] [L]–2 [T]2
(C) [0] = [0]–1 [L]2 [T]–2
(D) [0] = [0]–1 [L]–2 [T]2
37. A moving coil galvanometer has 50 turns and each turn has an area 2 × 10 –4 m2. The magnetic
field produced by the magnet inside the galvanometer is 0.02 T. The torsional constant of the
suspension wire is 10–4 N m rad–1. When a current flows through the galvanometer, a full scale
deflection occurs if the coil rotates by 0.2 rad. The resistance of the coil of the galvanometer
is 50 . This galvanometer is to be converted into an ammeter capable of measuring current in
the range 0 – 1.0 A. For this purpose, a shunt resistance is to be added in parallel to the
galvanometer. The value of this shunt resistance, in ohms, is _______. [JEE(Advanced)-2018]

38. A thin and uniform rod of mass M and length L is held vertical on a floor with large friction. The
rod is released from rest so that it falls by rotating about its contact-point with the floor
without slipping. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct, when the rod makes an
angle 60° with vertical?
[g is the acceleration due to gravity] [JEE(Advanced)-2019]
3g
(A) The radial acceleration of the rod’s center of mass will be
4
3g
(B) The angular speed of the rod will be
2L
2g
(C) The angular acceleration of the rod will be
L
Mg
(D) The normal reaction force from the floor on the rod will be
16
39. ˆ NC−1 is applied in a region. A charged particle of mass m

A uniform electric field, E = −400 3y
carrying positive charge q is projected in this region with an initial speed of 2 10  106 ms−1 . This
particle is aimed to hit a target T, which is 5 m away from its entry point the field as shown
schematically in the figure.
q
Take = 1010 Ckg −1 . Then [JEE(Advanced)-2020]
m
(A) the particle will hit T if projected at an angle 45° from the horizontal
(B) the particle will hit T if projected either at an angle 30° or 60° from the horizontal
5 5
(C) time taken by the particle to hit T could be s as well as s
6 2
5
(D) time taken by the particle to hit T is s
3
40. An -particle (mass 4 amu) and a singly charged sulfur ion (mass 32 amu) are initially at rest.
They are accelerated through a potential V and then allowed to pass into a region of uniform
magnetic field which is normal to the velocities of the particles. Within this region, the -particle
and the sulfur ion move incircular orbits of radii r  and rS, respectively. The ratio (rS/r) is _____.

41. Two concentric circular loops, one of radius R and the other of radius 2R, lie in the xy-plane
with the origin as their common centre, as shown in the figure. The smaller loop carries current
I1 in the anti-clockwise direction and the larger loop carries I 2 in the clock wise direction, with
I2 > 2I1. B ( x, y ) denotes the magnetic field at a point (x, y) in the xy-plane. Which of the following
statement(s) is (are) correct? [JEE(Advanced)-2021]
(A) B ( x, y ) is perpendicular to the xy-plane at any point in

the plane
(B) B x, y( ) depends on x and y only through the radial
distance r = x2 + y 2
( ) is non-zero at all points for r < R
(C) B x, y
(D) B ( x, y ) points normally outward from the xy-plane for all
the points between the two loops
42. Which one of the following options represents the magnetic field B at O due to the current
flowing in the given wire segments lying on the xy plane? [JEE(Advanced)-2022]
−0I  3 1 ˆ 0I  3 1 ˆ
(A) B =  + k (B) B =  + k
L  2 4 2  L  2 2 2 
−0I  1 ˆ −0I  1 ˆ
(C) B = 1+ k (D) B = 1+ k
L  4 2  L  4 
ANSWER KEY
rp mp q 1 2i0NAB NAB
1. = . = 2. (D) 3. (a) k = NAB, (b) C = , (c) Q ×
r m qp 2  2li0
4. (AC) 5. (A)
6. (A) Q,R; (B) P; (C) Q,R; (D) Q or (A) Q,R; (B) P; (C) Q,R; (D) Q,S
7. (A) Q; (B) R,S; (C) S; (D) P,Q,R
8. (ACD) 9. (C) 10. (A) p,r,s; (B) r,s; (C) p,q,t; (D) r,s
11. (A) p,t; (B) q,s,t; (C) p,r,t; (D) q
12. (C) 13. (A) 14. (B) 15. (BC, BD, BCD) 16. (A) 17. (CD)
18. 5 19. (D) 20. (AC) 21. (AD) 22. 3 23. (C) 24. (B)
25. (ABC) 26. (AD) 27. (AC) 28. (C) 29. (A) 30. (C) 31. (A)
32. (AB) 33. (ABD) 34. 2.00 35. (C) 36. (D) 37. 5.55 38. (ABD)
39. (BC) 40. 4 41. (AB) 42. (C)

4.magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

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1 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 1

Vector form of Biot-Savart's law

• Magnetic field on the perimeter of circular loop or coil is always minimum.

Magnetic Field Lines (By Michal Faraday)

2 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

• Magnetic field lines are closed curves.

• Field lines never intersects to each other.

Magnitude is Direction is Both magnitude Both magnitude

• Magnetic field lines exist inside every magnetised material.

Right Hand Thumb Rule

Towards observer or Away from the observer

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 3

• When current is straight, field is circular

Application of Biot-Savart Law

Taking limits of integration as – 2 – 2 to 1

4 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 5

• Magnetic Field Due to a Loop of Current

• Calculation of Magnetic Field

6 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Consider a small current element id as shown. id i

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 7

(uniform magnetic field

• Two identical co–axial coils (N, I, R same)

8 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 9

The magnitude of magnetic field at the centre of the coil Y Iy

10 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 11

 Wire 3 passes through origin when it is extended backwards B3 = 0

12 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

The direction of B is towards the mid-point of the line QR.

Q.3 Find resultant magnetic field at ‘C’ in the figure shown.

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 13

(ii) Position of point on line A C D where B is O.

Ampere's Circuital Law

This law independent of size and shape of the closed path.

14 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

B . d = 0 I , where B = 0H , H.d

Application of Ampere's Circuital Law

B . d = 0  I ,  Bd cos  = 0 I (where  = 0°)

B d cos 0 = 0 I  B  d = 0 I (where d = 2r )

• Magnetic Field Due to Infinite Long Solid Cylindrical Conductor I

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 15

• Magnetic Field at Specific Positions for Thin Hollow Cylindrical Conductor

• Magnetic Field Due to an Infinite Plane Sheet of Current

Let  represents current per unit length. P

Also,  B.d +  B.d = 2  B  a as B d ( )  2B × a =  a  B = 2 0

16 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Magnetic Field Due to Solenoid

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 17

  B.d +  B.d +  B.d +  B.d = B  a

Now, ienc = (n × a) × i s   × a = 0(n × a × i)   = 0ni

Finite Length Solenoid

Infinite length solenoid

18 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

 Same number of turns wound over half length

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 19

Current Carrying Conductor in Magnetic Field

• Magnetic Force on Current Element

20 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

So net magnetic force acting on a current carrying closed loop Fm = 0 (always)