•Magnetic Effect Of Electric Current: Magnetic flux

and magnetic induction-relation between them- Biot

Savart law- magnetic induction at a point on the axis
of a circular coil carrying current- amperes circuital
law-magnetic field inside a long solenoid -toroid-
Lorent’z force on a moving charge- direction of
force-torque on a current loop in a uniform magnetic
field -Moving coil Ballistic galvanometer-theory -
experiment to find charge sensitivity and absolute
capacity of a capacitor-De sauty bridge.
Ampere’s circuital•law:
The line integral of magnetic induction along
any closed path is equal to 𝜇˳ times the net
current enclosing the path.

• Let, B be the magnetic induction enclosing a

current I through a straight conductor.

• dl is a vector element of the path of magnetic

induction, then
‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇˳𝐼

where ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 is the line integral of the magnetic

induction for closed path
𝜇˳ is the permeability of the free space
surrounding the conductor.
Proof of Ampere’s circuital law:
• Consider a straight wire CD carrying current, I.
• A magnetic field is produced in a plane
perpendicular to the conductor.
• Let P be a point on the plane at a distance r from
O.
• The magnetic induction at P is given by
𝝁˳𝑰
B=
𝟐𝝅𝒓

• This is in the anti-clockwise direction.

• The locus of the point P around O is a circle of
radius, r.
• At any point on the circle, the magnetic induction is the same (in magnitude).
• B = constant.
• A small element dl on the circle of magnetic induction B is tangential to the
circle so that the vectors B and dl are parallel. This means,

B. dl=B dl cos θ= B dl. (cos θ= cos 0= 1)

• The value of line integral B.dl for the whole closed path is given by ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙

‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙

=B‫𝑙𝑑 ׯ‬ since B is constant

=B.2πr.
• Putting the value of B, we have
𝜇˳𝐼 𝜇˳𝐼
‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙=2𝜋𝑟2πr since B=
2𝜋𝑟

‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙=μ˳I. ---1

• This proves Ampere’s circuital law.

The line integral is independent, of the radius of the path.

• This means the value of the line integral of magnetic induction along all
circular paths of any radius will be the same.
Ampere’s law in terms of current density:
• Let a current I pass through a conductor.

• ds be an elementary cross sectional area.

• j - current density

• Relation between I and j is

I=‫𝑗 𝑠׬‬. 𝑑𝑠.

• The ampere’s circuital law, in terms of

current density can be expressed as

‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙=μ˳‫𝑗 𝑠׬‬. 𝑑𝑠 . (from 1)

• If ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = 0, it does not necessarily means that B=0 everywhere along the
path.
• It means that the total current through an area, bounded by the path is zero.i.e.,
I=0, through the closed path.
• Applications of Ampere’s circuital law:

➢To calculate the magnetic induction at any point inside a long

solenoid, carrying current:
• A solenoid is a long helical coil of wire, wound on a cylindrical PVC pipe such
that the spacing between them is small, when compared to the radius of the coil.

• It is used in many experiments to provide a uniform magnetic induction.

• When a current is passed through the helical coil
of wire, a uniform magnetic field is produced at
every point inside the solenoid.

• The magnetic induction B acts parallel to the

axis of the solenoid.

• Let I be the current through the solenoid and let

n be the number of turns per unit length of the
solenoid.

• Consider a closed rectangular path ABCD with

anti-clockwise direction. Let AB= L.

• AB lies inside the solenoid and CD lies outside

the solenoid.
• Number of turns per unit length = n.

• No. of turns contained in the rectangular path ABCD is = nL

• Each turns of wire, passing through the path ABCD contributes a current I.

• ∴The total current through the path ABCD is = n I L.

• The line integral of the magnetic induction B around the path

ABCD is = ‫𝐵 𝐷𝐶𝐵𝐴ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙

• But‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙=‫𝐵 𝐵𝐴׬‬. 𝑑𝑙+‫𝐵 𝐶𝐵׬‬. 𝑑𝑙+‫𝐵 𝐷𝐶׬‬. 𝑑𝑙+‫𝐵 𝐴𝐷׬‬. 𝑑𝑙 ----------(1)

• Here,‫𝐵 𝐵𝐴׬‬. 𝑑𝑙 = ‫ =𝑙𝑑 𝐵𝐴׬ 𝐵 = 𝑙𝑑𝐵 𝐵𝐴׬‬B L.

• Since B is a constant inside the solenoid and dl is in the direction of B. The path
BC is perpendicular to the induction B.

∴ ‫𝐵 𝐶𝐵׬‬. 𝑑𝑙=‫ 𝑙𝑑 𝐵 𝐶𝐵׬‬cos 90=0

• The path CD lies outside the solenoid, where B=0

∴ ‫𝐵 𝐷𝐶׬‬. 𝑑𝑙 =0

• The path DA is again perpendicular to the field B.

‫𝐵 𝐴𝐷׬‬. 𝑑𝑙=‫ 𝑙𝑑 𝐵 𝐴𝐷׬‬cos 90=0

• ∴The equation (1) becomes

• ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = BL+0+0+0 = BL ---2

• Applying Ampere’s circuital law,
∴ ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙=μ˳(I)

• Where μ˳is the permeability of the free space inside the solenoid.

• In our case, the current (I)=n IL

∴ ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙=μ˳nIL --------(3)

• Equating RHS of (2) and (3),

BL= μ˳nIL
∴B=μ˳nI
• This gives the magnetic induction at any point inside the solenoid.

• A solenoid is used as an inductor to store magnetic energy in the space within the
solenoid. This is like a capacitor that is used to store electrostatic energy in the
space between its electrodes.
The magnetic induction in a toroid:
• A toroid is a long solenoid bent into a circle
with the ends joined.

• It has many turns of wire, closely wound near

each other and the axis of the bent solenoid is
circular.

• When current is passed through the toroidal

coil, magnetic induction is produced in it.

• The lines of induction are circular.

• Let r be the mean radius of the toroid and I be

the current passed through the toroidal coil
windings.
• Let, B be the magnetic induction along the path, shown by the dotted line.
• dl is the elementary length of the line of magnetic induction B.
• The magnetic induction B is tangential to the path.
• ∴ ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙=B 2πr.

• Each turn of the winding(wire) passes once through the area, bounded by the path.
• ∴ The total current enclosed by the magnetic induction = NI where N is the total
number of turns in the winding.
• Then, by Ampere’s circuital theorem, ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙=μ˳(NI)

• i.e., B 2πr= μ˳NI

𝜇˳𝑁𝐼
• ∴B =
2𝜋𝑟
• B=μ˳nI
𝑁
• Where n= is the number of turns per unit length of the toroid. This is
2𝜋𝑟
just the same as the magnetic induction at the middle of a long solenoid.
1
• It is seen that B∝
𝑟

• ∴B field is not uniform over the cross-section of the core of the toroid.

• The magnetic induction at any point outside the toroid is zero.

Lorentz force on a moving charge (cross B rule):
• When an electric charge moves in magnetic
field, it experiences a force due to the presence
of magnetic field.
• The magnitude of the force is proportional to
1. The magnitude of the charge (q)
2. The strength of the magnetic induction, B and
3. The velocity component of charge(v sin θ )
perpendicular to the field.
• If θ be the angle between the velocity of
motion (v) of the charge and the magnetic
induction B, the component of velocity of
charge perpendicular to B is (v sin θ ).
• Thus, the magnetic force F acting on the moving charge (q) in the magnetic
field of induction B with velocity v is given by

• F=q (B v sin θ)

• F=q (v X B).

• This force is known as Lorentz force. Since it is velocity dependent, Lorentz

force is not a conservative force.

• The direction of the force F is perpendicular to the plane containing v and B.

• Folding the fingers of the right hand from v to B, the thumb points in the
direction of the force F (out of the plane of paper towards the reader)on a
positive charge.
 Special cases:
1.If v is in the direction of B, the angle θ=0.

• Hence, the Lorentz force on the charged particle is

F=q (v X B)=qv B sin θ =0, the charge experiences no magnetic

force, when moving in the direction of the magnetic field.

• Same is the result when the particle moves opposite to the direction of
magnetic field.

2.If the velocity of motion of the charged particle is perpendicular to the

magnetic field, θ=90̊. ∴sin θ=sin 90=1.

Hence F= q (v X B)= q v B is the maximum force.

• ∴ B= F/qv.

• The unit of B is N-s/(coulomb-metre) or tesla.

3.The magnetic force F = q(v x B). Since F is perpendicular to B, the work done
on the moving charged particle by the magnetic field is zero.

• The magnetic field only alters the direction of the velocity but not the speed.

4. Consider a charged particle of mass m and charge q. Let it move initially with
a velocity v perpendicular to the magnetic induction B.

• The force F = q v B and it is at right angles to v. This provides centripetal force

and so the particle moves along a circle of radius r.
 𝑚𝑣²
Now, F=q v B Also, F=
𝑟

𝑚𝑣²
q v B=
𝑟

𝑚𝑣
∴r=
𝑞𝐵

• Radius of the path r = p/qB where p is the momentum of the particle.

• Also the angular frequency of rotation of the charged particle is

ω=v/r

• Putting the value of r, ω=v (q B/mv)= vqB/mv

∴ω=qB/m.
• 5.When a charged particle of charge q moves through a region of space
where both electric field and magnetic are present,

• Force due to electric field = qE

• Force due to magnetic field = q(v x B)

• The total force on the charged particle is the vector sum of the above two
forces.

F=[q E+ q (v X B)]

F=q[E + (v X B)]
Force on a current -carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field: • Consider a current carrying conductor. Let,
• l – length of the conductor
• B- magnetic induction
• i be the current flowing through the conductor.
• q be the charge
• v is the drift velocity
• A be the area of cross-section of the conductor.
• n is the number of charges flowing across the area
in one second,
• The current is due to electric charge flowing
through the conductor.
• Current density J = nqv ; or v = J/ nq.
• Each charge experiences Lorentz force in the magnetic field.

• The Lorentz force is given by, f = q (v x B)

𝐽 𝐽𝑋𝐵
• Subs for v, f=q ( 𝑋 𝐵) = ( ) ------(1)
𝑛𝑞 𝑛

• Since n denotes the number of charges in unit volume, the total number of
charges in the volume (Al) of the conductor is

N = n(Al) -----(2)

• The total force acting on all the above charges flowing through the conductor is

F=fN
 𝐽𝑋𝐵
F =( ) (nAl) =(JAl X B)
𝑛

F=(il X B) ( since J=i/A or i=JA)

• This gives the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor, kept in a

magnetic field.

• Obviously, the direction of the force (F) is perpendicular to both the current(i)
and the magnetic induction (B).
• The magnitude of the forces is given by F =ilB sinθ
where θ is the angle between i and B.
• When the conductor is kept perpendicular to the magnetic induction, the force
on the conductor is F = Bil.
Torque on a current loop of coil kept in a uniform magnetic field:

• Let PQRS be a rectangular coil of wire.

• Let the length of the rectangle be l and

breadth b.

• It is kept in a magnetic field of magnetic

induction B with the sides PQ and RS
parallel to the field.

• If i be the current through the coil,

• The force on the side QR = Bil

• The force on the side SP = Bil.

• Since the currents are in opposite directions, the above two forces are in
opposite directions.

• There is no force on the sides PQ and RS, which are parallel to the field.

• The above two forces are equal and opposite. So, they form a couple tending to
rotate the coil.

• The moment of the couple is known as the torque on the coil.

• Torque τ = moment of the couple

τ= force x perpendicular distance PQ

τ = Bil x b
 τ = BiA [where A=l X b is the area of the coil]

• If there are n turns in the coil, the torque on the coil τ= Bi An.

• The torque tends to rotate the coil.

Moving coil ballistic galvanometer:

• The ballistic galvanometer is an instrument used to measure the quantity of
electrical charge flowing for a very short interval of time in a circuit.
• Principle:
• When a quantity of electrical charge flows through a coil, suspended in a
magnetic field for a small interval of time, the coil experiences an impulsive
torque.
• This produces a kick (momentary throw) of the coil. The kick produced is
proportional to the quantity of charge flowing through the coil.
Construction: • A moving coil ballistic galvanometer (B.G)
consists of a rectangular coil of wire of many
turns, wound on a plastic frame. (There is no
damping due to eddy current effect in plastic).
• It is suspended between the poles of a
powerful magnet.
• The faces of pole pieces are cylindrical so
that the magnetic field is radial for any
position of the coil.
• A soft iron piece (R) is kept at the centre of
the frame, but isolated from it.
• This is to concentrate the magnetic field.
The coil is suspended from an adjustable torsion-
head, by means of phosphor-bronze wire.
• The bottom of the coil is attached to a fine spring, fixed to the base of B.G.
ending with the terminal T2.
• External connections can be made with the terminal T2 and T1(at the torsion
head).
• A mirror strip is attached at the bottom of the suspension wire.
• The kick produced in the coil can be measured using a lamp and scale
arrangement.
Theory: • Let l be the length of the frame

• b be its breadth

• n the number of turns in the rectangular coil.

• B is the magnetic induction

• I is the current through the coil

• Each vertical side of the coil experiences a force.

• The force F= Blin.

• If the current flows for a small interval of time dt,

the impulse on the side=Force X time
• This impulse is equal to the change of momentum of coil.

• When the charge (q) flows for an interval t,

𝑡
• The total change of momentum=‫׬‬0 𝑛 𝐵𝑖𝑙 𝑑𝑡

𝑡
=𝑛𝐵𝑙 ‫׬‬0 𝑖 𝑑𝑡

𝑡
=n Blq since charge q=‫׬‬0 𝑖 𝑑𝑡

∴ Moment of the momentum produced in the coil is

=nBql X b

=nBAq where A=l X b is the area of the coil.

• If I is the moment of inertia of the rotating coil about the axis of suspension and
ω the angular velocity of the coil,
• Angular momentum=Iω

• Now, angular momentum is equal to moment of momentum.

∴Iω=n BAq ----------(1)

• As the coil rotates, the suspension wire controls the rotation due to its elasticity.

• If θ is the momentary deflection of the coil at any instant,

the work done by the suspension wire is W=(1/2) Cθ²

• Where C is the couple per unit twist in the suspension wire.

• This work done is equal to the kinetic energy of the coil at that instant.
• Kinetic energy=(1/2)Iω²

• Work done =(1/2)Cθ²

• Equating the above two,

(1/2) Iω²=(1/2) Cθ²

Iω²=Cθ² -----(2)

• If the coil is free to oscillate, the period of oscillation is given by

𝐼
T=2π (standard formula)
𝐶

4𝜋²𝐼
∴T²=
𝐶
 𝐶𝑇²
I=4𝜋² -----(3)
• Multiplying equations (2) and (3), we get
𝐶²𝑇²𝜃²
I²ω²= 4𝜋²
𝐶𝑇𝜃
Iω= 2𝜋 -----(4)
𝐶𝑇
• comparing (1) and (4) , nBAq= 𝜃
2𝜋
𝑇 𝐶
q=2𝜋 . 𝑛𝐵𝐴 𝜃

∴q=Kθ
𝑇 𝐶
• Where K=(2𝜋 . 𝑛𝐴𝐵) is known as the ballistic constant or charge sensitiveness of the
B.G.
 𝑇
• Or K= .k.
2𝜋

𝐶
• Where k= is known as the dead beat constant of the B.G.
𝑛𝐴𝐵

• Thus the kick produced θ in the B.G., is directly proportional to the quantity
of charge q flowing through it.

• Knowing K and θ, the charge flowing through the B.G can be found out
using the formula q=Kθ.
 Damping correction:
• When a quantity of charge is allowed to flow through the B.G. there is a kick
produced in the B.G. coil.
• There is air surrounding the coil. Due to the viscosity of air and induced e.m.f.
in the coil the amplitude of successive oscillations goes on decreasing and these
effect is known damping. The coil is prevented from producing the full kick θ.
• Hence the measured kick is slightly less than the full kick.
• Hence a correction has to be applied to the observed kick, in order to get full
kick θ.
• This correction is known as damping correction.
•Let some quantity of electric charge be discharged
through the ballistic galvanometer.
• The B.G. coil makes oscillations and the
successive throws are observed on the scale.
• Let θ₁ be the first throw on the left side of the
scale.
•θ₂ the second on the right
• θ3 be the successive third throw etc;
• and θ11 be the eleventh throw on the left side.
𝜃1
•The ratio ( ) = decrement d for one swing.
𝜃2
•It is the ratio of two successive kicks.
𝜃
•The quantity log ( 1 ) is known as the logarithmic
𝜃2
decrement, λ
 𝜃1
log ( ) = loge d= λ
𝜃2

d=eλ

𝜃
• i.e., ( 1 )= eλ
𝜃2

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃10
• Similarly, ( 2)= eλ; ( 3)= eλ and so on; ( )= eλ
𝜃3 𝜃4 𝜃11

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃10
•∴ ( 1 )X( 2)X….X( )=e10λ
𝜃2 𝜃3 𝜃11

𝜃1
∴ ( )= e10λ
𝜃11
 𝜃1
loge( )=10λ
𝜃11

1 𝜃1
λ= loge ( )
10 𝜃11

2.303 𝜃1
λ= log10 ( ) ------(1)
10 𝜃11

• This gives the logarithmic decrement of the B.G. since θ1 is first kick
𝜃
for the correct throw θ (in the absence of damping), the ratio is the
𝜃1
decrement for half swing (from middle to left kick θ₁ on the scale).
 𝜃
∴( )=eλ/2
𝜃1

θ=θ₁.eλ/2
𝜆
θ=θ₁(1+ ) nearly.
2
• Knowing θ₁ and the logarithmic decrement λ from equation (1), the
correct throw θ can be calculated.
1.Experiment to find charge sensitiveness (ballistic
constant) of a ballistic galvanometer:
• Connections are given as in the circuit
diagram.
• P and Q are resistance boxes connected in
series with a battery and a key.
• This forms the potential divider
arrangement.
• The capacitor C can be charged with the
voltage across Q, by pressing the charge-
discharge (C-D) key.
• When the capacitor is discharged through the
B.G. by releasing the key, a kick in BG is
produced.
• Keeping P=5,000 ohm and Q=5,000 the capacitor is charged.
• Discharging the capacitor by releasing C-D key, the kick produced is
noted.
• The commutator is reversed and the kick is noted on the other side of
the scale.
𝑄
• The mean kick is noted as θ mm. the value of ( ) is calculated.
𝜃
• The experiment is repeated by keeping Q=4000, 3000, 2000, 1000
ohms but with P+Q=10,000 ohms as before. In each case, the kick is
found out.

• The mean value of (Q/θ) is calculated.

• To find logarithmic decrement, keep Q=6000 ohm (and P=4000 ohm).
• The capacitor is charged and then discharged immediately.
• The spot of light on the scale will move (oscillate) left and right on the scale.
• The first throw is noted as θ₁ mm, the second is counted on the other side, the
third on the same side and so on.
• The eleventh throw on the same side of the scale is noted as θ₁₁ mm.
• Knowing θ₁ and θ₁₁, the value of λ can be calculated.
• The e.m.f. of the cell used is measured as E volt using a d.c. voltmeter or a
multimeter.

• The capacitance of the capacitor C is known (given). Using these values, the
ballistic constant K can be calculated.
• The experiment can be repeated by changing the capacitance value. The reading
are tabulated.
E=……. Volt; C=……..X 10 -6 farad
(P+Q)=…… ohm
To find the logarithmic decrement:
The first throw θ₁=……. mm
The eleventh throw on the same side θ₁₁=…… mm
2.303 𝜃1
λ= X log10 ( )
10 𝜃11
𝜆
∴λ/2=……; (1+ )=……..
2

• The ballistic constant K can be calculated using the formula

𝐸𝐶 𝑄 1
K= . ( )𝑋 𝜆
𝑃+𝑄 𝜃 (1+ )
2

=………… coulomb per mm kick.

Theory of the experiment:
Let E.M.F. of the cell=E volt
Total series resistance=(P+Q) ohm
𝐸
∴ Main current = ampere
(𝑃+𝑄)

∴P.D. across the resistance Q= current X resistance

𝐸
∴V= XQ
(𝑃+𝑄)

• This is used to charge the capacitor.

𝐸𝐶
The charge=CV= XQ
(𝑃+𝑄)
• When the capacitor is discharged, the charge flows through the B.G.
momentarily and produces kick in the B.G. coil.
• If θ be the kick,
• The charge flowing=Kθ (1+λ/2)
𝐶𝐸.𝑄
∴ =Kθ(1+λ/2)
(𝑃+𝑄)

𝐸𝐶 𝑄 1
∴ Figure of merit K= . ( )𝑋 𝜆
𝑃+𝑄 𝜃 (1+ )
2

• This gives the charge sensitiveness of the B.G.

2.Experiment to determine the absolute capacity of a
capacitor using ballistic galvanometer:
• Electrical connections are given as shown in the diagram.
• When the key is switched on, there is electric current in the battery
circuit.
• Due to this, there is potential difference across the ends of the
resistance Q.
• This p.d. can be used to charge the capacitor.
• The capacitor can be discharged through the B.G. by using charge
discharge key.
Procedure:
1.To find the kick:
• To find the kick, keeping P=5000 ohms and
Q=5000 ohms, the key is switched on.
• The capacitor is charged by connecting
terminal 1 and 2 of the charge-discharge key.
• The capacitor is discharged through the B.G by
connecting terminals (2) and (3).
• The first throw is noted as on the scale.
• The experiment can be repeated by changing
the resistance in the box but keeping
P+Q=constant throughout.
• In each case the values are noted and the value
of Q/θ is calculated.
 𝑄
• The mean value ( ) is calculated.
𝜃
• To find the logarithmic decrement λ, the B.G. is set into oscillations.
• The first kick and eleventh kick are noted as θ₁ and θ₁₁ respectively,
counting θ₁ and θ₂…. on opposite side of the scale.
• The value of λ is calculated using the formula
2.303 𝜃1
• λ= X log( )
10 𝜃11

• To find the period T of the B.G, the B.G. is set into oscillation.

• Using a stop watch, the time taken for 10 oscillations is noted.

• From this, the time taken for one oscillation is found out as T.
To find the steady deflection:
• Electrical connections are made as shown in
the second diagram.
• Keep P=10,000 ohms, which is equal to the
sum (P+Q) in the previous part of the
experiment.
• Keep a small resistance of 0.2 ohm in the
box Q now.
• This value is noted as Q’.
• Keeping R=0, the deflection in the
galvanometer is noted as d.
• Introduce suitable resistance in R so that
the deflection is reduced to half the value.
• This resistance introduced in R gives the galvanometer resistance G.
• Readings are also taken by reversing the commutator and mean value
of G is determined.
• The value of (Q’/d) is calculated.
• The experiment is repeated with different values of Q’ and the mean
value of (Q’/d) is found out.
Calculation:
• Period of galvanometer= T second
• Resistance of galvanometer= G ohm
• Logarithmic decrement=λ
• Kick in B.G with tapping resistance Q= θ m.m.
• Deflection with tapping resistance Q’= d m.m
• Knowing these values, the absolute capacity of the capacitor C is
calculated using the formula
𝑇 1 𝑄′ 𝜃 𝜆
• C= . ( )( )(1 + )farad
2𝜋 𝐺 𝑑 𝑄 2

• The readings are tabulated.

 Derivation of the formula:
• In the first part of the experiment to find kick,
• Charge q=Kθ(1+λ/2) ; Also, q=CV
∴CV=Kθ(1+λ/2). ---1
𝐸
• But the charging potential V= XQ [v=IR]
𝑃+𝑄
𝐸𝐶𝑄
Subs in 1, ∴ = Kθ(1+λ/2) ---2
𝑃+𝑄

• Where E is the e.m.f. of the cell used.

• In the second part of the experiment to find the steady deflection, d, current
through the galvanometer I=K0d where K0 is the dead beat constant or
current sensitiveness of the galvanometer.
 𝐸𝑋𝑄′ 1
Current through the galvanometer I=( ) [I=V/R]
𝑃+𝑄 𝐺
𝐸𝑋𝑄′
= K0d -----(3)
𝑃+𝑄 𝐺
• Dividing (2) by (3)
𝐶𝐸𝑄 𝑃+𝑄 𝐺 𝐾𝜃
𝑋 = (1+λ/2)
𝐸𝑄′ (𝑃+𝑄) 𝐾˳ 𝑑
𝑄 𝐾𝜃
∴C . 𝐺 = (1+λ/2)
𝑄′ 𝐾˳ 𝑑
𝐾 1 𝑄′ 𝜃
∴C= . ( )( )(1+λ/2)
𝐾˳ 𝐺 𝑑 𝑄
𝐾 𝑇
• Since the ratio = , we get
𝐾˳ 2𝜋
𝑇 1 𝑄′ 𝜃
C= ( )( )(1+λ/2)
2𝜋 𝐺 𝑑 𝑄
Comparison of two capacitances by De Sauty’s
method: • A wheatstone’s net work is made with
two capacitors C1 and C2 in the arms
AB and AD respectively.
• The resistances R1 and R2 are
connected in the arms BC and CD
respectively.
• The junction A is connected to the
vibrator (2) of a charge-discharge key.
• The charging terminal (3) is directly
connected to the junction C.
• Between B and D is connected a
ballistic galvanometer.
A convenient value is introduced in the resistance box R1.
On pressing the vibrator against the charging terminal, the
capacitors C1, C2 get charged.
On releasing the vibrator (2 and 3 touch), both the capacitors
discharge through the BG as the bridge is not balanced. The value
of R2 is adjusted so that there is no kick in the B.G. while charging
and then discharging.
Now the bridge is said to be a.c. balanced.
𝐶₁ 𝑅₂
Then, =
𝐶₂ 𝑅₁
Knowing R1 and R2, the ratio of capacitances (C1/C2) can
be calculated.
The experiment can be repeated by changing R2 each time.
The mean value of (C1/C2) is calculated.
The reading are tabulated.
• If the value of one of the capacitance is known (C2) the
value of the other capacitance (C1) can be found out.
𝑅₂
C1=C2X( )
𝑅₁
THEORY:

Z₁ Z3
• When the bridge is balanced, =
Z2 Z4
1 1
• Here Z₁= ; Z₂=R₁; Z₃= ; Z₄=R₂
𝐶₁𝑗𝜔 𝐶₂𝑗𝜔
1 1
∴ =
𝑅₁𝐶₁𝑗𝜔 𝐶₂𝑅₂𝑗𝜔
R₁C₁=R₂C₂
𝐶₁ 𝑅₂
( ) = ( )
𝐶₂ 𝑅₁