MAGNETIC

FIELD
Magnetic field arises around the conductors with
current. It can be drawn graphically using
magnetic induction lines, which at each point
coincide with the vector B . The induction lines are
always closed and cover the conductor with
current.

Fields which force lines are closed are called

vortex. Magnetic field is a vortex field.

The closure of the magnetic field lines indicates

the absence of magnetic charges in nature.
The magnetic moment of the circuit: P=ІS,
 
in vector form Pm  IS n

 
Torque of forces: M   P m B 

 
where B is magnetic induction vector
 M
В
Pm
Unit of the magnetic induction – tesla (Т).
Magnetic field is force field
The direction of induction
lines can be definitely
determined using
the well-known
right-hand screw rule

4
 Solenoid induction lines

Direct current induction, solenoid and

permanent magnet induction lines

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Along with the magnetic induction vector,
a quantity called the magnetic field
(strength) H is introduced to describe the
magnetic field.
For a homogeneous and isotropic
medium, the relationship between

B and H is given by the relation
 
B   0 H
 The Law of Biot-Savart
and its Application
As a result of the experiment, Biot
and Savart established that in all
cases the magnetic field induction
is proportional to the current
creating the field and depends on
the distance to the point at which it
is determined


0 I [dl , r ]
dB
4 r3

 0 Idl
dB  sin 
4 r 2
For a magnetic field, the principle of
superposition is applied, according to which
the magnetic induction of the resulting field
created by several currents or moving charges
is equal to the vector sum of the magnetic
inductions of the fields created by each current
or moving charge separately:
 n 
B   Bi
i 1
 MAGNETIC FIELD AT THE CENTER OF A
CIRCULAR CONDUCTOR (COIL)
The distance of all current elements to the center of the
circular current is the same and it is equal to the radius R.
r=R sin   1
according to the Biot-Savart law dB 
0 I
dl ,
4 R 2
2R 2R
0 I 0 I I
B   dB   dl  2R  
0
4 R 2
0
4 R 2
0
2R

Magnetic induction at the center of circular current:

I
B   0
2R
 MAGNETIC FIELD
DUE TO A STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR
Consider induction at point A at a distance
R from a current-carrying conductor:
R rd
r , dl 
sin  sin 
If we put the expression in the Biot-Savart
equation, and for all elements of infinitely
long, direct current, the angle α varies
from 0 to π, so:
0 I sin 
dB  d
4R
0 I  0 2 I
B   dB 
4R 0
sin d   0 I
4R B
Thus, the magnetic induction of direct current: 2R
 The action of a magnetic field on
currents. Ampere's Law


  
d F  I dl B 
 

dF
B
Idl
Let's apply Ampere's law to calculate the interaction force of two long
straight conductors with currents I1 and I2, located at a distance d from each
other
Magnetic field of a moving charge
Any conductor with current creates a magnetic
field in the surrounding space. An electric
current is an ordered motion of charges, i.e. all
moving charges participate in the creation of the
magnetic field.

  0  q[ r ]
B
4 r 3

where r is the radius of the vector drawn from the

charge q to the observation point M.
The effect of a magnetic field on moving
charges. The power of Lorentz.
The charges moving in a magnetic field are affected
by a force called the Lorentz force. This force is
determined by the magnitude of the charge q, the
speed of its movement v and the magnetic induction
B at the point where the charge is currently located
from the mutual orientation of the vectors v and B.
Direction vectors v and B
define Lorentz force direction:

FL  qB sin 
where α is the angle
between v and B
 Magnetic induction vector circulation in
vacuum
At each point of loop B is directed
perpendicular to the circle.

 Bdl   B dl
L L
l

 B d   Bd  B  d  B  2r   I
 0

The law of total current for magnetic field in vacuum:

The circulation of the vector B along an arbitrary closed
loop is equal to the product of the magnetic constant and
the algebraic sum of the currents covered by this loop:
  n

 Bdl   0  I k ,
k 1
 Magnetic induction vector flux.
Gauss theorem for magnetic field
Magnetic flux – flux of magnetic
induction vectors, or the number of
lines of force B, intersecting surface S
Ф  BS cos 
 
dФ  B d S  Bn dS
Gauss's theorem: The flux of a magnetic field through
any closed surface is zero:
 

 B d S   B dS  0
S S
n

This theorem reflects the fact of the absence of magnetic

charges, as a result of which the lines of magnetic induction
have neither a beginning nor an end and are closed.
 Work on moving a conductor with a current
in a magnetic field

When you move a conductor on distance dx, Ampere

force does positive work.

dA = Fdx =І Bldx = ІBdS = ІdФ dS=ldx

i.e. such a force equals dA = ІdФ

 Hall effect
The Hall effect is the production of a voltage difference
(the Hall voltage) across an electrical conductor,
transverse to an electric current in the conductor and to
an applied magnetic field perpendicular to the current.
When the field strength reaches a value that can balance the
Lorentz force, there is a stationary distribution of charges in the
horizontal direction:
e  
eE   eB or    Ba
a
а is plate thickness;  is average speed of electron.

I  a  d  n  e
d – plate width, n – electron concentration
Hence I

adne
Then
IBa 1 IB IB
   1
R   R
adne ne d ne d
MAGNETIC FIELD IN
SUBSTANCES
Any substance introduced into a magnetic field is
magnetized.
Any object whose magnetic properties are
considered is a magnet. Magnets are able to excite
or change the magnetic field.

Microscopic currents are

created as a result of the
motion of electrons in atoms
and molecules in any body.


The magnetic moment pm of an electric current

created by the motion of electrons in a closed orbit is
the orbital magnetic moment of an electron.
 pm =ІS=eνs

S is an area bounded by electron

orbit; І is current;
ϑ is the rotation speed of electron
in an orbit;

 is frequency 
2r
er
pm 
2
An electron moving in orbit also has moments of mechanical
momentum, its modulus is:

or
The magnetic moment per unit volume of a magnet is called the
magnetization: n

 Pm 
 Pmi
j  i 1
V V
Magnetization in weak fields is directly proportional to the
intensity of the given external

fields:

j H
χ – magnetic sensitivity of a substance, a dimensionless
quantity that characterizes the magnet under consideration.

Hence  B
H
 0 (1   )

(1 + χ ) is a dimensionless value is denoted by µ, which is the

magnetic permeability of a medium. If 1 + χ =  , then:
 
B  0 H
• Diamagnets are substances in which the magnetic
moments of atoms and molecules are zero in the
absence of an external magnetic field
χ <0 and  <1
• Paramagnetic has the magnetic moments of atoms
in the absence of an external magnetic field
χ >0 (>1)
• Substances that can be magnetized in the absence
of an external magnetic field on ferromagnets
χ >0 және >>1

For each ferromagnet, there is a temperature that

loses its magnetic properties, which is called the
Curie point.