Tuesday 18-05-2023 Lecture (1)

Chapter 31 :
Faraday’s Law
31.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction

31.2  Motional emf

31.3 Lenz’s Law

31.4 Induced emf and Electric Fields

 31.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction
How an emf can be induced by a changing magnetic field.
(a) When a magnet is moved toward a loop of wire
connected to a sensitive ammeter, the ammeter deflects,
indicating that a current is induced in the loop.
(b) When the magnet is held stationary, there is no induced
current in the loop, even when the magnet is inside the
loop.
(c) When the magnet is moved away from the loop, the
ammeter deflects in the opposite direction, indicating that
the induced current is opposite that shown in part (a).
Changing the direction of the magnet’s motion changes
the direction of the current induced by that motion.
A current is set up even though no batteries are present in
the circuit

We call such a current an induced current and say that it is

produced by an induced emf.
 Farady’s Experiment

A primary coil is connected to a switch and a battery. The coil is wrapped around an iron ring,
and a current in the coil produces a magnetic field when the switch is closed.
A secondary coil also is wrapped around the ring and is connected to a sensitive ammeter. No
battery is present in the secondary circuit, and the secondary coil is not electrically connected
to the primary coil.
When the switch in the primary circuit is closed, the ammeter in the secondary circuit deflects
momentarily. The emf induced in the secondary circuit is caused by the changing magnetic
field through the secondary coil.
Faraday concluded that an electric current can be induced
in a circuit (the secondary circuit in our setup) by a
changing magnetic field.

The induced current exists for only a short time while the
magnetic field through the secondary coil is changing. Once
the magnetic field reaches a steady value, the current in the
secondary coil disappears.
Faraday’s law of induction

If the circuit is a coil consisting of N loops all of the same area and if
ΦB is the magnetic flux through one loop, an emf is induced in every
loop.
The total induced emf in the coil is given by
Suppose that a loop enclosing an area A lies in a uniform magnetic
field B.
The magnetic flux through the loop is equal to BA cos θ.
The induced emf can be expressed as
Example 31.1 One Way to Induce an emf in a Coil
 31.2 Motional emf
The motional emf is the emf induced in a conductor moving through
a constant magnetic field.
The electrons in the conductor experience a force FB = q v x B that is
directed along the length l, perpendicular to both v and B.
Under the influence of this force, the electrons move to the lower end
of the conductor and accumulate there, leaving a net positive charge at
the upper end.
As a result of this charge separation, an electric field E is produced
inside the conductor.
The charges accumulate at both ends until the downward magnetic
force qvB on charges remaining in the conductor is balanced by the
upward electric force qE.
The condition for equilibrium
The electric field produced in the conductor is related to the potential
difference across the ends of the conductor

Thus, for the equilibrium condition,

Thus, a potential difference is maintained between the ends of the

conductor as long as the conductor continues to move through the
uniform magnetic field.
If the direction of the motion is reversed, the polarity of the potential
difference is also reversed.
A conducting bar sliding with a velocity v along two
conducting rails under the action of an applied force Fapp.

We assume that the bar has zero resistance and that the
stationary part of the circuit has a resistance R.
A uniform and constant magnetic field B is applied
perpendicular to the plane of the circuit.
As the bar is pulled to the right with a velocity v under
the influence of an applied force Fapp, free charges in the
bar experience a magnetic force directed along the length
of the bar.

This force sets up an induced current because the

charges are free to move in the closed conducting path.
 Important note:
Let us verify this mathematically. As the bar moves through the uniform magnetic
field B, it experiences a magnetic force FB of magnitude ILB
FB =
The direction of this force is opposite the motion of the bar, to the left in Figure 31.10a.
Because the bar moves with constant velocity, the applied force must be equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction to the magnetic force, or to the right in Figure
31.10a. (If FB acted in the direction of motion, it would cause the bar to accelerate,
violating the principle of conservation of energy.) Using Equation 31.6 and the fact
that Fapp = , we find that the power delivered by the applied force is
¿∆ 𝑉 ∨¿∨𝜀∨¿ 𝐼𝑙𝐵
 Thursday 25-05-2023 Lecture (2)
31.3 Lenz’s Law
(a) When the magnet is moved toward the stationary conducting loop, a current is induced
in the direction shown. The magnetic field lines shown are those due to the bar magnet.

(b) This induced current produces its own magnetic field directed to the left that
counteracts the increasing external flux. The magnetic field lines shown are those due to
the induced current in the ring.

(c) When the magnet is moved away from the stationary conducting loop, a current is
induced in the direction shown. The magnetic field lines shown are those due to the bar
magnet.

(d) This induced current produces a magnetic field directed to the right and so counteracts
the decreasing external flux. The magnetic field lines shown are those due to the induced
current in the ring.
31.3 Lenz’s Law

(a) As the conducting bar slides on the two fixed

conducting rails, the magnetic flux due to the
external magnetic field into the page through
the area enclosed by the loop increases in
time. By Lenz’s law, the induced current
must be counterclockwise so as to produce a
counteracting magnetic field directed out of
the page.

(b) When the bar moves to the left, the induced

current must be clockwise. Why?
Conceptual Example 31.6 A Loop Moving Through a Magnetic Field
(a) A conducting rectangular loop of width w and length L
moving with a velocity v through a uniform magnetic field
extending a distance 3w.
(b) Magnetic flux through the area enclosed by the loop as a
function of loop position.
(c) Induced emf as a function of loop position.
(d) Applied force required for constant velocity as a function of
loop position.
31.4 Induced emf and Electric Fields

An electric field is created in the

conductor as a result of the changing
magnetic flux.

A conducting loop of radius r in a uniform magnetic

field perpendicular to the plane of the loop. If B
changes in time, an electric field is induced in a
direction tangent to the circumference of the loop.
The work done by the electric field in moving a test charge q once around the loop.

The induced electric field E is a non

conservative field that is generated by a
changing magnetic field.
Example 31.8 Electric Field Induced by a Changing Magnetic Field in a Solenoid
A long solenoid carrying a time varying
current given by
I= Imax cos wt.
An electric field is induced both inside
and outside the solenoid.
Thursday 25-05-2023 Lecture (1)

Chapter 32 :
Inductance

32.1 Self-Inductance
32.3  Energy in Magnetic Field
32.1 Self-Inductance
Consider a circuit consisting of a switch, a resistor, and
a source of emf.
When the switch is closed, the current does not
immediately jump from zero to its maximum value ε/R.
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction can be used
to describe this effect as follows:
As the current increases with time, the magnetic flux
through the circuit loop also increases with time.
This increasing flux creates an induced emf in the
circuit.
The direction of the induced emf is such that it would cause
an induced current in the loop, which would establish a
magnetic field opposing the change in the original magnetic
field.
Thus, the direction of the induced emf is opposite the
direction of the emf of the battery.
Because of the direction of the induced emf, it is also called a
back emf.
This effect is called self-induction because the changing flux
through the circuit and the resultant induced emf arise from
the circuit itself.
The emf εL set up in this case is called a self-induced emf.
Consider a coil wound on a cylindrical core.
Assume that the current in the coil either increases or decreases with time.
When the current is in the direction shown in (a) , a magnetic field directed from right to left is set up
inside the coil. As the current changes with time, the magnetic flux through the coil also changes and
induces an emf in the coil. From Lenz’s law, the polarity of this induced emf must be such that it
opposes the change in the magnetic field from the current.
If the current is increasing, the polarity of the induced emf is as pictured in (b),
and if the current is decreasing, the polarity of the induced emf is as shown in (c).
The self-induced emf is always proportional to the time rate of change of the current

where L is a proportionality constant—called the inductance of the coil—that

depends on the geometry of the coil and other physical characteristics.
Combining this expression with Faraday’s law, εL = - N dΦB/dt, we see that the
inductance of a closely spaced coil of N turns (a toroid or an ideal solenoid)
carrying a current I and containing N turns is

We can also write the inductance as the ratio

The SI unit of inductance is the henry (H), which is 1
volt-second per ampere:
Example 32.1 Inductance of a Solenoid
Example 32.2 Calculating Inductance and emf
32.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field

Energy stored in an inductor

Magnetic energy density of a solenoid