Professional Documents
Culture Documents
This change of flux produced by the field system linking with the coil is
obtained by changing the electric current in the field system.
This phenomenon takes place in electric generators and back emf of motors
and also in transformers.
Lenz's law is typically incorporated into Faraday's law with a minus sign,
the inclusion of which allows the same coordinate system to be used for
both the flux and EMF. The result is sometimes called the Faraday-Lenz
law,
1) E = Blv
E = dW/dq. That is, the emf is the work done on the circulating charge per unit charge
(coulomb) displaced past a point of the circuit. Let us consider Fig. in which a moving
conductor ab of length l slides along a stationary U-shaped conductor, where the loop is in a
plane perpendicular to a magnetic field B. If conductor ab moves to the right at a velocity v, a
current I will flow in the loop adcb. Remembering that a magnetic field exerts a force of F
= lIB on a long, straight current-carrying conductor perpendicular to the field, we note that
the current I moving through the moving conductor ab will cause a side-thrust to the left on
ab of
F=lIB
Because of this side-thrust, an external force provided by some working agent is required to
maintain the motion. The work done by this agent is the work done on the circulating charge.
There is a direct conversion here of mechanical energy to electrical energy.
ds = vdt
dW = Fds = l I B∙vdt
dW = Blvdq
or
dW/dq = Blv
Since E = dW/dq,
E = Blv
where B, l and v are mutually perpendicular. The emf is in volts when B is in webers/m2, l is
in meters, and v is in m/sec.
If the velocity vector v makes an angle θ with the direction of the magnetic field, 1) becomes
2) E = Blv sin θ
Connect a conducting rod C to a sensitive galvanometer, as shown in Fig. 1, and pass the rod
down between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. When we do this, a deflection of the
galvanometer needle occurs, indicating a current. When the rod is held stationary in the field,
no current flows. Current only flows when the rod is moving within the magnetic field. When
the rod is moved upward within the field, current flows in the opposite direction from which
it flows when the rod is moved down. In addition, we discover that the faster the rod is passed
through the field, the greater is the deflection of the needle. Thus moving the rod quickly
through the field gives a greater current. Let us move the rod laterally between the poles,
parallel to the flux lines. No current flows when we do this. Current only flows when we cut
across flux lines. Let us consider another experiment. Let us connect a galvanometer to a
spool of insulated wire as shown in Fig. 2 and plunge a bar magnet down inside the hole in
the spool. Again, the galvanometer needle deflects, indicating a current. When the magnet is
withdrawn, the galvanometer indicates a current in the opposite direction. The faster it is
plunged down, the stronger is the current produced. When the flux lines of the magnet cross
the wire in the coils, current is produced.
When a conductor cuts through lines of magnetic flux or when the magnetic flux field
changes in strength around a conductor, an emf is generated (induced) in the conductor. This
emf is called an induced emf. If the conductor forms part of a circuit, as in the above cases
where it is connected to a galvanometer, that emf produces a current. The current is called
an induced current. The phenomenon we are talking about is called electromagnetic
induction.
Transformers are electrical devices consisting of two or more coils of wire used to transfer
electrical energy by means of a changing magnetic field.
The transformer, converting electrical energy from one value to another by linking together
two or more electrical circuits using a common oscillating magnetic circuit which is produced
by the transformer itself. A transformer operates on the principals of “electromagnetic
induction”, in the form of Mutual Induction.
Mutual induction is the process by which a coil of wire magnetically induces a voltage into
another coil located in close proximity to it. Then we can say that transformers work in the
“magnetic domain”, and transformers get their name from the fact that they “transform” one
voltage or current level into another.
Transformers are capable of either increasing (Step Up) or decreasing (Step Down) the
voltage and current levels of their supply, without modifying its frequency, or the amount of
electrical power being transferred from one winding to another via the magnetic circuit.
Inductance: A current generated in a conductor by a changing magnetic field is proportional
to the rate of change of the magnetic field. This effect is called INDUCTANCE and is given
the symbol L. It is measured in units called the henry (H) named after the American
Physicist Joseph Henry (1797-1878).
Magnetic Field Created By A Solenoid: Magnetic field created by a solenoid (cross-sectional view)
described using field lines. Energy is “stored” in the magnetic field.
Resonance in an AC circuit refers to that state of the circuit in which the inductive
reactance of the circuit is equal to its capacitive reactance. The value of angular
frequency of alternating emf (or potential difference across the power source), for which,
resonance is established in the circuit is called resonance frequency.