TRANSFORMERS - Mutual induction between

two circuits linked by a

A transformer is a stationary
piece of apparatus by means of
which electric power in one circuit
is transformed into electric power of
the same frequency in another
circuit It can raise or lower the
voltage in a circuit but with a
common magnetic flux
- Consists of two inductive
coils which are electrically
separated but magnetically
linked through a path of low
reluctance
- The two coils possess high
mutual inductance
- If one coil is connected to
a source of alternating
voltage an alternating flux
is set up in the laminated
core most of which is linked
with the other coil in which

In summary, a transformer:
1. TRANSFERS ELECTRIC POWER FROM ONE CIRCUIT
TO ANOTHER
2. DOES NOT CHANGE THE FREQUENCY
3. TRANSFERS POWER BY ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
4. HAS TWO ELECTRIC CIRCUITS IN MUTUAL
INDUCTIVE INFLUENCE OF
EACH OTHER.

Electromagnetism
The interaction between the magnetic field and electric
current.
• Oersted’s Law (Ørsted’s Law)

Magnetism • A Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted

discovered the relation between electricity
and magnetism on 21 April 1820
• Whenever an electric current flows through
a conductor a magnetic field is created in the
surrounding of the conductor
and
Electricity
RIGHT
HAND

 Magnetic
field setup
around a
current
FARADAcarrying
Y’S LAW
• An English scientist Michael Faraday discovered the principle of
electromagnetic induction in 1831
• Whenever there is a change in magnetic field in which a coil or an
inductor is placed EMF is induced in the coil
• The cause of the induced emf is the change in flux linking with the
coil
This emf exists as long as the change in flux exists
• Stationary flux however strong will never induce any emf in a
stationary conductor
• Current carrying conductors placed in a magnetic field will
experience mechanical force while a conductor placed in a magnetic
 field will have its electrons drifted which will result in electric
current
(induced current)
• The corresponding emf required to cause this current is called
an induced emf

• WHENEVER THE CONDUCTOR

IS MOVED UP OR DOWN A MOMENTARY
DEFLECTION IS PRODUCED IN THE
GALVANOMETER SOME TRANSIENT
EMF IS INDUCED IN THE
CONDUCTOR THE MAGNITUDE
OF THE INDUCED EMF DEPENDS
ON THE QUICKNESS OF THE
MOVEMENT OF THE CONDUCTOR
• AN EMF IS ALWAYS INDUCED WHENEVER A
CONDUCTOR CUTS OR SHEARS THE MAGNETIC
FLUX
• IF THE CONDUCTOR IS MOVED PARALLEL TO
THE DIRECTION OF THE FLUX IT DOES NOT CUT IT
MAGNE
SO THERE IS NO EMF INDUCED IN IT
Magnetic flux is usually measured
with a flux meter. The SI and CGS
Magnetic flux is defined as unit of magnetic flux is given
the number of magnetic field below:
lines passing through a given
closed surface It provides •SI unit of magnetic flux is Weber
the measurement of the total (Wb)
magnetic field that passes
•The fundamental unit is Volt-
through a given surface area
seconds
Here the area under
- The number of lines of•The
consideration can be of any
force within a given unit area
CGS unit is Maxwell
is called
size and the “Flux Density” and since flux (ø) is
under any
measured in (Wb) and area (A) in meters squared,
(m2), flux density is therefore measured in
Webers/Meter2 or (Wb/m2) and is given the symbol B.
- Because we are dividing flux by area we could also
directly state the units of flux density in Tesla (T).
- In fact, the term magnetic flux density is often used
synonymously with the magnitude of the magnetic
field.
• A coil in a magnetic field When the ⃗ B field is constant
and the shape location and orientation of the
coil do not change no current is induced in the
coil A current is induced when any of these
factors change
• The induced EMFs that are causing the current
do not depend on the material of the coil but only
on its shape and the magnetic field The induced EMF
is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic
flux øB through the coil
• The direction of the induced emf depends on
whether the flux is increasing or decreasing
• If the flux is constant there is no induced emf
 Faraday’s Laws of
Electromagnetic
FIRST LAW
Induction
SECOND LAW

• EMF is induced in a • The magnitude of

coil when there is a induced EMF in a coil is
change in the flux directly proportional to
linking to the coil the rate of change of
flux linking to the coil
• Whenever a conductor
cuts magnetic flux an
emf is induced in that
conductor

Suppose a coil has N turns and flux through it changes from an initial
value of Ø1 webers to the final value of Ø2 webers in time (t) seconds.
Note: Flux-linkages mean the product of number of turns and the flux linked with
the coil.

A minus sign is given to the right–

hand side of the expression to signify
that the induced emf sets up current in
such a direction that magnetic effect
produced by it opposes the very cause

d∅
If the flux is increasing or is positive, then the induced emf
dt
or current is negative.
 d∅
If the flux is decreasing or is negative, and the induced
dt
emf or current is positive.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
The magnetic field between the poles of the electromagnet
is uniform at any time but its magnitude is increasing at the
rate of 0.020 T/s. The area of the conducting loop in the
field is 120 cm2, and the total circuit resistance
including the meter is 5.0 Ω.
(A) Find the
induced emf and the
induced current in
the circuit
(B)If the loop is
replaced by one
made of an insulator
what effect does this
have on the induced
emf and induced
current?
Solution:
A) The magnetic flux øB through the loop changes as the
magnetic field changes. Hence there will be an
induced emf ε and an induced current I in the loop.
The area vector A for the loop is perpendicular to the
plane of the loop; we take A to be vertically upward.
Then A and B are parallel, and because B is uniform,
the magnetic flux through the loop is øB= B·A= BA
cos 0 = BA.
The area A = 0.012 m2 is constant, so the rate of change
of magnetic flux is (induced emf)
 The induced current,

B) By changing to an insulating loop, we’ve made the

resistance of the loop very high. Faraday’s law does not
involve the resistance of the circuit in any way, so the
induced emf does not change.

But the current will be smaller, as given by the equation

ε
I=
R

If the loop is made of a perfect insulator with infinite

resistance, the induced current is zero.

This situation is analogous to an isolated battery whose

terminals aren’t connected to anything: An emf is present,
but no current flows.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
The field coils of a 6-pole D.C. generator each having 500 turns, are
connected in series. When the field is excited, there is a magnetic flux
of 0.02 Wb/pole. If the field circuit is opened in 0.02 second and
residual magnetism is 0.002 Wb/pole, calculate the average voltage
which is induced across the field terminals. In which direction is this
voltage directed relative to the direction of the current?
SOLUTION:
Solution:
Total number of turns, N = 6 poles * 500 turns/pole = 3000 turns
Total initial flux = 6 poles * 0.02 Wb/pole = 0.12 Wb
Total residual flux = 6 poles * 0.002 Wb/pole = 0.012 Wb
Change in flux, dØ= 0.12 Wb -0.012 Wb= 0.108 Wb
Change in flux, dØ=0.108 Wb
Time of operating the circuit, dt = 0.02 second
d∅
Induced ε =N
dt
d∅ The direction of this induced
ε =N
dt E.M.F. is the same as the
ε =3000 (0.108 Wb
0.02 s ) initial direction of the exciting
current.
ε =16,200 v

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
A coil of resistance 100 Ω is placed in a magnetic field of 1 mWb.
The coil has 100 turns and a galvanometer of 400 Ω resistance is
connected in series with it. Find the average E.M.F. and the current if
the coil is moved in 1/10th second from the given field to a field of 0.2
mWb.

Direction of Induced EMF

and Current
The direction of the induced current may be found by:
1. Fleming’s Right-hand Rule
2. Flat-hand rule
 3. Lenz’s Law
Flemings rule is used where induced E.M.F. is
due to flux-cutting (i.e., dynamically induced E.M.F.) and Lenz’s
when it is used to change by flux-linkages (i.e., statically induced
E.M.F.)
Right Flat-hand rule
•The palm of the hand is held perpendicular
to the incident flux.
•The thumb pointing in the direction of the
motion of the conductor.
•The direction of the fingers give the
direction of the induced e.m.f.and current.
Lenz’s Law
•The direction of the induced current may also be found by this
law which was formulated by Russian physicist Heinrich
Friedrich Emil Lenz in 1835.
•This law states, in effect, that electromagnetically induced
current always flows in such direction that the action of the
magnetic field set up by it tends to oppose the very cause which
produces it.
⃗
B = induced magnetic field
 To the observer shown, the
current flows clockwise as the
magnet approaches, decreases
to zero when the magnet is
centered in the plane of the
coil, and then flows
counterclockwise as the

INDUCED EMF

Dynamically Induced EMF Statically Induced EMF

The coils remain

stationary and the flux is
Stationary field and the Example: Example:
changed by increasing or
coils cut across the field DC Generators Transformers
decreasing the current
producing the flux

Statically Induced EMF

Mutually Induced EMF
Self-Induced EMF
Self-Induced EMF
This is the emf induced in a coil
due to the change of its own flux
linked with it. If current through the
coil is changed, then the flux linked
with its own turns will also change,
which will produce in it a self-
induced emf. The direction of this
induced emf would be such as to
oppose any change of flux which is
the very cause of its production.
Hence, it is also known as the
opposing or counter emf of self-
induction, or back-emf.
•Whenever an effort is made to
increase current through the coil, it
is always opposed by the
instantaneous production of counter
emf of self-induction. If an effort is
made to decrease the current, then it
is delayed due to the production of
self-induced emf, this time in the
opposite direction. This property of
the coil due to which it opposes any
increase or decrease of current or
flux through it is known as self-
inductance.
•It is measured in terms of
coefficient of self-induction, L.
Mutually Induced
EMF
When current through coil A is
established by closing the switch,
its magnetic field is set up which
partly links with or threads through
the coil B. As current through A is
changed, the flux linked with B is
also changed. Hence, mutually
induced emf is produced in B
whose magnitude is given by
Faraday’s Law and direction by
Lenz’s Law.
•When current through coil A is
established by closing the
switch, its magnetic field is set
up which partly links with or
threads through the coil B. As
current through A is changed,
the flux linked with B is also
changed. Hence, mutually
induced emf is produced in B
whose magnitude is given by
Faraday’s Law and direction by
Lenz’s Law.
If the battery is connected to B and

•In a coil having large self-
induction, it is initially difficult to
establish a current through it, but
once established, it is difficult to
withdraw it. Hence, self-induction
is sometimes analogously called
electrical inertia or
electromagnetic inertia.
Coefficient of Self-
Induction, L
Method 1
A coil is said to have a self-
inductance of 1 henry if a current
of 1 ampere flowing through it
produced flux-linkages of 1 Wb-
turn in it
Sample Problems in Self-
Induction
1. The field winding of a DC
electromagnet is wound with 960
turns and has a resistance of 50 Ω
when the exciting voltage is 230 V,
the magnetic flux linking the coil is
0.005 Wb. Calculate the self-
inductance of the coil and the
energy stored in the magnetic field.
GIVEN:
N= 960 TURNS R= 50 Ω
VOLTAGE= 230v Ø=
0.005Wb
SOLUTION:
the voltmeter across A, then the
situation is reversed and now a
change of current B will produce
mutually-induced emf in A.
There is no movement of any
conductor in these examples. The
flux variations are being brought
about by variations in current
strength only. Such emf induced in
one coil by the influence of the
other coil is called mutually
induced emf.
Mutual inductance may be
defined as the ability of one coil
to produce an emf in a nearby
coil by induction when the
current in the first coil changes.
This action being reciprocal, the
second coil can also induce an
emf in the first when current in
the second coil changes. This
ability of reciprocal induction is
measured in terms of the
coefficient of mutual
induction, M.
Coefficient of Mutual
Induction, M
Method 1
Two coils are said to have a
mutual inductance of 1 henry if 1
ampere current flowing in one
coil produces a flux-linkage of 1
Wb-turn in the other.
Sample Problems in Mutual
 N∅ V Induction
L= I=
I R 1. Two identical coils X and Y of
N∅ 1,000 turns each lie in parallel
L= planes such that 80% of flux
V/R
produced by one coil links with the
(960)( 0 .005 Wb)
L= other. If a current of 5 A flowing in
230 v X produces a flux of 0.5 mWb in it,
50 Ω find the mutual inductance between
L=1.043478261 H X and Y.
1 2
W= LI
2
1
W = (1.0435 H)¿
2
W =11.04023 J

Method 2
The self-induction in terms of the
dimensions of the solenoid can be
solved by using the flux produced
in a solenoid N x =N y =1000 turns
∅= ¿ ∅ x =0.5 mWb
l N 2 ∅1 k 1
μ O ur A M=
I1
N∅ (1000)(0.5 mWb)(80 % )
L= M=
I 5A

( )
N ¿ M =80 mH
L=
I l
μO u r A
N2
L=
l
μOur A
μ u A
N 2= O r
l
2
μO ur A N
L=
l
Method 2
 Sample Problems in Self-
Induction
2. An iron ring 30 cm mean
diameter is made of square of iron
of 2 cm x 2 cm cross-section and is
uniformly wound with 400 turns of
wire of 2 mm2cross-section.
Calculate the value of the self-
inductance of the coil. Assume μr=
800.

μO ur A N 2
L=? L=
l
n
(4 π ×10−7 )(800)(0.02 m)2 ( 400 )2
m
L=
πd
L=68.3 mH
Method 3

Method 3
A coil has a self-inductance of 1
henry if 1 volt is induced in it when
current through it changes at a rate
of 1 ampere/second
ε L =self −induced EMF
3. If a coil of 150 turns is linked
with a flux of 0.01 Wb when
carrying current of 10 A, calculate
the inductance of the coil. If this
current is uniformly reversed in
0.01 second, calculate the induced
electromotive force
Type equation here .