Magnetic flux and Magnetic

force
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction
What is electromagnetic induction? Electromagnetic induction occurs
when an emf is induced in a coil due to a changing magnetic flux.
The induction of an electromotive force by the motion of a conductor across
a magnetic field or by a change in magnetic flux in a magnetic field is
called ‘Electromagnetic Induction’.
In other words, Electromagnetic Induction is the process of using
magnetic fields to produce voltage, and in a closed circuit, a current
Electromagnetic Induction
• E.M.F. is an abbreviation for electromotive force.
• When charge flows through a cell it is given energy by the
cell.
• The number of joules of energy given to each coulomb of
charge that passes through the cell is the E.M.F. of the cell
• Energy given to charge? Sounds like E.M.F. = voltage!
• The production of an E.M.F. by moving a wire in a magnetic
field is known as electromagnetic induction
Magnetic Flux Review
Understanding electromagnetic induction requires a new concept—
magnetic flux.
The word flux basically means "flow." For example, the flux, or flow, of
air through a window is directly related to the direction of the wind
and the cross-sectional area of the window.
The magnetic flux associated with an area placed in a magnetic field
is equal to the total number of magnetic lines of force passing
naturally through that area.
Magnetic Flux The magnetic flux linked with any surface is equal to
total number of magnetic lines of force passing normally through it. It
is a scalar quantity.
Magnetic Flux
• Similarly, magnetic flux is a measure of the number of
magnetic field lines that pass through a given area.
• A magnetic field perpendicular to a surface gives a
high flux, and the larger the surface area, the greater
the flux.
• A magnetic field parallel to a surface gives zero flux.
 Magnetic Flux

• In the easiest case, with a constant magnetic field B,

and a flat surface of area A, the magnetic flux is

FB = B · A

• Units : 1 tesla x m2 = 1 weber

 Magnetic Flux
• Therefore, the magnetic field's perpendicular component is B cos
θ. The magnetic flux, then, is simply B cos θ times the area, A:

• The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb), named after

physicist Wilhelm Weber (1804–1891). It is defined as follows: 1
Wb = 1 T·m2.
 Magnetic Flux

B
S N
dA
q
B
• When B is not constant, or the surface is not flat, one must
do an integral.
• Break the surface into bits dA. The flux through one bit is
dFB = B · dA = B dA cosq.
.
Task for magnetic induction
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HyORmBip-w
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBKYZFtcWHc Magnetism
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgtIdttfGVw Magnets and
Magnetic Fields
 Magnetic Induction
• Magnetic induction: the process by which an object or material
is magnetized by an external magnetic field.
• A static distribution of charges produces an electric field
• Charges in motion (an electrical current) produce a magnetic
field
• electric current is an example of charges (electrons) in motion
• In a closed electric circuit, a changing magnetic field
will produce an electric current
• A changing magnetic field (intensity, movement) will
induce an electromotive force (emf)
Magnetic Induction
 INDUCING AN The induced e.m.f. (and current)
E.M.F. can be increased by:

• Moving the wire faster

• Using a stronger magnet

• Increasing the length of wire in

the magnetic field (eg. By
looping the wire several times)

“The e.m.f. induced in a

conductor is proportional
Faraday’s law of to the rate at which the
electromagnetic
induction.
magnetic field lines are
cut by the conductor.”
 INDUCING AN
E.M.F.
Two options
1. Move the wire in 2. Move the magnet
a magnetic field. in a coil of wire.

If the bar magnet is pushed into a coil

of wire, an e.m.f. is induced in the coil. If
the magnet is withdrawn from the coil
then an e.m.f. is induced in the opposite
direction.

The induced e.m.f. (and current) can be increased by: (1) moving the magnet
faster; (2) using a stronger magnet; (3) increasing the turns on the coil.
Faraday’s Law of Induction – Statements
•The emf induced in a circuit is directly proportional to the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.
•Mathematically, dFB
ε
dt
• Remember FB is the magnetic flux through the circuit and is found by
F B   B  dA

•If the circuit consists of N loops, all of the same area, and if FB is the
flux through one loop, an emf is induced in every loop and Faraday’s
law becomes dF
ε  N B
dt
 Faraday’s Law of Induction:

Suppose a loop enclosing an area A is placed in a magnetic field B. Then the magnetic flux through
the loop is

If the loop lies in a plane and the magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the loop, and I fthe
magnetic field is constant, then

The SI unit for magnetic flux is the tesla–square meter, which is called the weber (abbreviated Wb):
Lenz’s Law
• Faraday’s law gives the direction of the induced emf and therefore the
direction of any induced current.
• Lenz’s law is a simple way to get the directions straight, with less effort.
• Lenz’s Law:
The induced emf is directed so that any induced current flow
will oppose the change in magnetic flux (which causes the
induced emf).
• This is easier to use than to say ...
Decreasing magnetic flux  emf creates additional magnetic field
Increasing flux  emf creates opposed magnetic field
Experimentally…
Lenz’s law—An induced emf always gives rise to a current
whose magnetic field opposes the change in flux.*

N S
I
v

+ -
If Lenz’s law were not true—if there were a + sign in
Faraday’s law—then a changing magnetic field would produce
a current, which would further increase the magnetic field,
further increasing the current, making the magnetic field still
bigger…

*Think of the current resulting from the induced emf as “trying” to maintain the status quo—
to prevent change.
 dFB
Faraday’s Law ε = -N
dt

You can use Faraday’s Law (as written above) to calculate the
magnitude of the emf (or whatever the problem wants). Then
use Lenz’s Law to figure out the direction of the induced current
(or the direction of whatever the problem wants).

The direction of the induced emf is in the direction of the

current that flows in response to the flux change. We usually
ask you to calculate the magnitude of the induced emf ( || )
and separately specify its direction.
Magnetic Induction
• Faraday’s Law • Lenz’s Law
• “A changing magnetic flux • “the magnetic field
induces an electromotive produced by an induced
force (emf)” current always opposes any
changes in the magnetic
flux”
F B
ε
t
 Faraday’s law and LENZ’S LAW
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
• States that: Whenever magnetic flux linkage change, an e.m.f is
induced in the circuit whose direction is always opposite to the change
producing it
OR
• Changing magnetic flux through a loop induces a current in that loop.
• Electric field can be created from charges and constant magnetic fields
created by moving charges.
LENZ’S LAW
• Lenz's Law: the magnetic field of any induced current opposes the
change that induces it.
• Convenient method to determine I direction
Applications of Electromagnetic Induction

• Electromagnetic induction in AC generator

• The basic working principle of the electrical generator is Faraday’s law
of mutual induction.
• Electrical Transformers
• Magnetic Flow Meter
• It is also used in musical instruments like an electric guitar, electric
violin, etc.

•
Inductors and Inductance:
An inductor (symbol ) can be
used to produce a desired magnetic
field.
If we establish a current i in the
windings (turns) of the solenoid which
can be treated as our inductor, the
current produces a magnetic flux FB
through the central region of the
inductor.

The inductance of the inductor is then

The SI unit of inductance is the tesla–

square meter per ampere (T m2/A). We
call this the henry (H), after American
physicist Joseph Henry,
 Inductance
• Consider the circuit shown
• When the switch is closed
• Current flows through the solenoid
and produces a magnetic field
• The magnetic field changes the
flux through the solenoid
• The changing flux induces an emf
to oppose the change in flux
Inductance, cont.

• Induced emf acts like a battery pushing current in the opposite

direction
• This phenomenon is called self-inductance (or inductance)
• The current changing through a coil induces a current in the
same coil
• The induced current opposes the original applied current, from
Lenz’s Law
Self-Induction
Self-Induction
• The phenomena of production of
induced emf in a circuit due to change
in current flowing in its own, is called
self induction.
• In fact, a changing current in a single
loop induces a back-EMF in itself. This
is called self-induction.
• Since for any inductor L  NF B then
i
iL  NF B
di dF B The self-induced EMF is
L N opposite to the direction
• But Faraday’s Law says dt dt
of change of current

 L   N dF B  L
di
dt dt
Inductance of a Solenoid
Consider a long solenoid of cross-sectional area A, with number of turns N,
and of length l. The flux is

Here n is the number of turns per unit length.

The magnitude of B is given by:

Therefore,

The inductance per unit length near the center is therefore:

Here,
Inductance of a Solenoid
• Faraday’s law can be used to find the inductance of a solenoid
• L is the symbol for inductance

• The unit of inductance is the henry

• 1H=1V.s/A
• The voltage across the solenoid can be expressed in terms of
inductance
Review
• Faraday’s Law: A changing magnetic flux through a coil of wire
induces an EMF in the wire, proportional to the number of turns,
N.
• Lenz’s Law: The direction of the current driven by the EMF is
such that it creates a magnetic field to oppose the flux change.
• A changing magnetic field creates and electric field.
• (i) State the laws of electromagnetic induction.
• Faraday’s law states that the size of the induced emf is
proportional to the rate of change of flux.
• Lenz’s Law states that the direction of the induced emf is
always such as to oppose the change producing it.