Mutual

inductance of
Rotor Loops
What is Mutual inductance?
•is the process by which an EMF is induced in one
loop of wire as a result of a changing electric
current in a second loop of wire.
•We already saw mutual inductance in action when
discuss transformers.
•Induction motor (asynchronous or AC current motor)
powered at the stator, while the rotor induces
current.
 Rotor Loops
• The rotor conductors form loops that are
now intersected (linked) by a changing
amount of magnetic flux.
• As the stator field rotates, the flux linking
any given rotor loop is zero whenever the
stator field points in a direction parallel.
Illustration of Rotor Loops
• The transformer, for example, is a fundamental
example of mutual inductance.
• A transformer is able to either increase or
decrease the voltage and current levels of their
supply, without modifying its frequency and the
amount of electrical power.
What is induced EMF?
•It can be defined as the generation of a
potential difference in a coil due to the
changes in the magnetic flux through it.
• In simpler words, electromotive force or
EMF is said to be induced when the flux
linking with a conductor or coil changes
 What is magnetic Flux?
• The magnetic flux Φ is analogous to the electric current.
• The magnetomotive force, mmf or f, is analogous to the electromotive
force V and may be considered the factor that sets up the flux.
• The mmf is equivalent to a number of turns of wire carrying an electric
current and has units of ampere-turns.
• If either the current through a coil (as in an electromagnet) or the number
of turns of wire in the coil is increased, the mmf is greater, and if the rest
of the magnetic circuit remains the same, the magnetic flux increases
proportionally.
What is the process of inducing emf?
An emf is induced in the coil when a bar magnet is
pushed in and out of it.
Emfs of opposite signs are produced by motion in
opposite directions, and the emfs are also reversed
by reversing poles.
The same results are produced if the coil is moved
rather than the magnet it is the relative motion that
is important.
•Whenever there is a change in the
magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit
an emf is produced.
•This emf is known as the induced emf
and the current that flows in the closed
circuit is called induced current
•Mutual inductance is the effect of one
coil's magnetic field on another coil's
magnetic field.
•Mutual inductance is the basis of eddy
current inspection.
•Any electrically conductive object will
conduct an induced current if it is placed in
a changing magnetic field.
•Eddy currents are circular induced currents
If a coil of wire is placed in a changing magnetic field, a current will
be induced in the wire. This current flows because something is
producing an electric field that forces the charges around the wire
• The changing magnetic field creates an electric field directly in the wire
(and in all other regions of space nearby) which causes electrons in the
wire to move.

• The concept of an “electric field” arose when electrons were observed to

repel other electrons but attract protons. This attraction-repulsion was
actually seen before the discovery of electrons or protons; early
measurements studied the forces on objects that happened to acquire an
excess or deficiency of electrons after being rubbed with cloth or fur. If
two electrons are separated by one centimeter, each electron will
experience a repulsive force
Magnetic Field producing an electric current
• When the emf is induced into an adjacent coil situated within the same
magnetic field, the emf is said to be induced magnetically, inductively or
by Mutual induction.
• Then when two or more coils are magnetically linked together by a
common magnetic flux, they are said to have the property of Mutual
Inductance.
• Mutual Inductance is the basic operating principle of the transformer,
motors, generators, and any other electrical component that interacts
with another magnetic field. Then we can define mutual induction as
the current flowing in one coil that induces a voltage in an adjacent coil
Mutual induction in a transformer is the phenomenon by which the
changing magnetic field in one coil induces an electromotive force (EMF) in
another coil that is wound around the same core.
This is the principle that allows for the transfer of electrical energy from one
circuit to another through electromagnetic induction. In a transformer, there
are two coils: the primary coil, which is connected to the power source, and
the secondary coil, which receives the electrical energy.
 The changing current in the primary coil induces a changing magnetic field,
which in turn induces an EMF in the secondary coil. This is how the
transformer "steps up" or "steps down" the voltage.
 What is Eddy currents?
• Are loops of electrical current induced within
conductors by a changing magnetic field in the
conductor according to Faraday's law of
induction.
• Eddy currents flow in closed loops within
conductors, in planes perpendicular to the
magnetic field.
Eddy currents
Eddy current testing uses the principle of electromagnetic
induction to detect flaws in conductive materials.

An excitation coil carrying current is placed in proximity

to the component to be inspected.
These probes for tube inspection are lightweight but
solidly constructed and use eddy current, remote field,
magnetic flux leakage, and IRIS ultrasound
technologies. These probes are used for
ferromagnetic or non-ferromagnetic tube inspection
applications.
• Eddy currents are fields of alternating magnetic current that are
created when an alternating electric current is passed through one or
more coils in a probe assembly.
• When the probe is placed close to the part under inspection, the
alternating magnetic field induces eddy currents in the test part.
• Discontinuities or property variations in the test part change the flow
of the eddy current and are detected by the inspection probe,
enabling material thickness measurements or the detection of defects
such as cracks and corrosion.
• Eddy current testing is based on the physical phenomenon of
electromagnetic induction.
• In an eddy current probe, an alternating current flows through a wire coil
and generates an oscillating magnetic field.
• If the probe and its magnetic field are brought close to a conductive
material, such as a metal test piece, a circular flow of electrons known as an
eddy current begin to move through the metal like swirling water in a
stream.
• That eddy current flowing through the metal in turn generates its own
magnetic field, which interacts with the coil and its field through mutual
inductance.