DELHI PUBLIC SCHO

KALYANPUR KANPUR

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-24

PHYSICS PROJECT
TOPIC : Electromagnetic
Induction

Submitted by:- Submitted to :-

Jai Aditya Tabeck
Mr. Rajesh Pal
class 12-S3
 Index
• Acknowledgement
• Certificate
• Introduction
• What is EMI
• Faraday’s 1st law
• Faraday’s 2nd law
• Motional EMF
• Proof of motional emf
• Mutual Inductance of 2 co-axial
solenoid
• Self Inductance of solenoid
• Eddy current
• Application of eddy current
 Acknowledgement
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it
would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals. I would like
to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to Principal ma’am, Rajesh Sir

and Vijay Sir for their guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary
information regarding the project and also for their
support in completing the project. I would like to
express my gratitude towards my parents for their
kind co-operation and encouragement which help
me in completion of this project.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my friends

in developing the project and people who have
willingly helped me out with their abilities.
 Certificate

This is to certify that Jai Aditya Tabeck of class XII-

S3 of Delhi Public School Kalyanpur has
successfully completed research on the project
under the guidance of Mr. Rajesh Pal, practical
teacher and Mr. Vijay Srivastava, subject teacher
during the academic year 2023-24 in partial
fulfilment of physics practical examination.

Signature of External Examiner Signature of Internal Examiner

___________ ___________
 Introduction
Electromagnetic induction is the
creation of an electro-motive force
(EMF) by way of a moving
magnetic field around an electric
conductor and, conversely, the
creation of current by moving
an electric conductor through a
static magnetic field.
Electromagnetic interference
(EMI) is also known as
electric current and electromagnetic
induction and may also be called
magnetic induction, as the principle
remains the same whether the
process is carried out through
electromagnet or static magnet
 What Is Electromagnetic
Induction?
Electromagnetic Induction was discovered by Michael
Faraday in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically
described it as Faraday’s law of induction.
Electromagnetic Induction is a current produced because of
voltage production (electromotive force) due to a changing
magnetic field.
This either happens when a conductor is placed in a moving
magnetic field (when using an AC power source) or when a
conductor is constantly moving in a stationary magnetic field.
As per the setup given below, Michael Faraday arranged a
conducting wire attached to a device to measure the voltage
across the circuit. When a bar magnet is moved through the
coiling, the voltage detector measures the voltage in the
circuit.
through his experiment, he discovered that there
are certain factors that influence this voltage
production. They are:
Number of Coils: The induced voltage is directly
proportional to the number of turns/coils of the
wire. Greater the number of turns, greater is
voltage produced

Changing Magnetic Field: Changing magnetic

field affects the induced voltage. This can be
done by either moving the magnetic field around
the conductor or moving the conductor in the
magnetic field.

Faraday’s First Law of

Electromagnetic Induction
The discovery and understanding of
electromagnetic induction are based on a long
series of experiments carried out by Faraday and
Henry. From the experimental observations,
Faraday concluded that an emf is induced when
the magnetic flux across the coil changes with
time. Therefore, Faraday’s first law of
electromagnetic induction states the following:
Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying
magnetic field, an electromotive force is
induced. If the conductor circuit is closed, a
current is induced, which is called induced
current.

Faraday’s Second Law of

Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday's second law of

electromagnetic induction states that
The magnitude of the induced emf is
directly proportional to the rate of
change of flux.
 Faraday's second law of
electromagnetic induction states
that, the magnitude of induced emf
is equal to the rate of change of flux
linkages with the coil. The flux
linkages is the product of number of
turns and the flux associated with
the coil.

Motional EMF
We all know that when an electrical conductor is introduced into
a magnetic field, due to its dynamic interaction with the magnetic
field, emf is induced in it. This emf is known as induced emf. In
this article, we will learn about motional emf where emf is
induced in a moving electric conductor in the presence of a
magnetic field.
 Proof of motional emf
 Consider a straight conductor PQ as shown in the figure,
moving in the rectangular loop PQRS in a uniform and time-
independent magnetic field B, perpendicular to the plane of the
system.
 Let us suppose the motion of rod to be uniform at a constant
velocity of v m/sec and the surface to be frictionless.
 Thus, the rectangle PQRS forms a closed circuit enclosing a
varying area due to the motion of the rod PQ.
 The magnetic flux ΦB enclosed by the loop PQRS can be given
as
ΦB = Blx

Where, RQ = x and RS = l, Since the conductor is moving, x is

changing with time. Thus, the rate of change of flux ΦB will induce
an emf

Where, the speed of conductor (PQ), v = -dx/dt and is the formula of

induced emf. This induced emf due to the motion of an electric
conductor in the presence of the magnetic field is called motional emf.
Thus, emf can be induced in two major ways:

 Due to the motion of a conductor in the presence of a magnetic

field.
 Due to the change in the magnetic flux enclosed by the circuit.
Mutual Inductance

Mutual inductance is the main operating principle of

generators, motors and transformers. Any electrical
device having components that tend to interact with
another magnetic field also follows the same principle.
The interaction is usually brought about by a mutual
induction where the current flowing in one coil
generates a voltage in a secondary coil.
 Self Inductance
What Is Self Inductance?

Self-inductance is the property of the current-carrying coil that resists

or opposes the change of current flowing through it. This occurs
mainly due to the self-induced emf produced in the coil itself. In
simple terms, we can say that self-inductance is a phenomenon where
there is the induction of a voltage in a current-carrying wire.
 Eddy Current
What is Eddy Current?

We know that whenever the magnetic flux passing through a coil

changes then it will generate electromotive force and current.
The same question arises when we want to know what happens
when the magnetic flux is passed through a solid coil, will it also
be able to induce emf and current? And the answer is yes. The
current induced by the conducting body is known as the eddy
current. What is eddy current is, basically eddy current is the
current induced in any solid conducting body when the magnetic
flux is passed through it.

Eddy Current Definition

Eddy current is defined as the induced current in a conducting
coil when a magnetic flux is allowed to flow through it or in other
words, it is the induced current in a conducting body due to a
change in magnetic flux. The eddy current definition can be
explained as an important nature of a solid conducting body.

Uses of Eddy Current

To understand what is eddy current it is necessary to understand
Faraday’s electromagnetic induction. In rapidly changing
magnetic fields, due to the production of heavy emf, large eddy
currents are induced. Eddy currents are capable of producing
temperature as a result of this heavy temperature. Thus a coil-
over a constituent metal placed in a field of the highly oscillating
magnetic field will produce a high-frequency AC. The
temperature produced as a result of a heavy eddy current is
enough to melt the metal. This is used to extract metals from
ores.

Here are some of the uses of the eddy current:

1. Automobile speedometers: Eddy currents are used to
know the speed of a vehicle. A speedometer consists of a
rotating magnet, which rotates based on the speed of the
vehicle, producing Eddy Current in the drum. When the
drum turns in the direction of the rotating magnet, the
pointer attached to the drum indicates the speed of the
vehicle.
2. Magnetic brakes: When you press the brakes, the metal
wheels get exposed to a magnetic field which generates
eddy currents in the wheels. The interaction between the
eddy currents and the applied magnetic field slows the
wheels down.
3. Energy meters: A metal disc in the electric power meter
rotates due to eddy currents. The magnetic field induces
the electric currents in the disc by alternating varying
currents in a coil.
4. In induction furnaces: Eddy current is used for a uniform
increase of temperatures in induction furnaces. Large eddy
currents start flowing in rapidly changing magnetic fields,
due to a large emf being produced. This produces high
temperatures. A coil is wound over a constituent metal,
placed in a highly oscillating magnetic field, produced by
high frequency.
5. Free-fall devices (detecting coins in vending machines):
Eddy current helps detect counterfeit coins and notes in
 vending machines. Eddy currents slow down the speed of
the coins as they move past a stationary magnet.
6. Galvanometers (a device which measures small
electrical currents): Eddy current is set up in the
galvanometer by an oscillating coil, and its resistive forces
oppose further oscillations of the coil. This enables the coil
to quickly attain its equilibrium position.
7. Proximity/displacement sensors
8. Induction alternating current (AC) motors