FLOW OF FLUIDS

THROUGH

VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE

By the Engineering Department

I CRANEJ
©1988 - Crane Co.

All rights reserved. This publication is fully protected by

copyright and nothing that appears in it may be reproduced,
either wholly or in part, without special permission.

Crane Co. specifically excludes warranties, express or implied, as

to the accuracy of the data and other information set forth in this
publication and does not assume liability for any losses or
damage resulting from the use of the materials or application of
the data discussed in this publication.
I~

CRANE CO.
100 First Stamford Place
Stamford, CT 06902

Technical Paper No. 410

PRINTED IN U.S.A.
('TWenty Fifth Printing-J991)

Reprinted 12/00 5000 HunterPacific

 Bibliography
IR.A. Dodge & M. J. Thompson. "Fluid Mechanics";
McGraw-Hili Book Company, Inc .. 1937; pages 193.288.
and 407.
'H. Rouse. "Elementary Mechanics of Fluids"; John Wiley
&·Sons. Inc .• New York. 1946.
aB.F. Grizzle, "Simplification of Gas Flow Calculations by
Means of a New Special Slide Rule"; Petroleum Engineer.
September, 1945.
'H. Kirchbach, "Loss of Energy in Miter Bends"; Trans-
actions of the Munich Hydraulic Institute, Bulletin No.3,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York,
1935.
S"Dowtherm Handbook"; Dow Chemical Co., Midland,
Michigan, 1954; page 10.
6R.J.S. Pigott, "Pressure Losses in Tubing, Pipe, and Fit-
tings"; Transactions of the American Society oj Mechanical
Engineers, Volume 72, 1950; pages 679 to 688.
7"Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", 44th Edition,
1962-1963, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., Cleveland.
8R.F. Stearns, R.M. Jackson, R.R. Johnson, and c.A.
Larson, "Flow Measurement with Orifice Meters" iD. Van
Nostrand Company. Inc., New York, 1951.
'''Fluid Meters"; American Society of Mechanical Engi-
neers. Pan l-6th Edition, New York, 1971.
IOR.G. Cunningham, "Orifice Meters with Supercritical
Compressible Flow"; ASME Paper No. 5O-A-45.
u"Air Conditioning Refrigerating Data Book-DeSign."
American Society of Refrigerating Engineers. 9th Edition.
New York, 1955.
aw.L. Nelson, "Petroleum Refinery Engineering"; McGraw-
Hill Book Co., New York, 1949.
13Lionel S. Marks, "Mechanical Engineers Handbook";
McGraw-Hili Book Co., New York. Fifth Edition.
14"ASME Steam Tables" (page 298). American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1967.
ISJ.B. Maxwell, "Data Book on Hydrocarbons"; D. Van
Nostrand Company, Inc., New York, 1950.
IOC.I. Corp and,R.O. Ruble, "Loss of Head in Valves and
Pipes of One-Half to Twelve Inches Diameter"; University
of Wisconsin Experimental Station Bulletin, Volume 9, No.
I, 1922.
17G.L. Tuve and R.E. Sprenkle. "Orifice Discharge Coeffi-
cients for Viscous Liquids"; Instrumen/s. November, 1933;
page 201.
18L.F. Moody, "Friction Factors for Pipe Flow". Trans-
actions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Volume 66. November. 1944; pages 671 to 678.
I'A. H. Shapiro. "The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of
Compressible Fluid Flow"; The Ronald Press Company.
1953. Chapter 6.
2°V,L. Streeter. "Fluid Mechanics", 1st Edition, 195 L
UK.H. Beij. "Pressure Losses for Fluid Flow in 90 Degree
Pipe Bends"; lournal of Research of the National Bureau
of Standards. Volume 21. July, 1938
22"Standards of Hydraulic Institute", Eighth Edition, 1947.
13Bingham, E.C. and Jackson, R.F .. Bureau of Standards
Bulletin 14; pages 58 to 86 (S.P. 298, August. 1916)
(1919).
"T. R. Weymouth, Transactions of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers. Volume 34, 1912; page 197.
uR. J S. Pigott. 'The Flow of.Fluids in Closed Conduits,"
Mechanical Engineering, Volume 55, No.8, August 1933.
page 497.
2·Emory Kemler, "A Study of Data on the Flow of Auids
in Pipes," Transactions of the American Society of Mechan-
ical Engineers, Vol. 55, 1933, HYD-55-2.
 FOREWORD
The more complex industry becomes, the
more vital becomes the role played by Huids
in the industrial machine. One hundred
years ago water was the only important f1uid
which was conveyed from one point to an-
other in pipe. Today, almost every con:
ceivable fluid is handled in pipe during its
production, processing, transportation, or
utilization. The age of atomic energy and
rocket power has added fluids such as liquid
metals i.e., sodium, potassium, and
bismuth, as well as liquid oxygen, nitrogen,
etc .... to the list of more common fluids
such as oil, water, gases, acids, and liquors
that are being transported in pipe today.
Nor is the transportation of fluids the only
phase of hydraulics which warrants atten-
tion now. I-Iydraulic and pneumatic mecha-
nisms are used extensively for the controls
of modern aircraft, sea-going vessels, auto-
motive equipment, machine tools, earth-
moving and road-building machines, and
even in scientific laboratory equipment
where precise control of fluid f10w is required.
So extensive are the applications of hydrau-
lics and fluid mechanics that almost every
engineer has found it necessary to famil-
iarize himself with at least the elementary
laws of fluid flow. To satisfy a demand for
a simple and practical treatment of the
subject of f10w in pipe, Crane Co. published
in lq35, a booklet entitled Flow of Fluids
and Heat Transmission. A revised edition
on the subject of Flow of Fluids Through
Valves, Fittings, and Pipe \vas published in
Ig42.· Technical Paper No. 410, a com-
pletely new edition with an all-new format
was introduced in Iq57 In T.P. 410, Crane
has endeavored to present the latest avail-
able information on flow of fluids, in sum-
marized form with all auxiliary data neces-
sary to the solution of all but the most
unusual Huid flow problems.
From Ig57 until the present, there have been
numerous printings of Technical Paper No.
410. Each successive printing is updated,
as necessary, to reflect the latest flow in-
CRANE
formation available. This continual
updating, we believe, serves the best in-
terests of the users of this publication
The fifteenth printing (Iq76 edition) pre-
sented a conceptual change regarding the
values of Equivalent Length "Lj D" and
Resistance Coefficient "K" for .valves and
fittings relative to the friction factor in pipes.
This change has relatively minor effect on
most problems dealing with How conditions
that result in Reynolds numbers falling in
the turbulent zone. l-lowever, for flow in
the laminar zone, the change avoids a signifi-
cant overstatement of pressure drop. Con-
sistent with this conceptual revision, the re-
sistance to now through valves and fittings
is now expressed in terms of resistance co-
efficient "1<" instead of equivalent length
"Lj D", and the coverage of valve and fitting
types has been expanded.
Further important revisions included up-
dating of steam viscosity data, orifice co-
efficients, and nozzle coefficients. As in
previous printings, nomographs are included
for the use of those engineers who prefer
graphical methods of solving some of the
more simple problems.
Insofar as general arrangement is concerned,
theory is presented in Chapters I and 2. . . . .
practical application to How problems in
Chapters 3 and 4 .... physical properties of
Huids and flow characteristics of valves, fit-
tings, and pipe in Appendix A .... and con-
version units and other useful engineering
data in Appendix B.
Most of the data on flow through valves and
fittings were obtained by carefully conducted
experiments in the Crane Engineering Labo-
ratories. Liberal use has been made, how-
ever, of other reliable sources of data on this
subject and due credit has been given these
sources in the text. The bibliography of
references will provide a source for further
study of the subject presented.
CO.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER CHAPTER 2

Theory of Flow in Pipe Flow of Fluids

page Through Valves and Fittings
Introduction .................................................................... 1-1 page

Physical Properties of Fluids ...................................... 1-2 Introduction ............................................................. . 2-1

Viscosity .................................................................... 1-2 Types of Valves and Fittings
Weight density ........................................................ 1-3 Used in Pipe Systems ............................................. . 2-2
Specific volume ........................................................ 1-3
Pressure Drop Chargeable
Specific gravity ........................................................ 1-3
to Valves and Fittings ................................................ . 2-2
Nature of Flow in Pipe- Crane Flow Tests
Laminar and Turbulent.. .............................................. 1-4 Description of opparatus used ... 2-3
Mean velocity of flow .............................................. 1-4 Water flow tests. 2-4
Reynolds number ...................................................... 1-4 Steom flow tests .. 2-5
Hydraulic radius ..................................................... 1-4
Relationship of Pressure Drop
General Energy Equation- to Velocity of Flow ..................................................... . 2-7
Bernoulli's Theorem .................................................... 1-5 Resistance Coefficient K, Equivalent Length
Measurement of Pressure....................................... 1-5 Lj D, and Flow Coefficient C v ..................................... . 2-8
Darcy's Formula- Laminar Flow Conditions 2-11
General Equation for Flow of Fluids ........................ 1-6 Contraction and Enlargement .. 2-11
Friction factor .......................................................... 1-6
Effect of age and use on pipe friction......... 1-7 Valves with Reduced Scats .. 2-12
Principles of Compressible Flow in Pipe ................. . 1-7 Resistance of Bends 2-12
Complete isothermal equation .... 1-8
Simplified compressible flow- Resistance of Miter Bends 2-13
gas pipe line formula .............. . 1-8 Flow Through Nozzles and Orifices
Other commonly used formulas for General data 2-14
compressible flow in long pipe lines ..... 1-8 Liquid flow ... 2-14
Comparison of formulas for Gas and vapor flow ... 2-14
compressible flow in pipe lines ......... . 1-8
Limiting flow of gases and vapors ....................... . 1-9 Maximum flow of compressible
fluids in a nozzle .................................................. 2-15
Steam-General Discussion .................................... . 1-10 Flow through short tubes................................ 2-15
Discharge of Fluids Through
Valves, Fittings, and Pipe
Liquid flow ............................................................ . 2-15
Compressible flow ......................................... . 2-15
CHAPTER 3

Formulas and Nomographs for Flow CHAPTER 4

Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe
Examples of Flow Problems
page
Introduction ............................................................... 3-1 page
Introduction ....... . 4-1
Summary of Formulas ......... . ................ ... 3-2 to 3-5
Reynolds Number and Friction Factor for
Formulas and N omographs Pipe Other than Steel or Wrought Iron.. 4-1
for Liquid Flow Determination of Valve Resistance in L,
Velocity..... ........................... 3-6 Lj D, K, and Flow Coefficient C v .... ........................... 4-2
Reynolds number; friction factor for
clean steel and wrought iron pipe ................... 3-8 Check Valves; Reduced Port Valves............................ . 4-3
Pressure drop for turbulent flow.......... 3-10 Laminar Flow in Valves, Fittings, and Pipe 4-4
Pressure drop for laminar flow........ 3-12
Flow through nozzles and orifices................ 3-14 Pressure Drop and Velocity
in Piping Systems .... .................. 4-6
Formulas and Nomographs Pipe Line Flow Problems..................................... 4-10
for Compressible Flow
Velocity ......................................... . 3-16 Discharge of Fluids from Piping Systems.... 4-12
Reynolds number; friction factor for Flow Through Orifice Meters .................................... 4-15
clean steel pipe .............................. . 3-18
Pressure drop .................. ..................... . 3-20 Application of Hydraulic Radius
Simplified flow formula ...................................... . 3-22 to Flow Problems.... .. ........................ ..
Flow through nozzles and orifices ....................... . 3-24 Determination of Boiler Capacity .... ...... 4-18
 APPENDIX A APPENDIX B

Physical Properties of Fluids Engineering Data

and Flow Characteristics of page
Introduction ., .,,,. __ ,,,.,,.,, ... __ ,____________ ''''' ____ .____ .,,' B-1
Valves, Fittings, and Pipe
page Equivalent Volume and Weight
Introduction ......... ,"'''''''"."''_,,. ___ " ___ """.,," .. A-I Flow Rates of Compressible Fluids _________ , ,__ B-2

Physical Properties of Fluids Equivalents of Viscosity

Viscosity of steam A-2 Absolute B-3
Viscosity of water" .. " .... " .. " .. "."""",,., A-2, A-3 Kinematic """ __ , __ "''' ___________ . ___ ,__ ".' __ ""_". __ , __ """ __ " B-3
Viscosity of liquid petroleum products ...... _ A-3 Kinematic and Saybolt UniversaL,. __ ,, ______________ . B-4
Viscosity of various liquids A-4 Kinematic and Saybolt Furol B-4
Viscosity of gases and hydrocarbon vapors A-5 Kinematic, Saybolt Universal,
Viscosity of refrigerant vapors A-5 Saybolt Furol, and Absolute". B-5
Physical properties of water.. _.. ,_, _______ A-6
Saybolt Universal Viscosity Chart. B-6
S peci fic gravity-temperature
relationship for petroleum oils" A-7 Equivalents of Degrees API,
Weight density and specific Degrees Baume, Specific Gravity,
gravity of various liquids"".,,, A-7 Weight Density, and Pounds per Gallon __ , B-7
Physical properties of gases"""""""" " A-8
Volumetric composition and Steam Data
specific gravity of gaseous fuels_, .. _, ___ "A-8 Boiler capacity _______________ ,,_,, __ "' ____ , __ '''',, __ '''' __ __ B-3
Steam-values of isentropic exponent, k A-9 Horsepower of an engine ______ " __ , __ ". ______ ,, B-8
Weight and specific Ranges in steam consumption
volume gases and vapors A-IO by prime movers ,,,, ____ ,__ ,,, __ . '''''' ______________ , B-8
Properties of Fluids
Saturated steam and saturated water.. A-12 Power Required for Pumping" B-9
Superheated steam _______ A-16
Superheated steam and compressed water.. A-19 Equivalents (General)
Flow Characteristics of ::\feasure __ ,__ ,__ , __ ". __ ." ____ ,,.,,''' ______ ''' __ .,, ___ ,,__ B-lO
Nozzles and Orifices Weight __ """" __ ."" __ "" __ "." __ .".,,",,. __ .,,",,. __ "" _____ B-1O
. Flow coefficient C for nozzles" A-20 Velocity ________ ,,,.,, __ ., __ "' __ "'''' __ , __ , . B-I0
Flow coefficient C for Density __ ,_______ " ___________________________________ ,,,"_____ B-1O
square edged orifices .,,",,'" A-20
Net expansion factor Y Physical constants __ ," __ ,,""" ________ ,, ____ ''' ______ '''' B-IO
Temperature ____ ." __ ". ________ ,, ____ ,,. __ , _________ " ____ B-IO
for compressible flow"".""."",,,, .. ,,,, A-21
Critical pressure ratio, rc Prefixes __ "" __ ." ____ ",,. __ ,, __ ,, ,. __ ,, ___________ ,, __ "" __ B-IO
for compressible flow,,_. _"." ...... "" "" .. ""-,,,_ A-21 Liquid measures and B-lI
Flow Ch'aracteristics Pressure and head __ , ______ __ B-II
of Pipe, Valves, and Fittings
Net expansion factor Y for compressible Four-Place Logarithms to Base 10 ____ __ B-12
flow through pipe to a larger flow area ""'" A-22
Relative roughness of pipe materials and Flow Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe
friction factor for complete turbulence" .. , "_,,A-23 \Vater _ ___ """".,, ____ .__________ __ B-14
Friction factors for Air "''' __ B-15
a'ny type of commercial A-24
Pipe Data-(Carbon and
Friction factors for clean
Alloy Steel; Stainless Steel)
commercial steel pipe ."." ..... " .. " .. ,," """""."." A-2S
Sizes Ys thru 3-inch B-16
Resistance Coefficients (K) Sizes 3 Y2 thru 12-inch, _______________ ,, ___ " B-17
for Valves and Fittings-"K" Factor Table Sizes 14 thru 22-inch __ B-18
Pipe friction factors,,,,,,, A-26 Sizes 24 thru 36--inch """".,, ____ . __ . _________ _ [3-19
Formulas; contraction and enlargement. A-26
Formulas, reduced port valves and fittings A26 Fahrenheit-Celsius Temperature Conversion, B,--20
Gate, globc, and angle valves" ' A-27
Check valves ____ ._ A-27 MISCELLANEOUS
Stop-check and foot valves."", A28 Illustrations of Typical Valves
Ball and butterfly valves __________ __ A-28 Globe, angle, and stop-check, " 3-26
Plug valves and cocks._ , A-29 lift and swing check, 2--7 and 3--26
Bends and flttings._ A-29 Tilting disc check and foot. 326
Pipe entrance and exit._, A--29 Gate, ball, and butterfly, A-32
Cocks, ' A--32
Lengths Land L/ D and Resistance
Coefflcicnt I< ~omograph __ A-30 Bibliography. , see second page of book
Equivalents of Resistance CoeffIcient K and Flow Foreword see third page of book
Coefficient C v Nomograph .. A-31 Nomenclature see next page

Nomenclature
A = cross sectional area of pipe or orifice, in
square feet
a = cross sectional area of pipe or orifice, or flow
area in valve, in square inches
B rate of Aow in barrels (42 gallons) per hour
C Aow coefficient for orifices and nozzles
= discharge coefficient corrected for vel-
ocity of approach = Cd / ,,-~fj4
discharge coefficient for orifices and nozzles
flow coefficient for valves: expresses flow
rate in gallons per minute of 60 F water
with 1.0 psi pressure drop across valve
D internal diameter of pipe, in feet
d internal diameter of pipe, in inches
e base of natural logarithm = 2.718
f friction factor in formula hL = f L v2 / D 2g
JT = friction factor in zone of complete turbulence
g acceleration of gravity = J 2. 2 feet per
second per second
H total head, in feet of fluid
h static pressure head existing at a point, in
feet of Auid
total heat of steam, in Btu per pound
loss of static pressure head due to fluid
flow, in feet of Auid
static pressure head, in inches of water
resistance coefficient or velocity head loss
in the formula, hL = KV 2/2g
k ratio of specific heat at constant pressure
to specific heat at constant volume =
cp/c"
L length of pipe, in feet
L/D equivalent length of a resistance to Aow,
in pipe diameters
Lm length of pipe, in miles
M molecular weight
MR uni versa I gas constant = I 545
n Mu
exponent in equation for polytropic change
(p'\!: = constant)
P pressure, in pounds per square inch gauge
P'
pressure, pounds per square inch absolute
(see page 1-5 for diagram showing relation-
ship belween gauge and absolute pressure)
p' pressure, in pounds per square foot absolute
Q rate of flow, in gallons per minute
q rate of Aow, in cubic feet per second at
flowing conditions
q' rate of Aow, in cubic feet per second at
standard conditions (14.7 psia and 60F)
q'a rate of flow, in millions of standard cubic
, feet per day, MMscfd
q h rate of flow, in cubic.feet per hour at stand-
ard conditions (14.7 psia and ooF), scfh
rate of flow, in cubic feet per minute at
flowing conditions
q'm rate of flow, in cubic feet per minute at
std. conditions (14.7 psia and 60F), scfm
R individual gas constant MR/M
154)/M
Reynolds number
Unless otherwise stated, all symbols used
in this book are defined as follows:
RH hydraulic radius, in feet
rc = critical pressure rauo for cumpressible flow
S specific gravity of liquids at specified temper-
ature relative to water at standard tempera-
ture (60 F)
So specihc gravity of a gas relative to air =
the ratio of the molecular weight of the
gas to that of air
T absolute temperature, in degrees Rankine
(460 +t)
temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit
V specific volume of Auid, in cubic feet per
pound
\/ mean velocity of flow, in feet per minute
Va volume. in cubic feet
v mean velocity of Aow, in feet per second
v, sonic (or critical) velocity of flow of a gas,
in feet per second
WI rate of flow, in pounds per hour
W rate of Aow, in pounds per second
Wa weight, in pounds
x percent quality of steam 100 minus per
cent of moisture
Y net expansion factor for compressible flow
through orifices, nozzles, or pipe
Z potential head or elevation above reference
level, in feet
Greek LeHers
Beta
(3 ratio of small to large diameter in orifices
and nozzles, and contractions or enlarge-
ments in pipes
Delta
6,. differential between two points
Epsilon
t absolute roughness or effective height of
pipe wall irregularities, in feet
absolute (dynamic) viscosity, in centipoise
absolute viscosity, in pound mass per foot
second or poundal seconds per sq foot
,
iJ.e absolute viscosity, in slugs per foot second
or pound force seconds per square foot
Nu
" kinematic viscosity, in centistokes
,,' kinematic viscosity, square feet per second
Rho
p weight density of Auid, pounds per cubic ft
p' density of fluid, grams per cubic centimeter
Theta
fJ angle of convergence or divergence in enlarge- .~
ments or contractions in pipes
Subscripts for Diameter
(I) ... defines smaller diameter
(2) ... defines larger diameter
Subscripts for Fluid Property
(I) ... defines inlet (upstream) condition
(2) .. ,defines outlet (downstream) condition
 1• 1

Theory of Flow
In Pipe

CHAPTER 1

The most commonly employed method of transport-

ing fluid from one point to another is to force the
fluid to flow through a piping system. Pipe of cir-
cular section is most frequently used because that
shape offers not only greater structural strength, but
also greater cross sectional area per unit of wall sur-
face than any other shape. Unless otherwise stated,
the word "pipe" in this book will always refer to a
closed conduit of circular section and constant
internal diameter.

Only a few special problems in fluid mechanics ....

laminar flow in pipe, for example .... can be entirely
solved by rational mathematical means; all other
problems require methods of solution which rest, at
least in part, on experimentally determined coeffi-
cients. Many empirical formulas have been proposed
for the problem of flow in pipe, but these are often
extremely limited and can be applied only when the
conditions of the problem closely approach the
conditions of the experiments from which the for-
mulas were derived.

Because of the great variety of fluids being handled

in modern industrial processes, a Single equation
which can be used for the flow of any fluid in pipe
offers obvious advantages. Such an equation is the
Darcy* formula. The Darcy formula can be derived
rationally by means of dimensional analysis; how-
ever, one variable in the formula .... the friction
factor .... must be determined experimentally. This
formula has a wide application in the field of fluid
mechanics and is used extensively throughout this
paper.

*The Darcy formula is also known as the Weisbach formula or the Darcy-
Weisbach formula; also. as the Fanning formula, sometimes modified
so that the friction factor is one-fourth the Darcy friction factor.
1-2 CHAPTER 1 - THEORY OF FLOW IN PIPE CRANi

Physical Properties of Fluids

The solution of any flow problem requires a knowl- second and is equivalent to 100 centistokes.
edge of the physical properties of the fluid being IJ. (centipoise)
handled. Accurate values for the properties affecting II (centistokes) pi (gn:imspercu--'b-ci-c-cm------)
the flow of fluids ... namely, viscosity and weight
density ... have been established by many authori- By definition, the speCific gravity, S, in the fore-
ties for all commonly used fluids and many of these going formula is baseci upon water at a temperature
data are presented in the various tables and charts of 4 C (39.2 F), whereas specific gravity used
in Appendix A. throughout this paper is based upon water at 60 F.
In the English system, kinematic viscosity has
Viscosity: Viscosity expresses the readiness with dimensions of square feet per second.
which a fluid flows when it is acted upon by an ex-
ternal force. The coefficient of absolute viscosity Factors for conversion between metric and English
or, simply, the absolute viscosity of a fluid, is a system units of absolute and kinematic viscosity are
measure of its resistance to internal deformation or given on page B-3 of Appendix B.
shear. Molasses is a highly viscous fluid; water is
comparatively much less viscous; and the viscosity The measurement of the absolute viscosity of fluids
of gases is quite small compared to that of water. (especially gases and vapors) requires elaborate
equipment and considerable experimental skill. On
Although most fluids are predictable in their vis- the other hand, a rather simple instrument can be
cosity, in some, the viscosity depends upon the used for measuring the kinematic viscosity of oils
previous working of the fluid. Printer's ink, wood and other viscous liquids. The instrument adopted
pulp slurries, and catsup are examples of fluids as a standard in this country is the Saybolt Universal
possessing such thixotropic properties of viscosity. Viscosimeter. I n measuring kinematic viscosity
with this instrument, the time required for a small
Considerable confusion exists concerning the units volume of liqUid to flow through an orifice is deter-
used to express viscosity; therefore, proper units mined; consequently, the "Saybolt viscosity" of the
must be employed whenever substituting values of liquid is given in seconds. For very viscous liquids,
viscosity into formulas. In the eG.s. (centimeter, the Saybolt Furol instrument is used.
gram, second) or metric system, the unit of absolute
viscosity is the poise which is equal to 100 centi- Other viscosimeters, somewhat similar to the Saybolt
poise. The poise has the dimensions of dyne seconds but not used to any extent in this country, are the
per square centimeter or of grams per centimeter Engler, the Redwood Admiralty, and the Redwood.
second. It is believed that less confusion concerning The relationship between Saybolt viscosity and
units will prevail if the centipoise is used exclusively kinematic viscosity is shown on page B-4; equiva-
as the unit of viscosity. For this reason, and since lents of kinematic, Saybolt Universal, Saybolt Furol,
most handbooks and tables follow the same pro- and absolute viscosity can be obtained from the
cedure, all viscosity data in this paper are expressed chart on page B-5.
in centipoise.
The ASTM standard viscosity temperature chart for
The English units commonly employed are per liquid petroleum products, reproduced on page B-6,
foot second" or "pound force seconds per square is used to determine the Saybolt Universal viscosity
foot"; however, "pound mass per foot second" or of a petroleum product at any temperature when the
"poundal seconds per square foot" may also be en- viscosities at two different temperatures are known.
countered. The viscosity of water at a temperature The viscosities of some of the most common fluids are
of 68 F is: given on pages A-2 to A-5. It will be noted that,
poise with a rise in temperature, the viscosity of liquids
1 centipoise* 0.01 gram per cm second decreases, whereas the viscosity of gases increases.
1 dyne second per sq cm The effect of pressure on the viscosity of liqUids and
[0.000 672 pound mass per foot second
perfect gases is so small that it is of no practical
JJ-e
\ 0.000 672 poundal second per square foot
interest in most flow problems. Conversely, the
viscosity of saturated, or only slightly superheated,
, (0.000 0209 slug per foot second vapors is appreciably altered by pressure changes, as
lJ.e
lo.ooo 0209 pound force second per square ft indicated on page A-2 showing the viscosity of steam.
Unfortunately, the data on vapors are incomplete
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the absolute vis- and, in some cases, contradictory. Therefore, it is
cosity to the mass density. In the metric system, expedient when dealing with vapors other than
the unit of kinematic viscosity is the stoke. The steam to neglect the effect of pressure because of the
stoke has dimensions of square centimeters per lack of adequate data.

·Actually the viscosity of water at 68 F is 1.005 centipoise.

CRANE CHAPTER I THEORY OF FLOW IN PIPE 1-3

Physical Properties of Fluids - continued

Weight density,
specific volume, and specific gravity: The weight In steam Row computations, the reciprocal of the
density or specific weight of a substance is its weight weight density, which is the specific volume, is com-
per unit volume. In the English system of units, monly used; these values are listed in the steam
this is expressed in pounds per cubic foot and the tables shown on pages A-12 to A-19. A chart for de-
symbol designation used in this paper is p (Rho). termining the weight density and specific volume of
In the metric system, the unit is grams per cubic gases is given on page A-II.
centimeter and the symbol deSignation used is p'
(Rho prime). Specific gravity is a relative measure of weight den-
Sity. Since pressure has an insignificant effect upon
the weight density of liquids, temperature is the
The specific volume being the reciprocal of the only condition that must be considered in designat-
weight density, is expressed in the English system ing the basis for specific gravity. The specific grav-
as the number of cubic feet of space occupied by one ity of a liquid is the ratio of its density at
pound of the substance, thus: specified temperature to that of water at standard
temperature, 60 F.
f any liquid at
S = p l specified temperatu re f
In the metric system, the number of cubic centimeters p (water at 60 F)
per gram of a substance can readily be expressed as
the reCiprocal of the weight density, that is. A hydrometer can be used to measure the specific
gravity of liquids directly. Three hydrometer
scales are common in this country .... the API scale
which is used for oils .... and the two Baume scales,
one for liquids heavier than water and one for liquids
lighter than water. The relationship between the
The variations in weight density as well as other hydrometer scales and specific gravity are:
properties of water with changes in temperature are For oils,
shown on page A-6. The weight densities of other
common liquids are shown on page A-7. Unless S (60 F)
very high pressures are being considered, the effect of IJ \. 5 + deg. API
pressure on the weight of liquitls is of no practical For liquids lighter
importance in Row problems. than water,
14 0
The weight densities of gases and vapors, however, S (60 F)
are greatly altered by pressure changes. For the so- ;3'0+ deg.'Baume
called "perfect" gases, the weight density can be For liquids heavier
computed from the formula: than water,
144 P' S (60 Fj60 F)
145
p=~ 145 - deg. Baume

The individual gas constant R is equal to the univer- For convenience in converting hydrometer readings
sal gas constant, MR 1545, divided by the molecu- to more useful units, refer to the table shown on
page B-7.
lar weight of the gas,
R = 1545 The specific gravity of gases is defined as the ratio
M of the molecular weight of the gas to that of air, and
as the ratio of the individual gas constant of air to
Values of R, as well as other useful gas constants, that of the gas.
are given on page A-8. The weight density of air
for various conditions of temperature and pressure s =R (air) M (gas)
can be found on page A-IO. U R (gas) M (air)
 CHAPTER 1 - THEORY OF FLOW IN PIPE CRANE

Nature of Flow in Pipe - Laminar and Turbulent

Figure 1-1 Figure 1-2 Figure 1·3

laminar Flow
Actual photograph of colored filaments being
carried along undisturbed by a stream of
water.
Flow in Critical Zone, aetween
laminar and Transition Zones
At the critical velocity, the filaments begin to
break up, indicating flow is becoming
turbulent.
Turbulent Flow
This illustration shows the turbulence in the
stream completely dispersing the colored
filaments a short distance downstream from
the point of injection.

A simple experiment (illustrated above) will readily
show there are two entirely different types of flow
in pipe. The experiment consists of injecting small
streams of a colored fluid into a liquid flowing in
a glass pipe and observing the beha vior of these
colored streams at different sections downstream
from their points of injection.
If the discharge or average velocity is small, the
streaks of colored fluid flow in straight lines, as
shown in Figure I-I. As the flow rate is gradually
increased, these streaks will continue to flow in
straight lines until a velocity is reached when the
streaks will waver and suddenly break into diffused
patterns, as shown in Figure 1-2. The velocity at
which this occurs is caned the "critical velocity".
At velocities higher than "critical", the filaments
are dispersed at random throughout the main body of
the fluid, as shown in Figure 1-3.
The type of flow which exists at velocities lower
than "critical" is known as laminar flow and, some-
times, as viscous or streamline flow. Flow of this
nature is characterized by the gliding of concentric
cylindrical layers past one another in orderly fash-
ion. Velocity of the fluid is at its maximum at the
pipe axis and decreases sharply to zero at the wall.
Reynolds number: The work of Osborne Reynolds
has shown that the nature of flow in pipe, . , . that
is. whether it is laminar or turbulent , ... depends
on the pipe diameter. the density and viscosity of
the flowing fluid. and the velocity of flow. The
numerical value of a dimensionless combination of
these four variables, known as the Reynolds num-
ber, may be considered to be the ratio of the dynamic
forces of mass flow to the shear stress due to vis-
cosity. Reynolds number is:
Equalion '.2
}I.e
(other forms of this equation; page 3-2.)
For engineering purposes. flow in pipes is usually
considered to be laminar if the Reynolds number is
less than 2000, and turbulent if the Reynolds number
is greater than 4000. Between these two values lies
the "critical zone" where the flow .... being laminar,
turbulent, or in the process of change, depending
upon many possible varying conditions . . . . is
unpredictable. Careful experimentation has shown
that the laminar zone may be made to terminate at
a Reynolds number as low as 1200 or extended as
high as 40,000, but these conditions are not expected
to be realized in ordinary practice.

At velocities greater than "critical", the flow is tur- Hydraulic radius: Occasionally a conduit of non-
bulent. In turbulent flow, there is an irregular circular cross section is encountered. In calculating
random motion of fluid particles in directions trans- the Reynolds number for this condition. the equiva-
verse to the direction of the main flow. The velOCity lent diameter (four times the hydraulic radius) is sub-
distribution in turbulent flow is more uniform stituted for the circular diameter. Use friction
across the pipe diameter than in laminar flow. Even factors gi ven on pages A-24 and A-25.
though a turbulent motion exists throughout the _cross sectional flow area
R H---~--~---~

greater portion of the pipe diameter, there is always wetted perimeter

a thin layer of fluid at the pipe wall .... known as This applies to any ordinary conduit (circular con-
the "boundary layer" or "laminar sub-layer" .... duit not flowing full. oval. square or rectangular)
which is moving in laminar flow, but not to extremely narrow shapes such as annular
or elongated openings, where width is small relative
Mean velocity of flow: The term "velOCity", unless to length. In such cases, the hydraulic radius is
otherwise stated. refers to the mean. or average, approximately equal to one-half the width of the
velocity at a given cross section, as determined by passage.
the continuity equation for steady state flow'

v=3..=~
wV To determine quantity of flow in following formula:
Equolion ,.,
A Ap fh:15
(For nomenclature, see page preceding Chapt.er I) q = 0043 8d2 '\jJr
"Reasonable" velocities for use in design work are the value of de is based upon an equivalent diameter
given on pages 3-6 and 3-16. of actual flow area and 4RH is substituted for D.
CIANI: CHAPTER J - THEORY OF FLOW IN PIPE 1·5

General Energy Equation

Bernoulli's Theorem

The Bernoulli theorem is a means of expressing the datum plane, is equal to the sum of the elevation
application of the law of conservation of energy to head, the pressure head, and the velocity head,
the flow of fluids in a conduit. The total energy at as follows:
any particular point, above some arbitrary horizontal

If friction losses are neglected and no energy is added

to, or taken from, a piping system (i.e., pumps or
turbines), the total head, H, in the above equation
will be a constant for any point in the fluid. How-
ever, in actual practice, losses or energy increases
PI x 144. or decreases are encountered and must be included
p
in the Bernoulli equation. Thus, an energy balance
may be written for two points in a fluid, as shown in
the example in Figure 1-4.
Note the pipe friction loss from point 1 to point 2
is hL foot pounds per pound of flowing fluid; this is
sometimes referred to as the head loss in feet of fluid.
The equation may be written as follows:
Arbitrary Horizontal Datum Plane Eq ua';on J·3

Figure 1.4
Z
2
+ I 44Pz + 2v~g + h
P2 L
Energy 8alance for Two Poinl. in a Fluid
All practical formulas for the flow of fluids are de-
By permission, from Fluid Mechanics l * by
R. A. Dodge and M. J. Thompson. Copyright rived from Bernoulli's theorem, with modifications
1937; McGraw-Hili Book Company, Inc. to account for losses due to friction.

Measurement of Pressure
Any Pressure Above Atmospheric
Figure 1-5 graphically illustrates the relationship
e between gauge and absolute pressures. Perfect
e "
'"
::I
'"
Q) vacuum cannot exist on the surface of the earth, but
'"
1;3 et_
et Q) it nevertheless makes a convenient datum for the
.,
.g
E At Atmospheric Pressure Level-Variable
i
""
measurement of pressure .
~ Barometric pressure is the level of the atmospheric
co
+ E pressure above perfect vacuum.
Q)
~-
""
~ '"
;,.
"Standard" atmospheric pressure is 14.696 pounds
""II
Q)
An~ Pressu re Below Atmospheric
per square inch, or 760 millimeters of mercury.
~ e
'"
et 11e Gauge pressure is measured above atmospheric pres-
Q)

~- sure, while absolute pressure always refers to perfect

=-
"0 '5 vacuum as a base.
~ ~
..0
..:
Absolute Zero of Pressure-Perfect Vacuum Vacuum, usually expressed in inches of mercury, is
the depression of pressure below the atmospheric
level. Reference to vacuum conditions is often
Figure 1·5 made by expressing the absolute pressure in inches
Relationship 8etween of mercury; also millimeters of mercury and microns
Gauge and Absolule Preuures
of mercury .

• All superior figures used o. ",ference morle. refer to tbe Bibliogropby; see second poge of boole.
 1-6 CHAPTER 1 - THEORY OF FLOW IN· PIPE
Darcyls Formula
General Equation for Flow of Fluids
Flow in pipe is always accompanied by friction of
fluid particles rubbing against one another, and con-
sequently, by loss of energy available for work; in
other words, there must be a pressure drop in the
direction of flow. If ordinary Bourdon tube pressure
gauges were connected to a pipe containing a flowing
fluid, as shown in Fig-
ure 1-6, gauge PI
would indicate a
higher static pressure
than gauge P 2 • Figure 1·6
The general equation for pressure drop, known as
Darcy's formula and expressed in feet of fluid, is
hL = jLv 21D 2g. This equation may be written to
express pressure drop in pounds per square inch, by
substitution of proper units, as follows:
L:::.P = Eq uation J-4
(For other forms of this equation, see page 3-2.)
The Darcy equation is valid for laminar or turbulent
flow of any liquid in a pipe. However, when extreme
velocities occurring in a pipe cause the downstream
pressure to fall to the vapor pressure of the liquid,
cavitation occurs and calculated flow rates will be
inaccurate. With suitable restrictions, the Darcy
equation may be used when gases and vapors (com-
pressible fluids) are being handled. These restric-
tions are defined on page 1-7.
Equation 1-4 gives the loss in pressure due to friction
and applies to pipe of constant diameter carrying
fluids of reasonably constant weight density in
straight pipe, whether horizontal, vertical, or sloping.
For inclined pipe, vertical pipe, or pipe of varying
diameter, the change in pressure due to changes in
elevation, velocity, and weight density of the fluid
must be made in accordance with Bernoulli's theorem
(page 1-5). For an example using this theorem, see
page 4-8.
Friction factor: The Darcv formula can be ration-
ally derived by dimensional ~nalysis, with the excep-
tion of the friction factor, j, which must be deter-
mined experimentally. The friction factor for lami-
nar flow conditions (Re < 2000) is a function of
Reynolds number only; whereas, for turbulent flow
CRe > 4000), it is also a function of the character of
the pipe wall.
A region known as the "critical zone" occurs between
Reynolds number of approximately 2000 and 4000.
In this region, the ft.ow may be either laminar or tur-
bulent depending upon several factors; these include
changes in section or direction of flow and obstruc-
tions, such as valves, in the upstream piping. The
friction factor in this region is indeterminate and
CRANE
has lower limits based on laminar flow and upper
limits based on turbulent flow conditions.
At Reynolds numbers above approximately 4000,
flow conditions again become more stable and definite
friction factors can be established. This is impor-
tant because it enables the engineer to determine
the flow characteristics of any fluid flowing in a
pipe, providing the viscosity and weight density at
flowing conditions are known. For this reason, Equa-
tion 1-4 is recommended in preference to some of
the commonly known empirical equations for the
flow of water, oil, and other liquids, as well as for
the flow of compressible fluids when restrictions
previously mentioned are observed.
If the flow is laminar CR. < 2000), the friction fac-
tor may be determined from the equation:
j = ~:± = 64 J.le
Re D vp vp
If this quantity is substituted into Equation 1-4,
the pressure drop in pounds per square inch is:
Lv
L:::.P = 0.000668 Equation J·5
which is Poiseuille's law for laminar flow.
When the flow is turbulent CRe > 4000), the friction
factor depends not only upon the Reynolds number
but also upon the relative roughness, tiD . ... the
roughness of the pipe walls (e), as compared to the
diameter of the pipe CD). For very smooth pipes
such as drawn brass tubing and glass, the friction
factor decreases more rapidly with increasing Rey-
nolds number than for pipe with comparatively
rough walls.
Since the character of the internal surface of com-
mercial pipe is practically independent of the diam-
eter, the roughness of the walls has a greater effect
on the friction factor in the small sizes. Conse-
quently, pipe of small diameter will approach the
very rough condition and, in general, will have
higher friction factors than large pipe of the same
material.
The most useful and Widely accepted data of friction
factors for use with the Darcy formula have been pre-
sented by L. F. Moody 18 and are reproduced on pages
A-23 to A-25. Professor Moody improved upon the
well-established Pigott and Kemler 25 , 26 friction factor
diagram, incorporating more recent investigations
and developments of many outstanding scientists.
The friction factor, j, is plotted on page A-24 on
the basis of relative roughness obtained from the
chart on page A-23 and the Reynolds number. The
CRANE CHAPTER I - THEORY OF FLOW IN PIPE
Darcy's Formula
General Equation for Flow of Fluids -
value of f is determined by horizontal projection from
the intersection of the E/ D curve under considera-
tion with the calculated Reynolds number to the left
hand vertical scale of the chart on page A-B. Since
most calculations involve commercial steel pipe, the
chart on page A-25 is furnished for a more direct
solution. I t should be kept in mind that these figures
apply to clean new pipe.
Effect of age and use on pipe friction: Friction
loss in pipe is sensitive to changes in diameter and
roughness of pipe. For a given rate of flo\\' and a
fixed friction factor, the pressure drop per foot of
pipe varies inversely with the flith power of the
diameter. Therefore, a 2~c reduction of diameter
Principles of
Compressible Flow in Pipe
An accurate determination of the pressure drop of a
compressible fluid flowing through a pipe requires a
knowledge of the relationship between pressure and
specific volume; this is not easily determined in
each particular problem. The usual extremes con-
sidered are adiabatic flow (p'vt constant) and iso-
thermal flow (p'Va = constant). Adiabatic flow is
usually assumed in short, perfectly insulated pipe.
This would be consistent since no heat is transferred
to or from the pipe, except for the fact that the
minute amount of heat generated by friction is
added to the flow.
Isothermal flow or flow at constant temperature is
often assumed, partly for convenience but more often
because it is closer to fact in piping practice. The
most outstanding case of isothermal flow occurs in
natural gas pipe lines. Dodge and Thompsonl show
that gas flow in insulated pipe is closely approximated
by isothermal flow for reasonably high pressures.
Since the relationship between pressure and volume
may follow some other relationship (p'\l~ = con-
stant) called polytropic flow, specific information in
each individual case is almost an impossibility.
The density of gases and vapors changes considerably
(continued on the ned page)
1-7
continued
causes a II % increase in pressure drop; a 5 reduc-
tion of diameter increases pressure drop 29%. In
many services, the interior of pipe becomes encrusted
with dirt, tubercules or other foreign matter;
thus. it is often prudent to make allowance for ex-
pccted diameter changes.
Authorities 2 point out that roughness may be ex-
pected to increase with use (due to corrosion or
incrustation) at a rate determined by the pipe
material and nature of the fluid. IppenlB, in discuss-
ing the effect of aging, cites a 4-inch galvanized
steel pipe which had its roughness doubled and its
friction factor increased 20% after three years of
madera te use.
with changes in pressure; therefore, if the pressure
drop between PI and P 2 in Figure 1-6 is great, the
density and velocity will change appreciably.
When dealing with compressible fluids, such as air,
steam, etc., the following restrictions should be
observed in applying the Darcy formula:
I. If the calculated pressure drop (PI P z) is less
than about 1O~;~ of the inlet pressure PI, reason-
able accuracy will be obtained if the specific
volume used in the formula is based upon either
the upstream or downstream conditions, which-
ever are known.
2. If the calculated pressure drop (PI P 2 ) is
greater than about 10%, but less than about 40%
of inlet pressure Pl. the Darcy equation may be
used with reasonable accuracy by using a specific
volume based upon the average of upstream and
dO\\flstrcam conditions; otherwise, the method
given on page I-q may be used.
3, For greater pressure drops. such as are often
encountered in long pipe lines, the methods given
on the next two pages should be used.
 OF flOW IN PIPE CRANE

Principles of Compressible Flow in Pipe

(continued)

Complete isothermal equation: The flow of gases Panhandle formula 3 for natural gas pipe lines 6
in long pipe lines closely approximates isothermal con- to 24-inch diameter, Reynolds numbers 5 x 10 6 to
ditions, The pressure drop in such lines is often 14 X 10 6 , and 0,6:
large relative to the inlet pressure, and solution Equotion 1·9
of this problem falls outside the limitations of 0.5394
the Darcy equation, An accurate determination of q' h = 36.8 E d2.6182

the flow characteristics falling within this category

can be made by using the complete isothermal The flow efficiency factor E is defined as an expe-
equation: rience factor and is usually assumed to be 0,92 or
Equation 1·6
92 for average operating conditions, Suggested
. 144 g /V ] [CPiF - (P~)2] values for E for other operating conditions are given
on page 3-3.
-; (fL Pi) Pi
[ '" 1 0 + 210ge P~
The formula is developed on the basis of these Comparison of formulas for compressible flow
assumptions: in pipe lines: Equations 1-7, 1-8, and 1-9 are de-
1. Isothermal flow. rived from the same basic formula, but differ in the
2, No mechanical work is done on or by the system. selection of data used for the determination of the
], Steady flow or discharge unchanged with time. friction factors.
4. The gas obeys the perfect gas laws.
5. The velocity may be represented by the average Friction factors in accordance with the Mood y 18 dia-
velocity at a cross section.
6. The friction factor is constant along the pipe.
gram are normally used with the Simplified Com-
7. The pipe line is straight and horizontal between pressible Flow formula (Equation 1-7). However, if
end points. the same friction factors employed in the Weymouth
or Panhandle formulas are used in the Simplified
Simplified Compressible Flow~Gas Pipe Line formula, identical answers will be obtained.
Formula: In the practice of gas pipe line engineer-
ing, another assumption is added to the foregoing:
8. Acceleration can be neglected hecause thc pipe The Weymouth friction factor 24 is defined as:
line is long.
f
Then, the formula for discharge in a horizontal pipe
may be written:
This is identical to the Moodv friction factor in the
u,2 - [144.
! - g DA2] rep')"~
_~ _ -_
l' P')~]
~_ ,
EquatIon 1.7
fully turbulent flow range for lO-inch I.D. pipe only.
\/1 fL Pi Weymouth friction factors are greater than Moody
factors for sizes less than 20-inch, and smaller for
This is equivalent to the complete isothermal equa- sizes larger than 20-inch.
tion if the pipe line is long and also for shorter lines
if the ratio of pressure drop to initial pressure is
small. The Panhandle friction factor 3 is defined as:
Since gas flow problems are usually expressed in . ( d )0.1461
terms of cubic feet per hour at standard conditions, j= 0.1225 ~
q
h a
it is convenient to rewrite Equation 1-7 as follows:
In the flow range to which the Panhandle formula is
d:' limited, this results in friction factors that are lower
Equation 1·70
than those obtained from either the Moody data
or the Weymouth friction formula. As a result, flow
rates obtained by solution of the Panhandle formula
Other commonly used formulas for compress- are usually greater than those obtained by employing
ible flow in long pipe lines: either the Simplified Compressible Flow formula with
Moody friction factors, or the Weymouth formula.
Weymouth formula 24 : Equation r.8
An example of the variation in flow rates which may
q' h = 28,0 d 2. m be obtained for a specific condition by employing
these formulas is given on page 4-11.
CRANE CHAPTER 1 - THEORY Of fLOW IN PIPE
Principles of Compressible Flow in Pipe
(continued)
Limiting flow of gases and vapors: The feature
not evident in the preceding formulas (Equations 1-4
and 1-6 to 1-9 inclusive) is that the weight rate of
flow (e.g., lbs/sec) of a compressible fluid in a pipe,
with a given upstream pressure, will approach a cer-
tain maximum rate which it cannot exceed, no mat-
ter how much the downstream pressure is further
reduced.
The maximum velocity of a compressible fluid in pipe
is limited by the velocity of propagation of a pres-
sure wave which travels at the speed of sound in
the fluid. Since pressure falls off and velocity in-
creases as fluid proceeds downstream in pipe of uni-
form cross section, the maximum velocity occurs in
the downstream end of the pipe. If the pressure drop
is sufficiently high, the exit velocity will reach
the velocity of sound. Further decrease in the out-
let pressure will not be felt upstream because the
pressure wave can only travel at sonic velocity, and
the "signal" will never translate upstream. The
"surplus" pressure drop obtained by lowering the
outlet pressure after the maximum discharge has
already been reached takes place beyond the end of
the pipe. This pressure is lost in shock waves and
turbulence of the jetting fluid.
The maximum possible veloci.ty in the pipe is sonic
velocity, which is expressed as:
Equation '.10
v. " kg RT = "kg 144 P'
The value of k, the ratio of specific heats at con-
stant pressure to constant volume, is 1.4 for most
diatomic gases; see pages A-8 and A-9 for values of
k for gases and steam respectively. This velocity
will occur at the outlet end or in a constricted area
when the pressure drop is sufficiently high. Th~
pressure, temperature, and specific volume are those
occurring at the point in question. When com-
pressible fluids discharge from the end of a reasonably
short pipe of uniform cross section into ail area of
larger cross section, the flow is usually considered to
be adiabatic. This assumption is supported by ex-
perimental data on pipe having lengths of 220 and
130 pipe diameters discharging air to atmosphere.
Investigation of the complete theoretical analysis of
adiabatic f1ow 19 has led to a basis for establishing
correction factors, which may be applied to the
Darcy equation for this condition of flow. Since
these correction factors compensate for the changes
1·9
in fluid properties due to expansion of the fluid, they
are identified as Y net expansion factors; see page
A-22.
The Darcy formula, including the Y factor, is:
" !6P
U' = 0·525 Yd - VKV 1 Equotion I-r I
(Re~istuncc coefficient K is defined on page 2-8)
I t should be noted that the value of K in this equa-
tion is the total resistance coefficient of the pipe line:
including entrance and exit losses when they exist,
and losses due to valves and fittings.
The pressure drop, 6P, in the ratio 6P/P't which
is used for the determination of Y from the charts on
page A-22, is the measured difference between the
inlet pressure and the pressure in the area of larger
cross section. In a system discharging compressible
fluids to atmosphere, this 6P is equal to the inlet
gauge pressure, or the difference between absolute
inlet pressure and atmospheric pressure. This value
of 6P is also used in Equation 1-11, whenever the
Y factor falls within the limits defined by the re-
sistance factor K curves in the charts on page A-22.
When the ratio of 6P/P\, using 6P as defined
above, falls beyond the limits of the K curves in the
charts, sonic velocity occurs at the point of discharge
or at some restriction within the pipe, and the limit-
ing values for Y and 6P, as determined from the
tabulations to the right of the charts on page A-22,
must be used in Equation I-II.
Application of Equation I-II and the determination
of values for K, Y, and 6P in the formula is demon-
strated in examples on pages 4-13 and 4-14.
The charts on page A-22 are based upon the general
gas laws for perfect gases and, at sonic velocity
conditions at the outlet end, will yield accurate
results for all gases which approximately follow the
perfect gas laws. An example of this type of flow
problem is presented on page 4-13.
This condition of flow is comparable to the flow
through nozzles and venturi tubes, covered on page
2-15, and the solutions of such problems are similar.
1 • 10 CHAPTER 1
General Discussion
Substances exist in anyone of three phases, , , .
solid, liquid, or gas, When outside conditions are
varied, they may change from one phase to another.
Water under normal atmospheric conditions exists
in the form of a liquid, When a body of water is
heated by means of some external medium, the tem-
perature of the water rises and soon small bubbles,
which break and form continuously, are noted on the
surface. This phenomenon is described as "boiling",
The amount of heat necessary to cause the tempera-
ture of the water to rise is expressed in British Ther-
mal Units (Btu), where, I Btu is the quantity of heat
required to raise the temperature of one pound of
water from 60 to 61 F The amount of heat neces-
sary to raise the temperature of a pound of water
from 32 F (freezing point) to 212 F (boiling point)
is 180, [Btu. When the pressure does not exceed 50
pounds per square inch absolute, it is usually per-
missible to assume that each temperature increase
of 1 F represents a heat content increase of one Btu
per pound, regardless of the temperature of the
water.
Assuming the generally accepted reference plane for
zero heat content at 32 one pound of water at
212 F contains 180.17 Btu, This quantity of heat is
called heat of the liquid or sensible heat. In order to
THEORY OF FLOW IN PIPE CRANE
Steam
change the liquid into a vapor at atmospheric pres-
sure (14.7 psia), 970,3 Btu must be added to each
pound of water after the temperature of 212 F is
reached, During this transition period, the tem-
perature remains constant. The added quantity of
heat is called the latent heat of evaporation, Conse-
quently, the total heat of the vapor, formed when
water boils at atmospheric pressure, is the sum of
the two quantities ... , 180, I Btu and 970,3 Btu, or,
1150.5 Btu per pound,
If water is heated in a closed vessel not completely
filled, the pressure will rise after steam begins to form
accompanied by an increase in temperature.
Saturated steam is steam in contact with liquid
water from which it was generated, at a tempera-
ture which is the boiling point of the water and the
condensing point of the steam. I t may be either
"dry" or "wet", depending on the generating con-
ditions. "Dry" saturated steam is steam free from
mechanically mixed water particles. "Wet" satu-
rated steam, on the other hand, contains water
particles in suspension, Saturated steam at any
pressure has a definite temperature.
Superheated s'eam is steam at any given pressure
which is heated to a temperature higher than the
temperature of saturated steam at that pressure.
 2 ·1

Flow of Fluids
Through Valves and FiHings

CHAPTER 2

The preceding chapter has been devoted to the

theory and formulas used in the study of fluid flow in
pipes. Since industrial installations usually con-
tain a considerable number of valves and fittings, a
knowledge of their resistance to the flow of fluids
is necessary to determine the flow characteristics of
a complete piping system.

Many texts on hydraulics contain no information on

the resistance of valves and fittings to flow, while
others present only a limited discussion of the sub-
ject. In realization of the need for more complete
detailed information on the resistance of valves and
fittings to flow, Crane Co. has conducted extensive
tests in their Engineering Laboratories and has also
sponsored investigations in other laboratories. These
tests have been supplemented by a thorough study of
all published data on this subject. Appendix A
contains data from these many separate tests and the
findings have been combined to furnish a basis for
calculating the pressure drop through valves and
fittings.

Representative resistances to flow of various types

of piping components are given in the "K' Factor
Table; see pages A-26 thru A-N.

The chart on page A-30 illustrates the relationship

between equivalent length in pipe diameters and in
feet of pipe for flow in the zone of complete turbulence.
resistance coefficient K. and pipe size.

The chart on page A-3l may be used to readily deter-

mine the Cv flow coefficient of any valve for which the
resistance coefficient is known or can be determined
from the data presented in the "K" Factor Table.

A discussion of the equivalent length and resistance

coefficient K, as well as the flow coefficient Cv meth-
ods of calculating pressure drop through valves and
fittings is presented on pages 2-8 to 2-10.
 2-2 CHAPTER 2 flOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS CRANE

Types of Valves and Fittings

Used in Pipe Systems

Valves: The great variety of valve designs precludes
any thorough classification.
If valves were classified according to the resistance
they offer to flow, those exhibiting a straight-thru flow
path such as gate, ball, plug. and butterfly valves
would fall in the low resistance class, and those having
a change in flow path direction such as globe and angle
valves would fall in the high resistance class.
For photographic illustrations of some of the most
commonly used valve designs, refer to pages 3-26 and
A-32. For line illustrations of typical fittings and
pipe bends, as well as valves. see pages A-26 to A-29
Fittings: Fittings may be classified as branching,
reducing, expanding, or deflecting. Such fittings
as tees, crosses, side outlet elbows, etc., may be
called branching fittings.
Reducing or expanding fittings are those which
change the area of the fluid passageway. In this
class are reducers and bushings. Deflecting fittings
.... bends, elbows, return bends, etc ..... are those
which change the direction of flow.
Some fittings, of course, may be combinations of any
of the foregoing general classifications. I n addi-
tion, there are types such as couplings and unions
which offer no appreciable resistance to flow and,
therefore, need not be considered here.

Pressure Drop Chargeable

To Valves and Fittings

When a fluid is flowing steadily in a long straight

pipe of uniform diameter, the flow pattern, as indi-
cated by the velocity distribution across the pipe
diameter, will assume a certain characteristic form.
Any impediment in the pipe which changes the direc-
tion of the whole stream, or even part of it, will
alter the characteristic flow pattern and create tur-
bulence, causing an energy loss greater than that
normally accompanying flow in straight pipe. Be-
cause valves and fittings in a pipe line disturb the flow
pattern, they produce an additional pressure drop.

The loss of pressure produced by a valve (or fitting)

consists of:
1. The pressure drop within the valve itself.
2. The pressure drop in the upstream piping in
excess of that which would normally occur if
there were no valve in the line. This effect
is small.
J. The pressure drop in the downstream piping in
excess of that which would normally occur if
there were no valve in the line. This effect
may be comparatively large.
From the experimental point of view it is difficult to
measure the three items separately. Their combined
effect is the desired quantity, however, and this can
be accurately measured by well known methods.
I."'----c----·I
..
Figura 2-1
Figure 2-1 shows two sections of a pipe line of the
same diameter and length. The upper section con-
tains a globe valve. If the pressure drops, !:::'P 1 and
!:::,P 2, were measured between the points indicated,
it would be found that !:::,p[ is greater than !:::'P z.
Actually, the loss chargeable to a valve of length "d"
is !:::'P 1 minus the loss in a section of pipe of length
"a + b". The losses, expressed in terms of resistance
coefficient" K' of various valves and fittings as given
on pages A-26 to A-29 include the loss due to the
length of the valve or fitting.
CRANE CHAPTER 2 FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS 2-3

Crane Flow Tests

Crane Engineering Laboratories have facili-

ties for conducting water, steam, and air flow
tests for many sizes and types of valves and
fittings. Although a de-
tailed discussion of all the
various tests performed is
beyond the scope of this
paper, a brief description
of some of the apparatus
will be of interest.
The test piping shown in Figure 2-3 is unique
in that 6-inch gate, globe, and angle valves or
90 degree ells and tees can be tested with
either water or steam. The vertical leg of the
angle test section permits testing of angle lift
check and stop check valves.
~,. ,~t

Saturated steam at 150 psi is available at flow rates ,,- '*'

up to 100,000 pounds per hour. The steam is throt-
tled to the desired pressure and its state is deter-
mined at the meter as well as upstream and down-
stream from the test specimen.
For tests on water, a steam turbine driven pump sup-
plies water at rates up to 1200 gallons per minute
through the test piping.
Static pressure differential is measured by means of
a manometer connected to piezometer rings upstream
and downstream from test position 1 in the angle test
section, or test position 2 in the straight test sec-
tion. The downstream piezometer for the angle
test section serves as the upstream piezometer for
(or 12~
.~ ..Gh.
the straight test section. Measured pressure drop
for the pipe alone between piezometer stations is
subtracted from the pressure drop through the valve
plus pipe to ascertain the pressure drop chargeable
to the valve alone.
Results of some of the flow tests conducted in the
Crane Engineering Laboratories are plotted in Fig-
ures 2-4 to 2-7 shown on the two pages following.

Exhaust to
Atmosphere
Determination of
State of Steam
Steam Flow
Orifice Meter
Outlet
Manometer
Control
Valves

\
\
Stop Valve
Water Header
(Metered Supply from
turbine driven pump)

Figura 2-3 Determination of

Tast piping ClppClrCltus for meClsuring
State of Steam
the pressure drop through vCllves Clnd Elbow Can Be Rotated to _ _ _'"
fittings Cln steClm or wClter linas. Admit Waler or Steam
2-4 CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS CRANE

Crane Water Flow Tests

IO--~-.-.'-,,-'-'-rTl-- __~~ 10
I I
9--~~~~~4-~4-4-+-~--~~~~ 9
[
8~4-~-+~4-~4-4-+-~--fh~hM~ 8
7
13 r--
r---- t-- I
I
.........

H
6
/ /
14 '--
-- ----
;,
r] /.1 I
I I I
15 r--
'----
= W/
If ~--ffI
I

-f# ~V
3 3 r---- 1-
-'=
<.> -'=
Itr--V
I
J7 ~~~~~~~~

-= <.>
-= ~ ~\--..
~
'"
'"
CT

'"G;
..'"'"
cr
2
18 '--
/ 7/ ~~
r-- r-.
r--,

'"21
I 777r-.W
Cl.

'"
'g '"
'g
'"'"
a...
'"'"
a...
1.0 / I I
'" ~= I I il I
ci: 9r-- c-.... .~

0
E c:i:
E 8 I i I
'"
;;
0
I I I /
~ 71-- I
VI
VI
~
VI
VI
6
/ / I
a... '" V II I
ii:.
5
II
I J I I
4
I I I J I I

3~ ff, /
I
/ /
J

27 / I J J 0... •.

~/7
•

1 J'I 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
I

20
2
Water Velocity, in Feet per Second Water Velocity. in Feet per Second

Figure 2·4 Figure 2·5

Water Flow Tests - - Curves 1 to 18

Fluid F~e Curve Size, Valve Type·
o. No. Inches
1 3A
2 2 Class 150 Cast Iron Y-Pattern Globe Valve,
3 4 Flat Seat
4 {;

5 1%
Figure 2-4
{; 2 Class 150 Brass Angle Valve with Composition Disc,
7 2% Flat Seat
8 3
Water 9 1%
10 2 Class 150 BrassConventional Globe Valve
11 2'h With Composition Disc-Flat Seat
12 3
13 %
14 %
Figure 2-5 15 3A Class 200 Brass Swing Check Valve
16 1tA
17 2
18 6 Class 125 Iron Bodv Swing Check Valve
*Except for check valves at lower velocities where curves (14 to 17) bend, all valves were tested with disc fully lifted.
 CRANE CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS 2·5

Crane Steam Flow Tests

10 1.0
9 I I I I
.9
8 I I II .8 I
7 / / '/ I
6 II / .7
.6 I I

I
AI'/..
II j
II .5 I II
I
I I I I I
I I"..
I '" IIX / .4
/ I I
I /) ~I I I
3 .... r--.... V V H V '19 .3
,;
.r: I I L
'f I It ri
u
r-,
.r:
u i"--, '20 -=e I~ ~I
-=e '"'" .2

/ ~ .......
.J. J A~'" V
a'
'"'"
a'
en \
'21
en
~
Co N V I ...... 27

I ~ IP
~
/'

'! / '" I
/;~
II)
Co "0
II)

I '22 C
"0
C

'" 1.0 I
'"
0
c...
V ...... 28

" ""
0
c... -yj ,: .1
,""' ,: 9 V I il D'- '- c: I I I
c: 0 .09
0 8 j '{ I 'I 23 .5 .08 I I -............
r-- .5
e 7 I I I I /1" '- OJ
:;
.07 I L ~29

" '-"
II)

'"
II)
6 I I I /, II)
OJ
I I/~
r-- II)
<l: .06
I
e
c...
5
V
II / 1/1/f '- r--24
.05
1/ I J. ~
I '- I I ............ 30
I I V
/'
.4
I I II '" " .04
1/ I ............
I
" V I
1'25 --............
V il I I I '31
3
I /1/1 "" .03
I
~

/' 2 I VIV " 26

.02 II I /
I

V~ / /
/
II
1~ ~
Vv
I I
6 7 8 9 10 20 30 6 7 8 9 10 20 30
Steam Velocity, in Thousands of Feet per Minute Steam Velocity, in Thousands of Feet per Minute

Figure 2-6 Figure 2-7

Steam Flow Tests Curves 19 to 31

Figure Curve Size, I Valve· or Fitting Type
Fluid
No. No. Inches

19 2 Class 300 Brass Conventional Globe Valve ............... Plug Type Seat
20 6 Class 300 Steel Conventional Globe Valve ................ Plug Type Seat
21 6 Class 300 Steel Angle Valve ............................. Plug Type Seat
22 6 Class 300 Steel Angle Valve ........................... Ball to Cone Seat
Figure 2·6
23 6 Class 600 Steel Angle Stop.Check Valve
Saturated 24 6
Steam Class 600 Steel Y·Pattern Globe Stop.Check Valve
25 6 Class 600 Steel Angle Valve
50 psi
26 6 Class 600 Steel Y.Pattern Globe Valve
gauge

27 2 90° Short Radius Elbow for Use with Schedule 40 Pipe

28 6 Class 250 Cast Iron Flanged Conventional 90° Elbow
Figure 2-7 29 6 Class 600 Steel Gate Valve
30 6 Class 125 Cast Iron Gate Valve
31 6 Class 150 Steel Gate Valve

·Except for check valves at lower velocities where curves (23 and 24) bend, all valves were tested with disc fully lifted,
2-6 CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS CRANE

Figur. 2·8
Flow te.t piping
for 2'12 -inch co.t
.teel ang/. valve.

Figur. 2·9
Steam capacity te.t
of a V2 -inch bran
relief valve.

Figur. 2.10
Flow te.t piping for
2·inch fabricated .teel
y-pattern globe valve.
 CRANE CHAPTER 2 -- flOW Of flUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND fiTTINGS
Relationship of Pressure Drop to Velocity of Flow
Many experiments have shown that the head loss due
to valves and fittings is proportional to a constant
power of the velocity. When pressure drop or head
loss is plotted against velocity on logarithmic co-
ordinates, the resulting curve is therefore a straight
line. In the turbulent flow range, the value of the
exponent of v has been found to vary from about
1.8 to 2.1 for different designs of valves and fittings.
However, for all practical purposes, it can be as-
sumed that the pressure drop or head loss due to
the flow of fluids in the turbulent range through
valves and fittings varies as the square of the
velocity.
This relationship of pressure drop to velocity of flow
is valid for check valves, only if there is sufflcient
flow to hold the disc in a wide open position. The
point of deviation of the test curves from a straight
line, as illustrated in Figures 2-5 and 2-6, defines the
flow conditions necessary to support a check valve
disc in the wide open position.
Most of the difflculties encountered with check valves,
both lift and swing types, have been found to be due
to oversizing which results in operation and pre-
mature wear of the moving parts.
Referring again to Figure 2-6, it will be noted that
the veloCity of 50 psig saturated steam, at the point
where the two curves deviate from a straight line, is
about 14,000 to15 ,000 feet per minute. Lower veloci-
ties are not sufflcient to lift the disc through its full
stroke and hold it in a stable position against the
stops, and can actually result in an increase in pres-
sure drop as indicated by the curves, Under these
conditions, the disc fluctuates with each minor flow
''''leIf".1/>..2
__ . ~'I>r litlld ~_I!;> hi/.iI*
2-7
Figure 2-11
Y-Partern lift Check
Swing Check Valve Valve
pulsation, causing noisy operation and rapid wear of
the contacting moving parts.
The minimum velocity required to lift the dis: to the
full-open and stable position has been determined by
tests for numerous types of check and foot valves,
and is given in the "K' Factor Table (see pages A-26
thru A-29). I t is expressed in terms of a constant times
the square root of the specific volume of the fluid being
handled, making it applicable for use with any fluid.
Sizing of check valves in accordance with the specified
minimum velocity for full disc lift will often result in
valves smaller in size than the pipe in which they are
installed; however, the actual pressure drop will be
if any, higher than that of a full size valve which
is used in other than the wide-open position. The
advantages are longer valve life and quieter operation.
The losses due to sudden or gradual contraction and
enlargement which will occur in such installations
with bushings, reducing flanges, or tapered reducers
can be readily calculated from the data given in the
"K' Factor Table.
~<>td~ 1>'1> fbh
 CHAPTER 2 - flOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS
Resistance Coefficient K, Equivalent Length L/D,
And Flow Coefficient Cv
Pressure loss test data for a wide variety of valves
and fittings are available from the work of numerous
investigators. Extensive studies in this field have been
conducted by Crane Laboratories. However, due to
the time-consuming and costly nature of such testing,
it is virtually impossible to obtain test data for every
size and type of valve and fitting.
It is therefore desirable to provide a means of reliably
extrapolating available test information to envelope
those items which have not been or cannot readily be
tested. Commonly used concepts for accomplishing
this are the "equivalent length LID", "resistance
coefficient K", and "flow coefficient Cv ".
Pressure losses in a piping system result from a num-
ber of system characterist ics, which may be categorized
as follows:
1. Pipe friction, which is a function of the surface
roughness of the interior pipe wall, the inside
diameter of the pipe, and the fluid velocity,
density and viscosity. Friction factors are dis-
cussed on pages 1-6 and 1-7. For friction data,
see pages A-23 thru A-25.
2. Changes in direction of flow path
3. Obstructions in flow path.
4. Sudden or gradual changes in the cross-section
and shape of flow path.
Velocity in a pipe is obtained at the expense of static
head, and decrease in static head due to velocity is,
v2
hL = , E~a';011
2g
which is defined as the "velocity head". Flow
through a valve or fitting in a pipe line also causes a
reduction in static head which may be expressed in
terms of velocity head. The resistance coefficient K
in the equation,
v2
hL =K , Equation 2·2
2g
therefore, is defined as the number of velocity heads
lost due to a valve or fitting. It is always associated
with the diameter in which the velocity occurs. In
most valves or fittings, the losses due to friction (Cate-
gory I above) resulting from actual length of flow path
are minor compared to those due to one or more of the
other three categories listed.
The resistance coefficient K is therefore considered as
being independent of friction factor or Reynolds num-
ber, and may be treated as a constant for any given
obstruction (i.e., valve or fitting) in a piping system
under all conditions of How, including laminar flow.
CRANE
The same loss in straight pipe is expressed by the
Darcy equation,
Equation 2·3
I t follows that,
Equation 2-4
The ratio LID is the equivalent length, in pipe diam-
eters of straight pipe, that will cause the same pres-
sure drop as the obstruction under the same flow con-
ditions. Since the resistance coefficient K is constant
for all conditions of flow, the value of LID for any
given valve or fitting must necessarily vary inversely
with the change in friction factor for different flow
conditions.
The resistance coefficient K would theoretically be a
constant for all sizes of a given design or line of valves
and fittings if all sizes were geometrically similar.
110wever, geometric similarity is seldom, if ever,
achieved because the design of valves and fittings is
dictated by manufacturing economies, standards,
structural strength, and other considerations.
12-INCH SIZE
1/6 SCALE a=
2.1
Figure 2-13
Geometrical dissimilarity between 2 and
I 2·lnch standard cast Iron flanged elbows
An example of geometric dissimilarity is shown in
Figure 2-13 where a 12-inch standard elbow has been
drawn to 116 scale of a 2-inch standard elbow, so that
their. port diameters are identical. The flow paths
through the two fittings drawn to these scales would
also have to be identical to have geometric similarity:
in addition, the relative roughness of the surfaces
would have to be similar.
Figure 2-14 is based on the analysis of extensive test
data from varioLls sources. The K coefficients for a
number of lines of valves and fittings have been plotted
against size. It will be noted that the K curves show
a definite tendency to follow the same slope as the
(contillued on IIe"t page)
 CRANE CHAPTER 2 FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS 2-9

Resistance Coefficient K, Equivalent Length L/D,

And Flow Coefficient Cv - continued

'-, 8 8
10 10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
.r.r.

\\\
\\
\.~

\.-. )..')&
.r"I.
'{
1.
a ":
).,
?
\
±± .n
'\ \\ 1\ \ \~
III
~ 5.0 "-
u
<::
-;; 4.0
~

\~ ~ i f 1\ 1
'\ ~ \ ~
r"'
III
Q.)
.;::; t>.O
u
.= 3 3 .l5. 3.0 r"'I

\ '\ ~\ ~
~~
\
<:: c.:
~
Q)'
2Y2 Vi
N
V)
2
Q.)
2 ~ 2.0 ( 1\ 't1

E
t>O
<::

G: lY2
I Y2
0
~

·~h.5
~I\
\\\ p- \
R [\ \ 1\
q \
\ ~~ \ \
1~ E
'~ 0 l~
CQ

i5
-¢
Q.)

~ ,
~
ro>
Q.)

~ 1.0
h'1\
> \\ . Y\

Ff\
.5 .9
;40 1M\: b .\ f1'
0eo
.., .... .8
'I \
\ 1\
'"
"5 .7 \
"5
!l Y2~ .6 t \ \ lb
.c
~ ~
H-WIo
<.>
aY2 V>
.5 .15 .2 .4 .5 .6 .7 . .9 1.0 2.5 3 4 5 6
.3 1.5 L.U

K - Resistance Coefficient
r"' Figure 2-14, Variation of Resistance Coefficient K ( I LID) with Size
-----
r"'. Symbol Product Tested Authority

0 Schedule 40 Pipe, 30 Diameters Long (K 30/T)* .... . Moody A.S.ME. Trans, Nov.-1944 Is
0- Class 125 Iron Body Wedge Gate Valves Univ. of Wisc. Exp. Sta. Bull., Vol. 9, No.1, 1922 16
9 Class 600 Steel Wedge Gate Valves .. . ...... Crane T es(s
-0 90 Degree Pipe Bends, R/D = 2. ..... Pigott A.S.ME. Trans. 19506
6 90 Degree Pipe Bends. R/ D = 3 .... " . Pigott A.S.ME. Trans, 1950-
-0- 90 Degree Pipe Bends. R/ D = 1, .. . Pigott A.S.ME. Trans, 1950"
¢ Class 600 Steel Wedge Gate Valves, Seat Reduced ........ Crane Tests
-9- Class 300 Steel Venturi Ball·Cage Gate Valves. . . Crane-Armour Tests
d Class 125 Iron Body Y.Pattern Globe Valves. . Crane-Armour Tests
tI. Class 125 Brass Angle Valves, Composition Disc .. , Crane Tests
Class 125 Brass Globe Valves, Composition Disc.
~ . Crane Test s

*fr friction factor for flow in the zone of complete turbulence; see page A-26.

(coflfinued from the preceding page)

j(LI D) curve for straight clean commercial steel pipe tends toward a constant for the various sizes of a given
at flow conditions resulting in a constant friction line of valves or fittings at the same flow conditions.
factor. I t is probably coincidence that the effect of
geometric dissimilarity between different sizes of the On the basis of this relationship, the resistance co-
same line of valves or fittings upon the resistance co- efficient K for each illustrated type of valve and fitting
efficient K is similar to that of relative roughness, or is presented on pages A-26 thru A-29. These coeffi-
size of pipe, upon friction factor. cients are given as the product of the friction factor for
the desired size of clean commercial steel pipe with
Based on the evidence presented in Figure 2-14, it can flow in the zone of complete turbulence, and a con-
be said that the resistance coefficient K, for a given stant, which represents the eqUivalent length LID for
line of valves or fittings, tends to vary with size as the valve or fitting in pipe diameters for the sam~ flow
does the friction factor. j, for straight clean commercial conditions, on the basis of test data. This equivalent
steel pipe at flow conditions resulting in a constant length, or constant, is valid for all sizes of the valve or
friction factor, and that the equivalent length LID fitting type with which it is identified.
 2·10 CHAPTER 2 - flOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND fITTINGS
-----------------------------------
Resistance Coefficient K, Equivalent Length LID,
And Flow Coefficient Cv - continued
The friction factors for clean commercial steel pipe
with flow in the zone of complete turbulence (iT), for
nominal sizes from 1/2 to 24~inch, are tabulated at the
beginning of the "K" Factor Table (page A-26) for
convenience in converting the algebraic expressions of
K to arithmetic quantities.
There are some resistances to flow in piping, such as
sudden and gradual contractions and enlargements,
and pipe entrances and that have geometric
similarity between sizes. The resistance coefficients
(K) for these items are therefore independent of size,
as indicated by the absence of a friction factor in their
values given in the "K" Factor Table.
As previously stated, the resistance coefficient K is
always associated with the diameter in which the
velocity in the term v2j2g occurs. The values in the
"K" Factor Table are associated with the internal
diameter of the followin~ pipe schedule numbers for
the various A'JSI Classes of valves and fittings.
Class 300 and lower ..................... Schedule 40
Class 400 and 600 ...................... Schedule 80
Class 900 .............................. Schedule 120
Class 1500 ............................. Schedule 160
Class 2500 (sizes }1 to 6/1) ............••...•.... XXS
Class 2500 (sizes 8/1 and up) .............. Schedule 160
When the resistance coefficient K is used in flow equa-
tion 2-2, or any of its equivalent forms given in Chap-
ter 3 as Equations 3-14,3-16,3-19 and 3-20, the veloci-
ty and internal diameter dimensions used in the
equation must be based on the dimensions of these
schedule numbers regardless of the pipe with which
the valve may be installed.
An alternate procedure which yields identical results
for Equation 2-2 is to adjust K in proportion to the
fourth power of the diameter ratio, and to base values
of velOCity or diameter on the internal diameter of the
connecting pipe.
Equation 2·5
Subscript "a" defines K and d with reference to
the internal diameter of the connecting pipe.
Subscript "b" defines K and d with reference to the
internal diameter of the pipe for which the values of
K were established, as given in the foregoing list of
pipe schedule numbers.
* *
CRANE
-----------
When a piping system contains more than one size of
valves, or fittings, Equation 2-5 may be used
to express all resistances in terms of one size. For
this case, subscript "a" relates to the size with ref-
erence to which all resistances are to be expressed,
and subscript "b" relates to any other size in the
system. For sample problem, see Example 4-14.
It has been found convenient in some branches of the
valve industry, particularly in connection with con-
trol valves, to express the valve capacity and the
valve flow characteristics in terms of the flow coeffi-
cient Cv . The Cv coefficient of a valve is' defined as
the flow of water at 60 F, in gallons per minute, at
a pressure drop of one pound per square inch across
the valve.
By the substitution of appropriate equivalent units
in the Darcy equation, it can be shown that,
2q.qd2
Cy~ vR Equation 2-6
Also, the quantity in gallons per minute of liquids of
low viscosity* that will flow through the valve can be
determined from:
Q ~ Cy vi D.P (6:. 4) Equation 2-7
Q = 7.Q Cy vi D.:
and the pressure drop can be computed from the
same formula arranged as follows:
P (Q)2 Equation 2-7
62·4 Cy
Since Equations 2-2 and 2-7 are simply other forms
of the Darcy equation, the limitations regarding
their use for compressible flow (explained on page 1-7)
apply. Other convenient forms of Equations 2-2 and
2-7 in terms of commonly used units are presented on
page 34
*When handling highly viscous liquids determine flow
rate or required valve C v as described in the ISA
Handbook of Control Valves.
* * *
 CRANE CHAPTER 2 FLOW OF flUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS 2 - 11

Laminar Flow Conditions

In the usual piping installation, the flow will change
from laminar to turbulent in the range of Reynolds
numbers from 2000 to 4000, defmed on pages A-24 and
A-25 as the critical zone. The lower critical Reynolds
number of 2000 is usually recognized as the upper
limit for the application of Poiseuille's law for laminar
flow in straight pipes,
lower range of the transition zone, turbulent mixing
and laminar motion may alternate unpredictably.
Equation 2-2 (h L Kv 2/2g) is valid for computing the
head loss due to valves and fittings for all conditions
of How, including laminar flow, using resistance co-
efficient K as given in the "K" Factor Table.

hL = 0.Oq62 (~;:) Equalion 2.8 When Equation 2-2 is used to determine the losses in
straight pipe, it is necessary to compute the Reynolds
which is identical to Equation 2-3 when the value of number in order to establish the friction factor, j, to
the friction factor for laminar How, f = 64/ R., is fac- be used to determine the value of the resistance co-
tored into it. Laminar flow at Reynolds numbers efficient K for the pipe in accordance with Equation
above 2000 is unstable, and in the critical zone and 2-4 (K fL/D). See Examples, pages 4-4 and 4-5.

Contradion and Enlargement

The resistance to flow due to sudden enlargements Ic, o <: 45° ..... , .. Ce = 2.6 sin
o Equalion 2-12
may be expressed by, 2

If, 45° < 0 <: 180° .... C. Equalion 2·12.1

Kl = (I Equallon 2-9

and the resistance due to sudden contractions, by The losses due to gradual contractions in pipes were
established by the analysis of Crane test data, using
the same basis as that of Gibson for gradual enlarge-
Kl 0.5 (I -~::) Equation 2-10
ments, to provide a contraction coefficient, Cc , to be
applied to Equation 2-10.
Subscripts 1 and 2 defme the internal diameters of The approximate averages of these coefficients for dif-
the small and large pipes respectively. ferent included angles of convergence, 0, are defined
I t is convenient to identify the ratio of diameters of as follows:
the small to large pipes by the Greek letter {3 (beta). . 0
IC,0<:45°···.·· ... Cc I. 6 sm- Equolion 2.13
Using this notation, these equations may be written, 2

Sudden Enlargement . /. 0 Equolion 2·13.1

V Sin;:
Kl = (I - (32)2 Equa/ion 2-9.1

Sudden Contraction The resistance coefficient K for sudden and gradual

.~
enlargements and contractions, expressed in terms of
KJ 0.5 (r - (32) Equation 2-10.1 the large pipe, is established by combining Equations
2-9 to 2-13 inclusive.
Equation 2-9 is derived from the momentum equa-
tion together with the Bernoulli equation. Equation Sudden and Gradual Equalion 2-14
2-10 uses the derivation of Equation 2-9 together with Enlargements
the continuity equation and a close approximation of . 0
2. 6 sm-
the contraction coefficients determined by Julius o <: 45° ......... K2 = -----::::-----
2
Weisbach. 2G
The value of the resistance coefficient in terms of the
larger pipe is determined by dividing Equations 2-9 Equation 2-14.1
and 2-10 by {3\
Sudden and Gradual
Equalion 2·15
K2 = Kl Equallon 2.11 Contractions
{34
0.8 sin §. (I - (32)
2
The losses due to gradual enlargements in pipes were 0<: 45° ......... K2 = ----f34~---
investigated by A. H. Gibson, 22 and may be expressed Equation 2.15.1
as a coefficient, C, applied to Equation 2-9. Approxi-
mate averages of Gibson's coefficients for different
included angles of divergence, 0, are defined by the
0·5 V~ (I - (32)
equations: f34
 2 ·12 CHAPTER 2 FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS CRANE

Valves with Reduced Seats

Valves are often designed with reduced seats, and the
transition from seat to valve ends may be either
abrupt or gradual. Straight-through types, such as
gate and ball valves, so designed with gradual tran-
sition are sometimes referred to as venturi valves.
Analysis of tests on such straight-through valves indi-
cates an excellent correlation between test results and
calculated values of K based on the summation of
Equations 2-11, 2-14, and 2-15.
Valves which exhibit a change in direction of the flow
path, such as globe and angle valves, are classified as
high resistance valves. Equations 2-14 and 2-15 for
gradual contractions and enlargements cannot be read-
ily applied to these configurations because the angles
of convergence and divergence are variable with re-
spect to different planes of reference. The entrance
and exit losses for reduced seat globe and angle valves
are judged to fall short of those due to sudden expan-
sion and contraction (Equations 2-14.1 and 2-15.1
at fJ = 180°) if the approaches to the seat are gradual.
Analysis of available test data indicates that the fac-
tor {3 applied to Equations 2-14 and 2-15 for sudden
contraction and enlargement will bring calculated K
values for reduced seat globe and angle valves into
reasonably close agreement with test results. In the
absence of actual test data, the resistance coeffIcients
for reduced seat globe and angle valves may thus be
computed as the summation of Equations 2-11 and
{3 times Equations 2-14.1 and 2-15.1 at fJ 180°.
The procedure for determining K for reduced seat
globe and angle valves is also applicable to throttled
globe and angle valves. For this case the value of {3
must be based upon the square root of the ratio of
areas,
where:
al ... defines the area at the most restricted point
in the flow path
a2 ... defines the internal area of the connecting
pipe.

Resistance of Bends

Secondary flow: The nature of the flow of liquids Resistance of bends to flow: The resistance or head
in bends has been thoroughly investigated and many loss in a bend is conventionally assumed to consist
interesting facts have been discovered. For example, of . . . . (I) the loss due to curvature.. . (2) the
when a fluid passes around a bend in either viscous excess loss in the downstream tangent. .. and (3)
or turbulent flow, there is established in the bend a the loss due to length, thus:
condition known as "secondary flow". This is rotat- Equo/;on 2·16
motion, at right angles to the pipe axis, which is
superimposed upon the main motion in the direction where:
of the axis. The frictional resistance of the pipe hi = total loss, in feet of fluid
walls and the action of centrifugal force combine to h p = excess loss in downstream tangent, in feet of
produce this rotation. Figure 2-15 illustrates this fluid
phenomenon. he loss due to curvature, in feet of fluid
hL loss in bend due to length, in feet of fluid
if:
hb = hp + he Equation 2-17

----- then:
hb + hL

I
;( hI =

However, the quantity hb can be expressed as a func-

tion of velocity head in the formula:
( hb = Kb
.,p
2g
Equation 2-18

Figur. 2·15
Secondary Flow In Bends where:
Kb the bend coefficient
v velocity through pipe, feet per second
g = 32.2 feet per second per second
CRANE CHAPTER 2 - flOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS 2-13

Resistance of Bends - continued

.6r---~---.----r----r--~----.----.-=--r---'---~----'

°O~--~---+----~--~--~10'---~12,---h14--~1~6--~18~--~--~'
Relative Radius. r/fl

Figure 2-16, Bend Coefficients Found by Various In"estlgoton (leW')

from ""'.lIvre Lo.... for fhHd Flow in 90° Pip.. Bend," by K. H. "ij.
Cowte • ." af Journal of ReHartb of Notionol B\lreau of Standard•.

Investigator Diameter Symbol

Balch .. ... =..=.=.=..=.=

..=.=)-=in=c=h=.= = = = = = •
Davis. . .. ,-inch.
Brightmore .. . ...... J-inch. . •
Brightmore. .4-inch. C
Hofmann. . 1. 7-inch (rough pipe) . ...
Hofmann. . . I. 7-inch (smooth pipe) . D.
Vogel.. .0.8. and lo-inch.. ...
. ...... 4-inch. •

The relationship between Kb and rid (relative radius*)
is not well defined, as can be observed by reference
to Figure 2-16 (taken from the work of Beij21). The
curves in this chart indicate that Kb has a minimum
value when rid is between 3 and 5.
Values of K for 90 degree bends with various bend
ratios (rid) are listed on page A-29. The values (also
based on the work of Beij) represent average con-
ditions of flow in 90 degree bends.
made up of continuous 90 degree bends can be deter-
mined by multiplying the number (n) of 90 degree
bends less one contained in the coil by the value of K
due to length, one-half of the value of 1< due to
bend resistance, and adding the value of K for one 90
bend (page A-19).
Equation 2-20

The loss due to continuous bends greater than 90 Subscript 1 defmes the value of 1< (see page A-29)
degrees, such as pipe coils or expansion bends, is less for one 90 degree bend.
than the summation of losses in the total number of
90 degree bends contained in the coil, considered sepa- Example:
rately, because the loss h p in Equation 1-16 occurs A 2" Schedule 40 pipe coil contains five complete
only once in the coiL turns, i.e., twenty (n) 90 degree bends. The relative
radius (rid) of the bends is 16, and the resistance co-
The loss due to length in terms of K is equal to the efficient Kl of one 90 degree bend is 42fT (42 x .019
developed length of the bend, in pipe diameters, mul- .80) per page A-29.
tiplied by the friction factor /T as previously described
Find the total resistance coefficient (1<8) for the coil.
and as tabulated on page A-16.
K8 = (20-1) (0.25 x 0.019 7r x 16 + 0.5 x 0.8) + 0.8
Equation 2-19 = 13

In the absence of experimental data, it is assumed Resistance of miter bends: The equivalent length
that hp he in Equation 2-16. On this the of miter bends, based on the work of H. Kirchbach4,
total value of K for a pipe coil or expansion bend is also shown on page A-29.

*The relative radius of a bend is the ratio of the radius of the bend axis to
the internal diameter of the pipe. Both dimensions must be in the same units.
2·14 CHAPTER 2 - flOW OF flUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS CRANE

Flow Through Nozzles and Orifices

Orifices and nozzles are used principally to meter rate of flow, A portion
of the theory is covered here, For more complete data, refer to Bibli-
ography sources 8, C), and 10 , , , or to information supplied by the meter
manufactureL

Orifices are also used to restrict flow or to reduce pressure, For liquid
flow, several orifices are sometimes used to reduce pressure in steps so as
to avoid cavitation. Overall resistance coefficient K for an orifice is given
on page A-20, For a sample problem, see page 4-7.

The rate of flow of any fluid through an orifice or
nozzle, neglecting the velocity of approach, may be
expressed by;
q Equation 2-21
Velocity of approach may have considerable effect on
the quantity discharged through a nozzle or orifice.
The factor correcting for velocity of approach,
may be taken from page A-20 if hL or 6.P in Equa-
tion 2-23 is taken as the upstream head or gauge
pressure,
Flow of gases and vapors; The flow of compres-
sible fluids through nozzles and orifices can be ex-
pressed by the same equation used for liquids except
the net t::xpansion factor Y must be included,

q Equation 2 -24

The expansion factor Y is a function of:

may be incorporated in Equation 2-21 as follows: I. The speCific heat ratio, k.
A 2. The ratio (p) of orifice or throat diameter to
q Equat/oll 2-22
inlet diameteL
3, RatIO of downstream to upstream absolute
pressures.

The quantity This factor~·lo has been experimentally determined

on the basis of air, which has a specific heat ratio of
14. and stcam specIfic heat ratios of approx-
imately 1.3. The data is plotted on page A-21.

is defined as the flow coefficient C. Values of C
for nozzles and orifices are shown on page A-20, Use
of the flow coefficient C eliminates the necessity for
calculating the velocity of approach, and Equation
2-22 may now be written:
Equation 2-23
q CA = CA
Orifices and nozzles are normally used in piping sys-
tems as metering devices and are installed with
flange taps or pipe taps in accordance with ASME
specifications, The values of hL and 6.P in Equation
2-23 are the measured differential static head or
pressure across pipe taps located J diameter upstream
and 0.5 diameter downstream from the inlet face of
the orifice plate or nozzle, when values of C are taken
from page A-20, The flow coefficient C is plotted
for Reynolds numbers based on the internal diameter
of the upstream pipe.
Flow of liquids; For nozzles and orifices discharg-
ing incompressible fluids to atmosphere, C values
Values of k for some of the common vapors and gases
are given on pages A-8 ancl A-9, The specific heat
ratio, k, may vary for c!iffere:lt pressures and
temperatures, but for most practical problems the
values \\ill provide reasonably accurate results
Equation 2-24 may be usce: for orifices discharging
compressible :1uios to atmosphere by using:
1. Flow coefficient C given on page A-20 in the
Reynolds number range where C is a constant
for the given diameter fr
2. Expansion factor Y per page A-21.
3. Differential pressure 6.P, equal to the inlet
gauge pressure,
This also applies to nozzles discharging compressible
fluids to atmosphere only if the absolute inlet pres-
sure is less than the absolute atmospheric pressure
divided by the critical pressure ratio rc; this is
discussed on the next page. When the absolute inlet
pressure is greater than this amount, flow through
nozzles should be calculated as outlined on the
follOWing page.
CRANE CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS
Flow Through Nozzles and Orifices -
Maximum flow of compressible fluids in a noz-
zle: A smoothly convergent nozzle has the property
of being able to deliver a compressible fluid up to the
velocity of sound in its minimum cross section or
throat. providing the available pressure drop is
sufficiently high, Sonic velocity is the maximum
velocity that may be attained in the throat of a
nozzle (supersonic velocity is attained in a gradually
divergent section following the convergent nozzle,
when sonic velocity exists in the throat),
The critical pressure ratio is the largest ratio of
downstream pressure to upstream pressure capable
of producing sonic velocity. Values of critical pres-
sure ratio r e, which depend upon the ratio of nozzle
diameter to upstream diameter as well as the specific
heat ratio k. are given on page A-21.
Flow through nozzles and venturi meters is limited
by critical pressure ratio, and minimum values of Y
to be used in Equation 2-24 for this condition, are
indicated on page A-21 by the termination of the
curves at pl21 P't = re.
Discharge of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe
Liquid flow : To determine the flow of liquid through
pipe, the Darcy formula is used. Equation 1-4 (page
1-6) has been converted to more convenient terms in
Chapter 3 and has been rewritten as Equation 3-14.
The form of Equation 3-14 which is most applicable
Figure 2.17
Pressure measurements made at strategic points
in a valve in order to establish optimum design.
2 ·15
continued
Equation 2-24 may be used for discharge of com-
pressible fluids through a nozzle to atmosphere, or
to a downstream pressure lower than indicated by
the critical pressure ratio r c, by using values of:
Y , , . , minimum per page A-21
C . . . , page A-20
l:c,.P ... , p I 1 (l re); r. per page A-21
p ., .. weight density at upstream condition
Flow through short tubes: Since complete experi-
mental data for the discharge of fluids to atmos-
phere through short tubes (LID is less than, or equal
to, 2.5 pipe diameters)1 are not available, it is sug-
gested that reasonably accurate approximations.may
be obtained by using Equations 2-23 and 2-24, with
values of C somewhere between those for orifices
and nozzles, depending upon entrance conditions.
If the entrance is well rounded, C values would tend
to approach those for nozzles, whereas short tubes
with square entrance would have characteristics
similar to those for square edged orifices.
to liquid flow is written in terms of flow rate in
gallons per minute.
h L = _o_.O_O_2~c---"'-
Solving for Q, the equation can be rewritten,
Equation 2-25
Equation 2-25 can be employed for valves, fittings,
and pipe where K would be the sum of all the resist-
ances in the piping system, including entrance and
exit losses when they exist. Examples of problems
of this type are shown on page 4-12.
Compressible flow: When a compressible fluid flows
from a piping system into an area of larger cross sec-
tion than that of the pipe, as in the case of discharge
to atmosphere, a modified form of the Darcy formula.
Equation I-II developed on page 1-9, is used.
The determination of values of K Y. and l:c,.P in this
equation is described on page 1-9 and is illustrated
in the examples on pages 4-13 and 4-14.
2· 16 CHAPTER 2 flOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS CRANE

"'-'!If "I1J on
p~.l_ drop
 3 -1

Formulas and Nomographs

For Flow Through
Valves, Fittings, and Pipe

CHAPTER 3

Only basic formulas needed for the presentation of

the theory of fluid flow through valves, fittings, and
pipe were presented in the first two chapters of this
paper. In the summary of formulas given in this
chapter, the basic formulas are rewritten in terms of
units which are most commonly used in this country.
This summary provides the user with an equation
which will enable him to arrive at a solution to his
problem with a minimum conversion of units.

l\"omographs presented in this chapter are graphical

solutions of the flow formulas applying to pipe. Valve
and fitting flow problems may also be solved by means
of these nomographs by determining their equivalent
length in terms of feet of straight pipe.

Due to the wide variety of terms and the variation in

the physical properties of liquids and gases, it was
necessary to divide the nomographs into two parts:
the first part (pages 3-6 to 3-1 5) pertains to liquid flow,
and the second part (pages 3-16 to 3-25), pertains to
compressible flow.

All nomographs for the solution of pressure drop prob-

lems are based upon Darcy's formula, since it is a
general formula which is applicable to all fluids and
can be applied to all types of pipe through the use of
the Moody Friction Factor Diagram. Darcy's form-
ula also provides a means of solving problems of flow
through valves and fittings on the basis of equivalent
length or resistance coefficient. Nomographs provide
simple, rapid, practical. and reasonably accurate solu-
tions to flow formulas and the decimal point is accu-
rately located.
Accuracy of a nomograph is limited by the available
page space, length of scales, number of units provided
on each scale, and the angle at which the connecting
line crosses the scale. Whenever the solution of a
problem falls beyond the range of a nomograph, the
slide rule or arithmetical solution of the formula must
be employed.
3-2 CHAPTER 3 fORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS fOR fLOW THROUGH VALVES, fiTTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE
----------~------

Summary of Formulas

To eliminate needless duplication, formulas have • Head loss and pressure drop
been written in terms of either specific volume V in straight pipe:
or weight density p, but not in terms of both, since Pressure loss due to flow is the same in a sloping,
one is the reciprocal of the other. vertical, or horizontal pipe, However, the dif-
ference in pressure due to the difference in head
p=
p must be considered in pressure drop calculat ions:
see page 1-5,
These equations may be substituted in any of the
formulas shown in this paper whenever necessary, Darcy's formula: Equation 3-5

fLQ2
3·' 0,0311 ~
• Bernoulli's theorem: Equation
2
Z + 144 P + v H
P 2g

fLpV2
0,000 000 359 d-

• Mean velocity of flow in pipe:

0,000 216 fL;sQ2
(Continuity Equation) Equation 3·2

q
v =
A
_ fL T(q' h )2S.
= B wV L:,.P 0,000 000 00 i '26 --(li.p-'---
'V 0,286 = IBn

q'h T q'hS.
V 0,001 0,003 8 9
44 -P'd2 --;;J2
For limplilled compreuible fluid
qm 'XIV 'XIV formula, lee page 3·22,
V 2,4 0 --a- 3,06(12-
A
q'h T q'hS.
V 0086 5 0,2 J3 --;J.2
P'cP • Head loss and pressure drop
with laminar flow in straight pipe:
For laminar flow conditions CR, < '2000), the friction
• Reynolds number
of flow in pipe: Equation 3-3
factor is a direct mathematical function of the
Reynolds number only, and can be expressed by
R,
Dvp Dvp
12 3,9
dvp the formula f = 64/ R e , Substituting this value of
f in the Darcy formula, it can be rewritten:
Qp ~Lv E"",,'ion 3-6
~: -R H/;.-
47NP
R. = 22 700 50 ,6(l; hL 0,09 62 (1£p

\\7 q'hS. Bp ~LQ

R, 6,3 1
(1]; 0,482 --~- J 5-4 -er;;- hL 17 65
,
_!,Lq
d 4p 00393 (Ji p

DI' dv dv ~U3 ~L\\?

R, f , 7740 - - hL 002 75 0,004 90 -(14p2
If 1211
"
WV
II~
q ~Lv ~Lq
R, j 4 1 9 000 --- L:,.P 0, 122 5 -J4'
lid 3 160 394 -;(J 0,000668,
(j2

L:,.P = 0,000 2i3~;.Q.. 0.000 19 1

/lLB
----;J'4
• Viscosity equivalents: Equalion 3-4

~LW!
L:,.P = 0.0000340
 CRANE CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE 3-3

Summary of Formulas - continued

• Limitations of Darcy formula • Empirical formulas for the flow

of water, steam, and gas
Non-comprassibla flow; liquids:
The Darcy formula may be used without restriction Although the rational method (using Darcy's for-
for the flow of water, oil, and other liquids in pipe. mula) for solVing flow problems has been recom-
However, when extreme velocities occurring in pipe mended in this paper, some engineers prefer to use
cause the downstream pressure to fall to the vapor empirical formulas.
pressure of the liquid, cavitation occurs and cal-
culated flow rates are inaccurate.
Hazen and Williams
Comprnsible flow; gases and vapors: formula for flow of wale" Equation 3-9
When pressure drop is less than 10% of PI, use p or
V based on either inlet or outlet conditions.
When pressure drop is greater than 10% of PI but
where:
less than 40% of PI, use the average of p or V
C = 140 for new steel pipe
based on inlet and outlet conditions, or use Equa- C 130 for new cast iron pipe
tion 3-20. C l i O for riveted pipe
When pressure drop is greater than 40% of PI, use
the rational or empirical formulas given on this
page for compressible flow, or use Equation 3-20
(for theory, see page I-q). Equation 3· 10
(deleled)

• Isothermal flow of gas Equation 3·7

in pipe lines

Spilzglass formula for low pressura gas.

(pressure less than one pound gauge) Equation 3· 1 I

t:,.hU' do
355 0
J - _...(
Su L I
6
+ 3d + C.03 d
Flowing temperature is 60 F,
)

• Simplifled compressible flow Equation 3-70

for long pipe lines
Way mouth formula

w ~ J( ;::i) ( (P'.)' P', (P")')

for high prassura gas: Equation 3-12

Panhandle formula' for nalural gas

pipe linn 6 to 24-inch diametar
and Ie = (5 X 106 ) to (14 x JC)6). Equation 3· J 3

q' ~ = 36 .8£ d2.6182

(
(P' I )2 ~
(PI
2
)2 )0 '
5394

• Maximum (sonic) velocity of

compressible fluids in pipe where: gas temperature = 60 F
Su 0.6
The maximum possible velocity of a compressible £ flow efficiency
fluid in a pipe is equivalent to the speed of sound
in the fluid; this is expressed as: £ 1,00 (100%) for brand new pipe without
any bends, elbows, valves, and change
v. = .JkgRT of pipe diameter or elevation
7'"' Eq uation 3·8
£ 0,95 for very good operating conditions
v. .Jkg 144pt V E 0.92 for average operating conditions
E 0.85 for unusually unfavorable
V. 68.1 operating conditions
.~
 3-4 CHAPTER 3 - fORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS fOR flOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Summary of Formulas - continued

• Head loss and pressure drop • Resistance coefficient, K, for sudden and gradual
through valves and flHings enlargements in pipes .
Head loss through valves and fittings is generally
given in terms of resistance coefficient K which If, e <: 45°,
indicates static head loss through a valve in terms Kl = 2.6 sin f3 (I - (32)2 *Equation 3·17
of "velocity head", or, equivalent length in pipe 2
diameters LID that will cause the same head loss
as the valve. Ir, 45° < f3 <: 180°,

Kl = (I - (32)2 *Eqllotion 3·17.1

From Darcy's formula, head loss through a pipe is:

f L -v
2
hL Equation 3·5 • Resistance coefficient, K, for sudden and gradual
2g
contractions in pipes
and head loss through a valve is:
Ir, e'< 45°,
Equation 3·14
Kl = 0.8 sin! (I *Equatioll 3-18
2
therefore: Equation 3·15
Ir, 45° < (j <: 180°,

To eliminate needless duplication of formulas, the

following are all given in terms of K, Whenever
necessary, substitute (f LID) for (K),
Kl 0·5 V sin :- (I 'Equation 3-18.1

KQ2
0.002 59 (fI' Equation 3·14 *Note: The values of the resistance coefficients (K)
in equations 3-17, 3-17.1, 3-18, and 3-18.1 are
KB2 KW2\12 based on the velocity in the small pipe. To de-
0.001 270 ~ = 0.0000403 termine K values in terms of the greater diameter,
divide the equations by {34.
0.000 1078 K pv2 = 0.00000003 00 KpV2
Kpq2 KpQ2
D.P 3·62 -([I = 0.00001799----;:J4

• Discharge of fluid through valves,

KpB2 flHings, and pipe; Darcy's formula
0.000 008 82 ~

KW2V
D.P = 0.000000 280 -~-

K(q\)2 T Su
0.000 000 000 60 5 d 4 pI
K (q/~)2 S/
0.000 000 001 633
d4 p

For compressible flow with hL or t;P greater than approxi.

mately 10% of Inlet absolute pressure, the denominator
should be multiplied by Y'. For values of Y, see page A-22.
CompressIble flow:

Equation 3·20
• Pressure drop and flow of liquids of low
viscosity using flow coefficient

D.P (QCv Y p
62.4
Equation 3·16
I
qm
Q Cv~ D.P 6: 4 = 7.90Cv~ ~P
q'

Cv QJ D.P (62-4) p
29.9 d
.y f LID
2
d2
w
89 1 d 4
K Values of Yare shown on page.A-22, For K, Y. and
(CV)2
t:,.p determination. see examples on pages 4-13 and 4-14.
CRANE
-... -----.~
CHAPTER 3
....- - - . -..- - - - - . . .
FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROIroH VALVES. FITTINGS. AND PIPE
... _ - - . . . . ... _ - - ... - - - - - - - -
3-5

Summary of Formulas - concluded

• Flow through nozzles and orifices • Specific gravity of liquids

(hL and llP measured across pipe taps Any liquid: Equalion 3-25
at 1 diameter and 0.5 diameter)
any liquid at 60 F. )
liquid: Equalion 3·21 p ( unless otherwise specified
s =
p (water at 60 F)
q = AC.j2g hL
Oils: Equalioll 3·26

q S (60 F /60 F)
13 1

Liquid$ lighler than wate" EqualiOIl 3·21

Q
140
S (60 F /60 F)
130 + Deg Baume

Liquids heavier than water:

w Equalioll 3·28
145
Values of C are shown on page A·20 S (60 F/60 F) =
145 Deg Baume
Comprenibl. fluids: Equalion 3·22

16P P't
q
I
h 40 700 Y d1
2
C\j TJ S, • Specific gravity of gases
R (air) 53·3
EqUOlioll 3·29

Yd 2 C - -
1 Sa
q' h 24 700 ---:S;-" 6P P! R (gas) R (gas)
M (gas) M
q'm 6 8 Yd2C i6 P pI! Sq
M (air)
7 1 \/ T! Sa 29
, 412
2
Y d1 C .J6PP;
q m

• General gas laws for perfect gases

q'
p'V" Wa RT Equatioll 3·30

q' Wa p' 144 P' Equation 3-31

p
Va RT Ifr
W '44 pI
R Equatioll 3·32
---;;r-
w 189 1 Y d12 C /6P Equatiall 3-33
\j VI
Values of C are shown on page A-20
n.MRT = na 1545T
Values of Yare shown on page A-21
EquatiOIl 3-34

p'M P'M 2.70 P'S,

• Equivalents of head loss p =
and pressure drop Equalion 3·23 1545 T 10·72 T
where:
6P
n. = ·w./M number of mols of a gas

• Hydraulic radius· Equatioll 3-35

• Changes in resistance coefficient, K,
required to compensate
for different pipe I. D. cross sectional flow area (sq. feet)
Eq ualion 3-24
wetted perimeter (feet)

(see poge A·30) Equivalent diameter relationship:

D = 4RH
Subscript a refers to pipe in which valve will be installed.
Subscript b refers to pipe for which the resistance coefficient d 48R H
K was established. ·See page 1·4 for limitations.
3·6 CHAPTER 3-FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Velocity of Liquids in Pipe

The mean velocity of any flowing liquid can be calculated

from the following formula, or, from the nomograph on the
opposite page. The nomograph is a graphical solution
of the formula.

v =

(For values of d, see pages 8-16 to B-19)

The pressure drop per 100 feet and the velocity in Sched-
ule 40 pipe, for water at 60 F, have been calculated for
commonly used flow rates for pipe sizes of Y8 to 24-inch;
these values are tabulated on page 8-14.

w d p
Qq

Example 1 Example 2

Given: NO.3 Fuel Oil at 60 F flows through a 2- Given: Maximum flow rate of a liquid will be 300
inch Schedule 40 pipe at the rate of 45,000 pounds gallons per minute with maximum velocity limited
per hour. to 12 feet per second through Schedule 40 pipe.

Find: The rate of flow in gallons per minute and Find. The smallest suitable pipe size and the
the mean velocity in the pipe. velocity through the pipe.

Solution: Solution:
I. p . page A-7 Connect Read

Connect Read 1. Q = 300 I v = 12 d = 3.2-

2. W= 45000 p = 56 .0 2- Q= 100 2. 3lj2" Schedule 40 pipe suitable

J. Q = 100 2" Sched 40 V = 10 ). Q =3 00 I 3>1" Sched 40 v = 10

Reasonable Velocities
For the Flow of Water through Pipe

Service Condition Reasonable Velocity

Boiler Feed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 8 to 5 feet

I per second
Pump Suction and Drain Lines ... 4 to 7 feet per second
General Service ... ' . . . . . . . . 4 to 10 feet per second
City ........................ , , ,. to 7 feet per second
 CRANE CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FlOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE 3-7

Velocity of Liquids in Pipe

(continued)
d
3/8 .5
W Q q
10000 100
40000 .6
8000 80 V2
30000
60 .7
6000
20000
40 .8
4000 3/4
30
3000 .9
10000
t!J 1.0
8000
2000
6000
/', P
10
4000 37
1000 8
3000 1%
,800 6 L5
2000 1~
600 4 40
I'
400
1000 100 2
2 2
300 80 -;;
~
;; 800 60 <>
=
<>
co .,'" .,
'"
LI..
600 40 2Yz <>
45
.,8
-'=
Q; 200 2 '-' 2.5 -<=
<.> .0
Q. =>
c:: VI II co
.= u
=>
co
'"co
"0 :i400 Q; t!J <>
co co ;;
.~

=> .8 c. .,'-' .,; ..; c.

<> ~llO 0; 15 VI
,!:-
a. .6 ;;; c. '"co
"0
r'
-:; 100 V>
co '"
LI.. 10 Q.
a. a. =>
C> <> 8 0;
Q
'0 C>
50
'"
"0 80 :;;;200 6 ., "" 3Yz 3.5 a.
co <:J .4 => LI.. '"
:; 2.., co
'"'" 60 co
U
4 co ..,
"0

~
co
'" .3 ..,
..c:: 4
E
=C>

t-
i ~-
3 £. VI
'"
Cl '"c:::
~,

'" ;;: 100 ~ 2 '-' -:; «i c'"

40 .2 LI..
"
-.:; 55
~- -:; 80 -:; '"
N :::;
.,.
~
> ;,:;; ==
.!!:
30 .!!: 2 1 co '0;
LI..
'" 60 «i
-:; t:t: '"
t:t:
.8
.6
., c I
i!!=

.!!: I .1 e
t!J C>
..",
t;»4O z 6 6 60
""'" .4 <:l.
.08 """'
30 .3
.06
= 10 20
.04
.2

.1
65
8
.03
9
10
.02 10 70
8 10
6
3 12
.•01
4 14
.008
2 3
.006
16 15
2
.004 18
.003
.8 t!J
20
.6 .OQ2
.8
24
.6
.4 25
.5
.001
~ .3
 W
I
Reynolds number may be calculated from the formula CD
below, or, from the nomograph on the opposite page.
The nomograph is a graphical solution of the formula.

R. 22 700 = 50.6 ~: = 6.31 ~

(For values of d, see pages B-16 to B-19) n
::J:
The friction factor for clean steel pipe can be obtained >
...
."
m
from the chart in the center of the nomograph. Friction
factors for other types of pipe can be determined by using
'"...
I
the calculated Reynolds number and referring to pages 0
A-23 and A-24. "'1'1 '"3:c:
~
:::I, CD );:
Q. '< '"
qQ
W
cr
:::I
:::I
0
>
z0
p
ii: z

--......
"'1'1 CIt 0
Q 3:
0
'"0 Z G>
C '"
>
."
3 ::J:

0 tr '"
0

-...
f
n
...
CD
...'"
CD 0 0
~
Q
...::J:

-
Example 1 Example 2 :::I r-
Given: Water at 200 F flows through 4-inch Schedule Given.' Fuel Oil No. 3 at 60 F flows through 2-inch VII .a'
_.
C
'"0c:
G>
40 steel pipe at a rate of 415 gallons per minute. Schedule 40 steel pipe at a rate of 100 gallons per minute. m Q.. :x:
<
>
"'1'1
Find: The flow rate in pounds per hour, the Reynolds Find: The flow rate in pounds per hour, the Reynolds :! 0 <
m
~
number, and the friction factor. number, and the friction factor. "0 ~ .,.
CD ::;
Solution: Solution: ::!
z
G>
1. p 60.107 . page A-6 1. P 56 .02 .page A-7 ~
>
2. I" 0.3 0 page A-3 2. I" 9·4 .page A-3 z0
."
:;;
Read Connect Read m

3· Q 4 15 = 60. 107 200000 3· = 56.02

4· W 200000 4· Index
5· Index Re = 1000000 5'. R. 14 n
6. R. 1000000 f =
._---

0.017 6. f 0.03
,..
~

Z
rn

) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

q Q w
20000 Internal Pipe
10000 Diameter, Inches
8000 Index
24
10 000
8000
6000
~IB

~l'
6000 4000
3 000
10 4000
B 2000
R,
3000
6 10 000
2000 6000 3
4 1000 4 000 2
BOO \1
3 2000 I-IYI

1000
GOO -1
2
800 400 :;
<::>
'" 1 000
"0

"" 600
1=
t-- ~ 3/4
1/2
"0 600 300 :l:
;;; '",.'" 400
~.
""
0 1 .!!:! 0
.c 200
..,'-' .B 400 ~
Q.
200 VI I-
"" 100
(,? "0

;;:; 300 :: ,.
<:
.6 .., -"
-..,..,
Q.

"-
.4 <:
"'-
200 .., 100
so ~
<::>
Il..
OJ
.Q
E
z
60
40
:::>
I I
.'\ 1\\
0
20
'-' .3 60 '"
"0
.Q '"
<.:)
0:::
'"
"0
10 .\.
:::>
U 100.= '"'"
:::>
<:>
.2 40 0
..,""» 6
0:::
BO ?i =
I- 4
",,- 0 30 0:: Ni
0
60 lL. <:
2
lL. .1 ~ 20 ?i .01 .02 .03 .04 .0
40 .., ~ ~
~ .OB "- f . Friction Factor lor Clean
OJ
'"
30 0:: .6 Steel Pipe
.06 ~ .4
..
Oi 10
0::
20 8 .!!:!
I .2
I .04 0' 0::
6 •J
<.:::r< .03

10 4 ~
.02 3
8
6 2
.01
.008 4
3 1
.006 .8
2
.004 .6
.003 .4
.002 1 .3
.B
.6 .2
 w
...o•
The pressure drop of flowing liquids can be Example 1
calculated from the Darcy formula that fol-
Given: Water at 200 F flows through 4-inch Schedule 40
lows, or, from the nomograph on the opposite
new steel pipe at a rate of 200,000 pounds per hour.
page. The nomograph is a graphical solution
of the formula. Find: The pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe.
n
%
jpv 2
j~f
..
)0.
0. 12 94 ·····d 4350 Solution: :!I
." m
I. P 60. 107 ..... ............. page A-6
CD '"...
......... c.- .,.I
2. P- 0.30 ...... page A-3 c.- 0
C
J. j 0.017 . Example I, page 3-8
i ~
(For values of d. see pages 8-16 to 8-19)
4· Q 4 15
Connect
.. Example I. page 3-8

Read
..
c
0
~
)0.
z
1:1

). j = 0.017
1 P 60. 107 Index 1 "--
::I
z
i0
6. Index 1 Q 4 15 Index 2
.... 0
I .ii- '"....
)0.

.6.Ploo = 3.6 C %
7· Index 2 J 4" Sched 40
a: en

i!l
....
-- '".,.
::I 6
Example 2
Given: No. 3 Fuel Oil at 60 F flows through a 2-inch
Schedule 40 pipe at a velocity of 10 feet per second.
-....
CD
c.-
0
....
C
:E
...
%
i3
c
0
%

When flow rate is given in pounds per hour (W), use the ~
Find: The pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe. V :;:m
following equation to convert to gallons per minute (Q). C

..
~
or use the nomograph on the preceding page. Solution: Ci" .,.
::I 3
W 1. P 56 .02 , ... .............. page A-7 i
::!! 0
~
Q =S.02P 2. Q 100 .. Example I. Step 3; page 3-6 0 )0.

J. j 0.030 ., ... Example 2. page 3-8 ~ Z

1:1
For Reynolds number less than 2000, flow is considered ...
:;;
laminar and the nomograph on page 3-13 should be used. m

""'-
The pressure drop per 100 feet and the velocity in 4·
Schedule 40 pipe, for water at 60 F, have been calculated ). 100 Index 2
for commonly used flow rates for pipe sizes of Ys to n
24-inch; these values are tabulated on page 8-14. 6. .6.P1oo = 10 :ID
:J>
Z
m
-:

) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) I )
 "
) ) ) ) ) ') ) ) ) )

n
q
50
Q

dl 000
P
,.'"
Z
40
Index 2 65 m
30 c".Pwo
10000 .05
20
a000 .06
6000 d .08
r"\
.1 :c
10 30 ..,
>
8
4000
24 ." ...
m

6
3000 24 CiCItl '"
Index 1 dl
aJ .2 CIt
'"I
2000 18
16 16 ""c::<.>
C ,.0
14 .3 Cil !!:
f ..,
..
c:
12 12 ;:;; C ;:
.4
.05
"0
c: 1000
10 109;
0
0 ::J
cr '">
8 aoo 55 I.l..
.5 0 z
9 ""c'-' "";;:;
":::J-.
'-'
'"
(/)

;;; 600 8 8 L:)

::J
a.
.6 "
Z
a
,04 7 c:: u
"" I ;;;
'"
"0
I::
.8 !!:
a
-;;; 400 6 .,; a.
::> 1 !:': 0
'" .8 ,s!- 0
.a
I.L.
300 5 5 0.. <II
-0
0..
c::
........
C
..,'">
:c
...S·:::s'" a:.
'-' .6 ':; I::
::> 0
.03 E'-' .c
::>
200
4 0 '"0
'" u
.4
<l)

0;
0..
'"
<l) ,.
I.L.
c:
c: 5
50 c: I.l..
<=> C !:':
:::J
...
0 .3 '" >. CD 0

-..
'Z; "j;-
:='! 3
0
!:: CD
'-'
I.L.
~
I.l..
.2
100 2*
2 '"E
'"
I::
<l)
;;;
a. 4
CIt ...~
,.:c
.02 ':; 80 2 0
I ~
E
Q.
5 0 a
c:
~
....
I::
60 1* ""..,co 6

..
'-. 0 Cl
'"
0::
1\4 .., :c
.I 3:
::J C <
40
:;:m>
.015 I -:::;
<:::-
.08 I '"'" 10 cr
30 ~
.06 45 ~ C Y'
~
::> 3/4 .8
0..
CD ...
=<
.04
dl=
::;;; .7
.:(
is
20 ....
:::J ~
z
;;:; 1/2 .6 Cl
-.01 .03 a.
<J ::!! !"
0
.5 z>
<II
101:: 3/8 30
.02 '"
8 :;;; 40 ( ~ 0
..,
.4
6
'-"
c:
V4 50
:;;
m
' .3 60
.01- ;;
4 E VB 40 80
.008 I.L. -
Oa.
.,
100
.006 ':; ~a: .2
2 -;;;'" '-0
"'"",
.004 "iii..,
.• 003
""I .:: :; w
-...
5'"
0'"
10> z'B .I 37
'"
 3-12 CHAPTER 3 FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Pressure Drop in Liquid Lines for Laminar Flow

Pressure drop can be calculated from the formula below,

or, from the nomograph on the opposite page, only when
the flow is laminar. The nomograph is a graphical
solution of the formula.

Flow is considered to be laminar at Reynolds number of

2000 or less; therefore, before using the formula or nomo-
graph, determine the Reynolds number from the for-
mula on page J-2 or the nomograph on page J-9.
p.V p.q p.Q
f).P lOO = 0.0668 '([2 = 12.25 (F = 0.0273(F

(For values of d, see pages B-16 to B-19)

Q q
d

Example 1
Given: SAE 30 Lube Oil at 60 F flows through a
6-inch Schedule 40 steel pipe at a rate of 500 gal-
lons per minute.
Find: The pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe.
Example 2
Given: SAE 10 Lube Oil at 60 F flows in a J-inch
Schedule 40 pipe at a velocity of 5 feet per second.
Find: The flow rate in gallons per minute and the
pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe.

Solution: Solution.
I. P 54.64 ' . , , ,page A-7
1. P 56.02 , ,page A-7
2. Q 115 page 3-7
2. p. 450 , .. , ,page A-3
J. J.I. 95 .. ' ... page A-3
J. R. 550 ., .. , ..... '. page 3-9
4. R. I .I 00 ... page 3-9
4· Since R. < 2000, the flow is laminar and the 5· Since R. < 2000, the flow is laminar and the
nomograph on the opposite page may be nomograph on the opposite page may be
used. . used.
Connect Read

5· p. = 450 Q 500 Index 6.

6. Index 6" Sched 40 6PlOO = 4.5 7·
,~
CRANE CHAPnR 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH AND PIPE

Pressure Drop in Liquid Lines for Laminar Flow

/'

(continued)
Q q
p.
2000
Index 4
/' 1000
900 1500
800 d 3
700 25
24 1000
GOO 20 2 b.PlOo
500 20
18 1.5
GOO 0.1
400 15 16
500
/~
14 1.0
300 12 400
.8
10 10 300
.6 .2
200 9
8 8 .5
200
150 7 .4 .3
150
6 6
.4
100 5 5 100
•.2 .5
80 80
70 4 4 .6
312 .15 .t::
GO GO .7 u
t::

3 50 .8
50 3 .9 ~
.10
40 1.0 ""r::T
:::I

40 0> '"
0> '"'"
212 .t:: .2!
:::>
.08 '"
t::
0 ."
.t:: (..) U
0:;
'" u
.= 2
c:: :: 30 '"
-
V>
0 :::;; .06
Q.

r--- 30 Q. 2 c:: Q; 1.5

c::
a;
;;; .05 c'"
-0

/"'
0>
U
a,"
lY.: Q. ~20 Q; :::I
0
c::
,:,!-
Q.. 1.5 Q..
<=
0
.04 '"
1.1.. 2 Q..

20 1\4 :;; 15 c::

?;o ':; ....
0
c.!:I .03
u
.Q
OJ
:::> Q;
::; c::
15 '"
0 .2! U 0>
1.1..
U
." '"E 1.0 '"'"
.;:::
;; 10
.02
c::
c::>
> c"" .= ;;
'-' S
.9 V>
1.1.. 8 4
10 .2!
:::> -;;; .8 3/4 ':; ':; .=
1.1..
0:;
Q.
0 E '" 6 5
8 ."
.2! .7 N
'" ':; Q.
E
7
"""
...; t::
.S 1/2 ~ t:r:'" 5
.01 .2! 6 c

S I '"c:: '"
Q;;
7 e
:::>
.008
::t "1:::l .5 3/8 z~ ~ 8 '"'"
5 3 ~ 9 ~
~
.OOS 10
Q..

4 .4 .005 I
1/4
:5
.004
.3 15 ~
-VB .003 <J
al
2 1.0
.002
.2 .B
r- 1.5 .0015 30
.6
.15 .5
.001 40
1.0
.4 50
.0008
.8
/' .7 .10 .3 60
.09 .0006
.6 70
.08 .0005 SO
.5 .2
.07 .0004 90
100
.4 .OS .0003
.3 .1
~

.2
3-14 CHAPTER 3-FORMUlAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE
--------
Flow of Liquids Through Nozzles and Orifices
Example 2
Given. The flow of water, at 60 F through a 6-inch
Schedule 40 pipe, is to be restricted to 2.25 gpm by
The flow of liquids through nozzles and means of a square edged orifice, across which there
orifices can be determined from the fol- will be a differential head of 4 feet of water when
lowing formula, or, from the nomograph measured across taps located I diameter upstream
on the opposite page. The nomograph is and 0.5 diameter downstream.
a graphical solution of the formula.
Find. The size of the orifice opening.
Solution.
1. p 62·37I I ' ... ' ........... page /\-6
2. }J. 1.1 · . page /\-3
U Re 105 000 (1. 0 5 X I · . page 3-9
3·.
4· Assume a {3 ratio, say 0.50
5· d2 6. 06 5 ... rage B-17
l::.P hI" I 6. d1 0.50 d2 (0·5° x 6. 06 5) 3. 0 33
7· C 0.62 ... page A-20

8.
9·
10. An orifice diameter of 3 inches wiJi be
satisfactory, since this is reasonably close
to the assumed value used in Step 6.
11. . I f the value of dj determined from the nom-
ograph is smaller than the assumed value
used in Step 6, repeat Steps 6 to 10 inclusive, using
reduced assumed values for d1 until it is in reason-
able agreement with the value determined in Step 9.

Example 1 Example 3
Given: A differential pressure of 0.5 pSJ IS meas-
Given: A differential pressure of 2.5 psi is meas- ured across taps located rdiameter upstream and
ured across taps located I diameter upstream and 0.5 diameter downstream from the inlet face of a
0.5 diameter downstream from the inlet face of a I.ooo-inch I.D. square edged orifice assembled in
2.ooo-inch 1.0. nozzle assembled in a 3-inch Schedule 174-inch Schedule 80 steel pipe carrying SAE 30
80 steel pipe carrying water at 60 F. lubricating oil at 60 F.
Find. The !low rate in gallons per minute. Find.' The now rate in cubic feet per second.
Solution Solution:
I. P ........ ' ... page /\-7
l. d2 .. 3" Schcd 80 pipe; rage 13-16
2. d2 1.2 .. n.l" Schcd 80 pipe, page 8-16
2. (3 2.900) 0.69
J. (3 (1.000 I. 278) = 0.783
J. C I. I 3 . turbulent now a;;sumcd; page A-20
4· }J. 45 0 .. suspect now is laminar since
4· p 6z. 37I . . .. page /\-6 yiscosity is high; page 1\-3
5. C 1.05 .... assumed; page A-20

5
6. 6.

7· 7·
8.
8. Calculate R, based on I D. of pipe (2.9°0").
9· }J. I. 1 . . page A-3 9· Calculate Re based on JD. of pipe (1.278/1) .
10. R, = 2. I X 105 .. .. page 3-9 10. = i 15
R, · . page 3-9
JJ • C I .13 correct for R, = 2. I X 105 ; page A-20 C = 1.05
[ I . .correct for R. 110; page A-20
12. When the C factor assumed in Step J is not 12. When the C factor assumed in Step 5 is not
in agreement with page A-20, for the Reyn- in agreement with page A-20, for the Reyn-
olds number based on the calculated flow, the olds number based on the calculated flow. it must
factor must be adjusted until reasonable agreement' be adjusted until reasonable agreement is reached
is reached by repeating Steps 3 to 11 inclusive. by repeating Steps 5 to I I inclusive.
 w

The mean velocity of compressible fluids in pipe can be

computed by means of the following formula, or, by using W d
,------,
f p
the nomograph on the opposite page. The nomograph
is a graphical solution of the formula.

V=
wv ).06 W
n
d2p :J:

......
~

(For values of d, see pages 8-16 to B-19)

..
m
'"
I
Example 1 < '0
CD ~
c:
Given: Steam at 600 pounds per square inch gauge 0 ;;:
and 850 F is to flow through a Schedule 80 pipe at a n '"~
Example 2 :::;:
rate of 30,000 pounds per hour with the velocity limited '< z
to feet per minute.
Find: The suitable pipe size and the velocity through
the pipe.
Given: Air at 400 pounds per square inch gauge and 60 F
flows through a 1 Y2-inch Schedule 40 pipe at the rate of
144,000 cubic feet per hour at standard conditions
-
0
n
0
0
z
0
~
0
G)

(14.7 psia and 60 3 ...'"

~
:l:
Solution: 'U
Find: The flow rate in pounds per hour and the velocity Cil '"
c-'"
i:onnp{'t Read CIt
0
in feet per minute. !:!!. ...'"
1. 850 F vertically to 600 psig Solution: D'" 0
I :E
i" ...
psig horizontally to V = W 11 000, using So " ,page R-2
-c:
600 1.22 1. 1.0 :l:
."
"page A-IO
'"0c
J. \/= I. 22 W = )0000 Index 2. p 2.16 G)
-------
c.. :l:
Index V d Connect CIt <
4· 8000 3·7
-.
:s <
~

5· 4/1 Schedule 80 pipe is suitable. J. p = 2. 16 \'(1 = 11000 m

!:"
Index Sched pipe lV 7600 1 Y2 /I Sched ~ ...
6. 4/1 80
------- ,--
4· Index 40 'U
CD
...:::;Z
G)
!:"
Reasonable Velocities for Flow of Steam »
z
.. ----;-----------------=----=----,-"'-.. - - - _.. 0
Condition
of
Pressure Service Reasonable Velocity ...:;;
Steam
(P) (V) m

Minute
Heating (short lines)
Saturated
25 and up Power house equipment, process piping, etc. 6000 to 10000
---------~-----~-+------- n
Superheated 200 and up Boiler and turbine leads, etc. 7 000 to 20 000 lID
~
Z
m

) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

n
W d :Ia
1500 .8 l>
p Index ., z
Specific Volume of Stearn
17 .9 m
.03 1000 lO
lJ
.04 800
1.2
20--.05 600
.06 500 l.4 /"I
Z
.......»
.08
400
IlO
1.6
1.8 ..,
m

I
2 <
!..
.,0
It
ZOO

-
c
0
2.5 O. >
150 '"»

-
:; "< z
0
~ 3
~ '"
::t: 0 Z
'" V 100 :;; .,'" ~
Li.. =>
..., c
n
,;::; ::IE 60 80
Co .c::
<.> 3.5 0
'":. 0 Cl
:;; 40
--
:. "0 .5
u
3 ~
z...
:;;
Q. -Co
Il
.,.., ZO
60
50
-
'"
'"
D..
<=
or 4.5
4 n
0
:I
"0
OJ '"0
'"c
"0

:I

'"
D..
-'"'"
Li..
10
6
40 '"
CI)

'"c::
.!!!-
D..
~
5
::r.
:I
c:
CD
CIt
!!.
a-
...'"
0
c
-0
4 lJ '"
V>
~
., !: ~
'"'" 3 :I 6 CD ....
:6 :I
2 '"
.c::
...
e z
.,
CI)

.,c::
'"
.."
t- ZO
t-
c:: c ""C 0
c:::
c
:::;
c

:6
.6
.4 15 ~
'fI:~ ;;;
E 8 a:
CIt
Cl
z
»<
.,
.~

3:
~

>
...,
., .2
10
-
Li..

.,<:>
-;;;
~
0:::

I
9
10
:::I

::!
<
m
~
...
I •1 ~
~ I 8 0::
"0 ~
::. CD z
Cl
6 ~
~ »
4 5 z
15 0
4 ::!!
5
6 3
'"
m

ZO
2
am IlO 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200. 10 - 10 25
1.5
t - Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit
Il w
~~'i?> ~ ~~~~
Schedul e Numbe r -
.....
 W
...
I

C»

The Reynolds number may be determined from the for-

mula below or from the nomograph on the opposite page.
The nomograph is a graphical solution of the formula.

The friction factor for clean steel pipe can be obtained n

:J:
from the chart in the center of the nomograph. Friction »
factors for other types of pipe can be determined by using ~
m

the calculated Reynolds number and referring to pages ...'"I

A-2) and A-24. ~
CD
...
0
'< '"c

-
W ." 3:
::J
::::!. 0
Re = 6.)1 dlJ. ):

C"r
til
ii:
fit
»
Z
(For values of d, see pages B-) 6 to 8-19) f ::J 0

."
Z Z
0

-.. .
a C 3:
3 0
Example 1
"0
-. -..
G')
IT '"...
»
Given: Natural gas at 250 psig and 60 F, with a specific CD :J:
Example 2 til
gravity of 0.75, flows through an 8-inch Schedule 40 0 0
0
clean steel pipe at a rate of 1,200,000 cubic feet per hour Given: Steam at 600 psig and 850 F flows through a
n n ...'"
at standard conditions (scfh). 4-inch Schedule 80 steel pipe at a rate of )0,000 pounds CD 0 0
:e
Find: The flow rate in pounds per hour, the Reynolds
per hour. a 3
::J
...
:J:
number, and the friction factor.
Solution:
1. W 69000, using S, = 0.75 .... page B-2
Find: The Reynolds number and the friction factor.
Solution:
L d = ).826 .. " .. page B-17
- "i
CA
CD
!.. !!.
IT
fit
'"
0
c
G')
:J:
<
»
,...
<
::!! CD m
.tII
2. 0.011 ..... page A-5 IJ. = 0. 02 9 .... pageA-2 ...
" -
2.
CD ."
0
:3
Connect Read iG')
~ .!"
]. IJ. = 0.011 ]. »
z
0

4· 4· ...
::!
m

5· f = 0.014 5·

Note: Flowing pressure of gases has a negligible effect

upon viscosity, Reynolds number, and friction factor. n
:Ia
)II>
Z
m

)) ') ) ) ) ) ) ) )
 ) ) ) } ) ) ) )
) ) )

1000
W Index d ,..,.n
,3
800 Z
.008 In
60()
.4
500
.009
400 Internal Pipe Diameter .5
in Inches
300 .010 .6 n
1/2
36 ~
.7 ~
200 24
18
.011

.012
.8
.9
3/4
;:ICII
.
m
'"
I
LO CD o
100 .013 .,,-<
'"I :::J
~
c
80 .014
1.5
a:~
C;" ..
E
>-
z
60 '" o
50
~ .015 G>
.c :::J Z z
i u

~'">-
.016 c 2 ." C
40 2 .: D
c Q. 3
-'"'" ~ .017
~ r
-
30 u 2li .;
.: .018 '"
CL.
0- '"I
."
::z:

.n
"'"
I;
£. .019 - 3 3 ~ '"(5
.. 0-'"I
o
211
'"'"o'" .~ .0211 '"
~ '"
3li ::; n ...'"
~
.c '-' .",
I-
>'"
'"e 4 4 ~
'" '-' D 0 ....
10
~ Q <'>
:::J 3 ::z:
'" c;; 'U 1;
~ C; c:
'"'"
B E (;'l

".
~ 6
6
~ .025
I 7 '"c:
l ~,
0'"
::z:
~
<:m
5 ~ 8 8 :;
4 9 z: -a'
CD ."
yo
...
.030
10 10 ~
3
12 ~ z
~
2 14 >-
z
.035 16 o
15 ::!!
18 ."
m

.040 211
211
24
.8
.045
.6 30
.5
.01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .050 w
.4
.3
f- Friction Factor for Clean
Steel Pipe
40
-
-0
 w
•
The pressure drop of flowing compressible fluids can be ~
calculated from the Darcy formula below, or, from the
nomograph on the opposite page. The nomograph is a
graphical solution of the formula.

J W2V = J W2 w
0.000)36~ 0.000)36 d$p n

0,000 001 q5q J (q' )2 S 2

cF.
....."'
:J:
)io

p 0
'"...
I
B-16 to B-19) ."
(For values of d, see pages
a
tit
is
~
When the flow rate is given in cubic feet per hour at tit
C
c...
standard conditions (q' h), use the following equation or ~
the nomograph on page 8-2 to convert to pounds per a »
z
1:7
hour (W). C
3 ~
W = 0.0764 q' h So 'V ~
_. Cl
Air: For pressure drop, in pounds per square inch per ::J
...'"
»
100 feet of Schedule 40 pipe, for air at 100 psig and 60 n :J:
CI>
0
see page 8-15. Example 2 3 is
'V '"......
Example 1
Given: Natural gas at 250 psig and 60 F flows through
an 8-inch Schedule 40 pipe at a rate of 1,200,000 standard a .
tit
0
~

cubic feet per hour; its specific gravity is 0.75. !!. :J:
Given: Steam at 600 psig and 850 F flows through a 4- g- 3c
inch Schedule 80 steel pipe at a rate of 30,000 pounds Find: The flow rate in pounds per hour and the pres- i" Cl
:J:
per hour. sure drop per 100 feet of pipe. "'II <
0- »
....
<
Find: The pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe. Solution: ~ m
.!"
Solution: T. W 69000 .... using So = 0.75; page B-2 r.: ...
::J :t
T. d 3. 826 .... page B-17 2. 0.011 ..... page A-5
CD :z
2. }J. 0.029 .. . . . . . . .... page A-2
}J. tit
fh
»
3· J 0.014 ..... page 3-19 z
J. J 0.017 . ..... - .......... page 3-19 1:7
...
4· P 1. 0 3 ................ page A-IO :;
4· 1.22 ...... page 3-17 or A-17 m

Connect Read Connect Read

5· W 30000 d = 3. 826 Index 2 5· W 69 000 8/1 Sched 40 pipe Index 2

6. Index 2 J = 0.017 Index I 6. Index~ 2 J = 0.014 Index I n
J. Index I \1= 1.22 6PIOO = 7.5 J. Index I p = 1.03 6P 100 = 0.68 •»
z
m

) ) ) ) ) )) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

n
l:::.PUIO W :lilt
1600 l>
j7 .4 Z
P Index 1 1000 m
,02 50 .5 800
40 .6 600
500
.03 .7
30 Index 2 400 n
.8 :r
.04 300 »
.9 d ~
.05 20 1.0 200 '"w
30 I
(5
15 24 ~
20 100
20 ...
c
»
10 16 ~ 80 ....
'"
»
14 ~ 60 5 z
9
8~
12 .§ 50 =: 1:1

.... 7 u
~ ~ 9
10 10 ~
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f 40 ~ ~
:g 30 ~
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3
§ ..c 8
7
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en
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....... ~
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 3 ·22 CHAPTER 3 - fORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, fiTTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Simplified Flow Formula for Compressible Fluids

Pressure Drop, Rate of Flow, and Pipe Si:z:e

The simplified flow formula for compressible fluids is

accurate for fully turbulent flow; in addition, its use
provides a good approximation in calculations involving Values of C1
compressible fluid flow through commercial steel pipe for
most normal flow conditions. w G\
If velocities are low, friction factors assumed in the 2S00
simplified for.mula may be too low; in such cases: the 1000
formula and nomograph shown on pages 3-20 and 3-21 2000
may be used to provide greater accuracy.
lS00
The Darcy formula can be written in the following form: C1 W

b.P IOO W2(0.00~5336f)v (\\;121 (33 6;iof)v .1 10 1000 1000

900
900 800
.15 700
800
600
The simplified flow formula can then be written: .2 700 500
C1C2 .25 400
p 600
5 .3
0
::x:: llO
(;j
c. .4 SOD 200
'0 '"c::
C1 discharge factor from chart at right. :::l
0
.5 200
Cz size factor, from table on next page. a..
.6
'0 400
The limitations of the Darcy formula for compressible -c '"c::
()
.7 100 v
3.5 a .8 0
flow, as outlined on page 3-3, apply also to the simplified '"'":::l '"::::
Q)
.9 '"
Q)
flow formula. -<=
0
(ij 1.0 100 (ij
:::l
f-
> 300 90 >
.:::
80
70
Example 1 1.5
2.5 250
'0 60
Given: Steam at 345 psig and 500 F flows through 8-inch .l!l 50
Schedule 40 pipe at a rate of 240,000 pounds per hour. '"
c::
2.5 lIlO 40
Find: The pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe. '.
::t:
Solution: C1 57 30

0.146 25
1.5 ISO
1·45 .. page3-17or A-16 .002 20
57 x 0.146 x 145 = 12
.0015 15
8
9
Example 2 1.0 .001 10 100 10
.0009
Given: Pressure drop is 5 psi with 100 psig air at 90 F .9 .oooa
flowing through 100 feet of 4-inch Schedule 40 pipe. .0007
.8
Find: The flow rate in standard cubic feet per minute. .0006

Solution:

P 0.5 6 4 .. page A-1O

C1 (5.0 x 0.5 64) 5.17 0.545 For C, valves and on example on "determining pipe size",
W 23000 .Jee the opponle pOGe.

q'm W -+ (4.58 S.) . page B-2

q'm 23000 -+ (4.58 X 1.0) = 5000 scfm
CRANE CHAPTER 3- FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS fOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FlmNGS, AND PIPE 3-23

Simplified Flow Formula for Compressible Fluids

Pressure Drop, Rate of Flow, and Pipe Size - continued

Va Iues 0 f \.2

Nominal Schedule Value Nominal Schedule Value Nominal Schedule Value

Pipe Size Number of C, Pipe Size Number of C2 Pipe Size Number of C,
Inches Inches Inches

Va 408 7920000. 5 408 1.59 16 10 0.00463

80x 26200000. 80x 2.04 20 0.00483
120 2.69 30s 0.00504
14 408 1590000. 160 3.59 40x 0.00549
80x 4290000. ... xx 4.93 60 0.00612

% 408 319000. 6 408 0.610 80 0.00700

80 x 718000. 80 x 0.798 100 0.00804
120 1.015 120 0.00926
112 408 93500. 160 1.376 140 0.01099
80 x \86100. ... xx 1.861 160 0.012 44
160 430000.
... xx 11180000. 8 20 0.133
30 0.138 18 10 0.00247
40 s 0.146 20 0.00256
34 405 21200. 60 0.163 .. s 0.00266
80x 36900. 80 x 0.185 30 0.00276
160 100100. .. x 0.00287
... xx 627000. 100 0.211 40 0.00298
120 0.252
1 40s 5950. 140 0.289 60 0.00335
80x 9640. , xx 0.317 80 0.00376
160 22500. 160 0.333 100 0.00435
... xx 114100. 120 0.00504
10 20 0.0397 140 0.00573
114 40s 1408. 30 0.042 I 160 0.00669
80x 2110. 40s 0.0447
160 3490. 60x 0.0514
. xx 13640. 80 0.0569 20 10 0.00141
205 0.00150
100 0.06,52 30x 0.00161
1112 408 627. 120 0.0753 40 0.00169
80 x 904. 140 0.0905 60 0.00191
160 1656. 160 0.1052
, .. xx 4630. 80 0.00217
12 20 0.0157 100 0.00251
2 40s 161}. 30 0.0168 120 0.00287
80 x 236. 5 0.0175 140 0.00335
160 488. 40 0.0180 160 0.00385
xx S99. '" x 0.0195
60 0.0206
2% 40s 66.7 24 10 0.000534
SO x 91.8 80 0.0231 20s 0.000565
160 146.3 100 0.0267 ,x 0.000597
.. , xx 380.0 120 0.0310 30 0.000614
140 0.0350 40 0.000651
160 0.0423 60 0.000741
3 408 21.4
SOx 2S.7 14 10 0.00949 80 0.000835
160 48.3 20 0.009 96 100 0.000972
... xx 96.6 305 0.01046 120 0.001 119
40 0.01099 140 0.001274
3% 408 10.0 , .. x 0.011 55 160 0.001478
80 x ' 13.2 60 0.012 44
4 40 s 5.17 SO 0.01416 Note
80 x 6.75 100 0.01657 The letters s, x, and xx in the 001-
120 8.94 120 O.OIS 98 umns of Schedule Numbers indicate
160 11.80 140 0.0218 Standard, Extra Strong, and Double
... xx 18.59 160 0.0252 Extra Strong pipe respectively.

Example 3
Given: An 85 psig saturated
steam line with 20,000 pounds
per hour flow is permitted a
maximum pressure drop Of.IO
psi per 100 feet of pipe.
Find: The smallest size of
Schedule 40 pipe suitable.
Solution: !::"P100 = \0 = 4.4 ...... ,page3-17orA-I3
C1 = 0.4 C2 = 10 -;- (0.4 x 4.5) = 5.5 6
Reference to the table of C 2 values above shows that the 4-inch size is
the smallest Schedule 40 pipe having a C 2 value less than 5.56.
The actual pressure drop per 100 feet of 4-inch Schedule 40 pipe is:
!::"P100 = 0-4 x ;.17 x 4·4 = 9.3
3_24 __________C=H=A~PT~e~R~3_-~F~O=RM~U~L~A~S~A~N~O~N~O~M~O~G~RA~P_H~S~F~O_R_F_LO_W__TH_R_O_U_G_H_V_A_LV_E_S,_F_IT_T_IN_G_S_,_AN_O__P_IP_E________C_R_A
__N__E

Flow of Compressible Fluids Through Nozzles and Orifices

The flow of compressible fluids through nozzles and

orifices can be determined from the following for- p
mula, or, by using the nomograph on the next page. x x
UJ UJ
a a
The nomograph is a graphical solution of the !!
formula.
-- d J1:,.P
W = 0.525 Y d21 C..J 1:,.P PI = 0·525 Y 21 C '\j VI

W = 189 1 Y d21 C Y d21 C 11:,. P

'\j VI
(Pressure drop is measured across taps located I
diameter upstream and 0.5 diameter down- Example 2
stream from the inlet face of the nozzle or orifice)
Given: A differential pressure of 3 psi is measured
Example 1
across taps located I diameter upstream and 0.5
diameter downstream from the inlet of a 0.750-
Given: A differential pressure of I 1.5 psi is meas- inch I.O. square edged orifice assembled in I-inch
ured across taps located I diameter upstream and
0.5 diameter downstream from the inlet face of a Schedule 40 steel pipe, in which, dry ammonia (NH 3)
l.ooo-inch I.O. nozzle assembled in a 2-inch Schedule gas is flowing at 40 psig pressure and 50 F.
40 steer pipe, in which, dry carbon dioxide (C02 ) Find: The flow rate in pounds per second and in
gas is flowing at 100 psig pressure and 200 F. cubic feet per minute at standard conditions (sefm).
Find: The flow rate in cubic feet per hour at stand- Solution:
ard conditions (scfh). 1. R = 90.8 }
Solution: 2. Sg : 0.5 8 7 ............ for NH3 gas; page A-B

I. R = 35.1 } 3· k - 1.29
2. Sg = 1.5 16 ............ forCO.gas;pageA-8 Steps 3 through 7 are used to determine the Y factor.

3. k 1.28 4· P'l P + 14·7 = 40 + 14·7 = 54·7

Steps 3 through 7 are used to determine the Y factor. 5· 1:,.P/P'l = 3. 0 + 54·7 = 0.0549
4· P't P + 14·7 100 + 14·7 = 114·7 6. d 2 J .049 ........ 1" Sched 40 pipe; page 8-16

5· 1:,.PjP'l = 11·5 + 114·7 = 0. 100 3 :. ,'r; 7· {3 0.75 0 + 1.049 0.71 6

6. d2 2.067 ........ 2" Sched 40 pipe; page 8-16 ',t., 8. Y 0.9 8 . ...................... page A-21
7· {3 1.00 + 2.067 = 0.484 ~ 9· C 0·7 I .. turbulent flow assumed; page A-20
8. Y 0.93 ........................ page A-21 10. T 460 + t = 460 + 50 510
9. C 1.02 .. turbulent flow assumed; page A-20 II. PI 0.17 ........................ page A-IO
10. T 460 + t = 460 + 200 660 Connect Read
0·71 .... page A-IO
1:,.P = 3·0
~
12. PI = 0.17 Index I
Read
13· Index I C = 0.7 1 Index 2
Ii 1:,.P
12. = 11·5 PI 0·71 Index I
Index· 2 d1 = Index 3
14· 0·75
13· Index I C = 1.02 Index 2 Index 3 Y 0.98 W= 0.145
15·
14· Index 2 dl = 1.000 Index 3 Y
16. Index 3 0.98 W= 520
15· Index 3 Y = 0·93 W = 5000 .-.'
W 52 0
1.7· q'm 8 8 = 195 .. page B-2
16. q' h 44 000 scfh .................. page B-2 4·5 8S , 4·5 x 0·5 7
17· 0.018
fJ. ................. page A-5 18. fJ. = 0.010 . ...................... page A-5
18. R. 860000 or 8.6 x 105 . . . . . . . . page 3-2 19. R. 3 J 0 000 or 3. lOX 105 ...... page 3-2
19· C 1.02 is correct for 20. C 0.702 is correct for
R. = 8.6 x 105 ... page A-20 R. = 3.10 X 105 .. page A-20
20. When the C factor assumed in Step 9 is not 21. When the C factor assumed in Step 9 is not
in agreement with page A-20. for the Reyn- in agreement with page A-20. for the Reyn-
olds number based on the calculated flow, it must olds number based on the calculated flow, it must
be adjusted until reasonable agreement is reached be adjusted until reasonable agreement is reached
by repeating Steps 9 through 19. by repeating Steps 9 through 20.
 CRANE CHAPTER 3 - FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE 3-25

Flow of Compressible Fluids

Through Nozzles and Oriflces
(continued)

L::,.p d1 JI 13 W III lz C V P
1.24
600 6 1)00
moo 1.2 .75 1.3
800 .8
500 &10 1.1 1.2
<UOO
r'-
400 .9 1.1
5 1.0
1000 1.0 1.0
300 aoo <Uo .9
GOO .9
200 400 100 .8
4 .8
300 80
150 <UO GO Y .7
40 .7 1.5
1.0
100 30 .6
100
~-,
..,
"" 3
80 aJ .6
80

60
.:
OJ

'"0"
:::I
.,'"
""..,
.:
GO
40
1)
10
8
.9
~2
:::I
<>
0..
.5 -..,
<>
<>
lI..

.:
50 ""
:;; 2.5
<U 6 .8 .5 G; .co
..,.; "" '"
--
~ Q. t.)
4 ~ .4
'"c:
40 "C OJ OJ

10 3 lI.. 0-
'" 0 ..,
30
<>
0.. 8 2 '"c::
"C
.~ c: 2 '" 6 .e..,
.7 .4 ~3
~ t.) '"'"
0..
Q; OJ c::
e 4 '" .3
20 0e
1.0 lI.. c:
'" 3 .8 c:: .3 .;
~
0 .!!! e ~
-.; 2 .6 '"c: .6 '" .25 .~
'"
15 '" ::: 04
'"><
0.. >
.., c'"
'"~ .4
-
J;
Q..
1.5 c:
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I..U .3
1.0
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.55
'" ".,"""
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Q... ''is •6
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t t .45
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9
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c::>
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r-. ;0 ,; u'"
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51:
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lI.. lI..
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1.0 .6 '0 '0 lI..
~ ~ J; .07
I 15
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0:: u 16 .0625
I

=
I
.5 3
3-26 CHAPTER 3 fORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS fOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Types of Valves
(For other valve types, see page A·32)

Conventional Globe Valve Conventional Globe Valve Conventional Angle Valve

With Disc Guide

Y·PaDern Globe Valve Globe Stop-Check Valve Angle Stop-Check Valve

With Stem 45 degrees from Run

Conventional Swing Check Valve Clearway Swing Check Valve Globe Type Lift Check Valve
 4·1

Examples of
Flow Problems

Theory and answers to questions

regarding proper application of
formulas to flow problems can CHAPTER 4
be presented to good advan-
tage by the solution of practical
problems. A few simple flow
problems were presented in
Chapter 3 to illustrate the use
of the nomographs. Other
problems, both simple and com-
plex, are presented in this
chapter.

Many of the examples given in this chapter employ the basic

formulas of Chapters I and 2; these formulas were rewritten in
more commonly used terms for Chapter 3. Use of nomographs,
when applicable, are indicated in the solution of these problems.

The controversial subject regarding the selection of a formula

most applicable to the flow of gas through long pipe lines is
analyzed in Chapter I. It is shown that the three commonly used
formulas are basically identical, the only difference being in the
selection of friction factors. A comparison of results obtained,
using the three formulas, is presented in this chapter.

An original method has been developed for the solution of prob-

lems involVing the discharge of compressible fluids from pipe
systems. Illustrative examples applying this method demonstrate
the simplicity of handling these, heretofore complex, problems.

Reynolds Number and Friction Factor

For Pipe Other Than Steel
The example -below shows the procedure in obtaining the Reynolds
number and friction factor for smooth pipe (plastic). The same
procedure applies for any pipe other than steel such as concrete,
wood stave, riveted steel, etc. For relative roughness of these
and other piping materials, see page A-z 3.
Example 4-1 ••• Smooth Pipe (Plastic)
Given: Water at 80 F is flowing through 70 feet of 2. p = 62.220 ................... page A-6
l-inch standard wall plastic pipe (smooth wall) at d = 2.067 ................... page 8-16
3·
a rate of 50 gallons per minute.
4· J.' = 0.85 .............. page A-3
Find: The Reynolds number and friction factor. 50.6 X 50 X 62.220
Solution: 5· R. 2.067 X 0.85
50 .6 Qp Re = 89600 or 8.96 x 10 4
I. R. . .... page 3-2
dJ.' 6. f = 0.0182 for smooth pipe . .. page A-24
4-2 CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF flOW PROBLEMS CRANE

Determination of Valve Resistance

In L, L/D, K, and Flow Coefficient Cv

Example 4-2 ••• L, L/D, and K from Cv for Example 4-3

Conventional Type Valves continued

Given: A 6-inch Class 125 iron Y-pattern globe valve 2

Cv = 2q.q X 3. 8 26 = 274
has a flow coefficient. Cv. of 600. 5·
V2.55
Find: Resistance coefficient K and equivalent lengths rfor graphical solutions
L/ D and L for flow in zone of complete turbulence. 6. L = 2·55 = 150 . .... j of steps 5 thru 7. use
D 0.017 lpages A·30 and A·31
Solution:
7·
L = 150 X 3.826 = 47.8
1. K. L/ D. and L should be given in terms of 6- 12
inch Schedule 40 pipe; see page 2-10.
_ 89 1 d 4
2. K - Cv2 ................. page 3-4 or A·31
Example 4-4 ..• Venturi Type Valves
3· d 6.065
= d 4 = 135 2.8 ...... page B-17
D = 0.5054
Given: A 6 x 4-inch Class 600 steel gate valve with
inlet and outlet ports conically tapered from back
4·
K = 89 1 X 1352.8 = 3.35 ..... {based on 6" of body rings to valve ends. Face-to-face dimension
600 2 Sched 40 pipe
is 22" and back of seat ring to back of seat ring is
L K about 6" .
5· D=T . . . . . . . . . . . Poage 3-4
Find: 1<.2 for any flow condition. and L/D and L for
6. i= 0.015
. . . . {for 6.065" 1.0. pipe in fully flow in zone of complete turbulence .
turbulent flow range; page A-2S
Solution:
7· !::.= K= ~ = 223 1. K 2 • L/D. and L should be given in terms of 6-
D i 0.015
inch Schedule 80 pipe; see page 2-10.
8. L= (~)D = 223 X 0.5054 = 113 2. Kl = 8 iT ...................... page A·27
K2 = Kl + sin ~ [0.8 (I - (32) + 2.6 (I - (32)2]
(34
L L K
K = i D or 15 = iT ............. page 3·4
Example 4-3 ... L, L/D, K, and Cv for
Conventional Type Valves
(3 -- ~
d2 ....................... page A.26
Given: A 4-inch Class 600 steel conventional angle
valve with full area seat.
3· d1 = 4.00 · .............. Valve seat bore
Find: Resistance coefficient K. flow coefficient Cv. d2 = 5.761 · . . . . . . 6" Sched. 80 pipe; page B·17
and equivalent lengths L/ D and L for flow in zone of
complete turbulence.. jT=0.015 · ........... for 6" size; page A·26

Solution: 4.00
4· (3 = 5.7 61 =0.69 (32 = 0.48 (34 = 0.23
1. K. L/ D. and L should be given in terms of
4- in ch Schedule 80 pipe; see page 2- I O. tan!!" __0 .....t..5.. .:("'-5-'. .7. . ;. 6_1_----74;:..:.0::..;:0'-'-)
K = 150 iT .................... page A.27 2 - 0.5 (22 - 6)

:2 ..................
2.

CV 2C:;
= page 3.4 tan!!'
2
= .110 = sin!!.. approx.
2

L L K K _ 8 X 0. 01 5 + 0.110 (0.8 X 0.52 + 2.6 x 0.52,2)

K = i D; or 15 = iT ............ page 3·4 5· 2 - 0.23
(subscript "T' refers to flow in zone of complete
turbulence) K2 = 1.06

3· d=3· 826 .................... pageB-17 L _ 1.06 _ 70

6. D-o.oIs- . .. diameters 6' Sched. 80 pipe
iT ~ 0. 01 7 .................... page A·26

4· K = 150 X 0.017 = 2.55 based on 4" 7· L ~ 70 X 5.761 = 34 ..... feet of 6" Sched. 80 pipe
. . . .. {Sched. 80 pipe 12
CRANE CHAPTER.. EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4-3

Check Valves Reduced Port Valves

Determination of Size Velocity and Rate of Discharge

Example 4-5 .. . lift Check Valves Example 4-6 . . . Reduced Port Ball Valve

Given: A globe type lift check valve with a wing- Given: Water at 60 F discharges from a tank with
guided disc is required in a 3-inch Schedule 40 hori- 22-feet average head to atmosphere through:
zontal pipe carrying 70 F water at the rate of 80 200 feet- J " Schedule 40 pipe
gallons per minute. 6- J H standard qoO threaded elbows
1-3" flanged ball valve having a 2%" di-
Find: The proper size check valve and the pres- ameter seat, 16° conical inlet, and
sure drop. The valve should be sized so that the 30° conical outlet end. Sharp-edged
disc is fully lifted at the specified flow; see page 2-7 entrance is flush with the inside of
for discussion. the tank.
Solution: Find: Velocity of flow in the pipe and rate of dis-
charge in gallons per minute.
L Vmin = 40VV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A·27 Solution:
v2
V
0·408
d2
Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3·2 I. hL = K 2g or v = V/2gh
•
~
L
. . . . . . . . page 3·4

I1P _ 18 X 10-6 KpQ2

........... page 3·4
v = 0.408 ~ or Q = 2.45 I vd 2 •••• page 3·2
- d4
2. K = 0.5 .............. entrance; page A·29
K1 600 fT ................... page A.27
K = 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exit; page A·29
K2 _ K1 + {j [0·5 (I - (j2) + (I {j2)2J .. page A.27 h = 0.018 ................... page A·26
- fj4
J. For K (ball valve), page A-28 indicates use of
d1 Formula 5. However, when inlet and outlet
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A·26
J; angles (8) differ, Formula 5 must be expanded to:

2. .1 ~ 2·46q · .for 2%" Schoo. 40 pipe; page 8-16 K1 +.8 sin!!. (I _ (j2) + 2.6 sin 8 (I {j2)2
K2 = 2 2
d2 3.068 · .. for 3" Schoo. 40 pipe; page 8-16

V 0.01605 . . . . . . . . . 70 F water; page' A.6

4· {j = ~ = 2·375 = 0.77 . . . . . . . . . page A·26
d2 3.068
p 62.3 0 5 · . . . . . . . . . . 70 F water; page A·6
f· sin 8/2 = sin 8° = 0.14 ......... valve inlet
h = 0.018 · .... for 2%" or 3" size; page A·26 6. sin 8/2 = sin 15° = 0.26 . ...... valve outlet

J. Vmin = 40 VO.OI605 = 5·1

0.408 X 80
v 3. 0682 = 3·5 ......... for 3" valve
.... valve
Inasmuch as v is less than Vmin, a J-inch
valve will be too large. Try a 2;Y2-inch size. K = 6 X 30h = 180 3.24
X 0.018 =
. .. 6 elbows; p. A·29
0.408 x 80 !:: 0.oI8x200XI2 8
v= 6q2 = 5· J 5 . . . . . . for 2%" valve
K fD 3.068 = 14. 0 pipe; p. 3-4
2·4
Based on above, .a 2Yz-inch valve in- 8. Then, for entire system (entrance, pipe, ball
stalled in J-inch Schedule 40 pipe with valve, six elbows, and exit),
reducers is advisable.
K = 0.5 + 14.08 + 0.58 + 3.24 + 1.05 Iq.4
[.I = 2·46q 8 9. v V(64.4 x 22) + Iq.4 = 8.5
4· J.068 o. 0
fJ
Q 2.451 x 8.5 3.0682 ~ 196 X

{j2 = 0.64 10. Calculate Reynolds number to verify that fric-

tion factor of 0.018 (zone of complete turbu-
lence) is correct for flow condition ... or, use "vd"
scale at top of Friction Factor chart on page A-25.
600 x .018 +.8 [0.5 (I - 0.64) + (I - 0.64)2J
f· vd 8.5 x 3.068 = 26
0·41
I I. Enter chart on page A-25 at vd = 26. Note f
K2 = 27 for J-inch pipe is less than 0.02. Therefore,
flow is in the transition zone (slightly less than fully
I1P = 18 X 10- X ;.~8~2. J 0 5 X 80
6 2
6. = 2.2 turbulent) but the difference is small enough to
forego any correction of K for the pipe.
 4·4 CHAPTER" EXAMPLES OF FLOW PR08LEMS CRANE

Laminar Flow in Valves, Fittings, and Pipe

In flow problems where viscosity is high, calculate the Reynolds

Number to determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.

Example 4·7 Example 4-8

Given: S.A.E. 10 Lube Oil at 60 F flows through the Given: S.A.E. 70 Lube Oil at 100 F is flowing at
system described in Example 4-6 at the same dif- the rate of 600 barrels per hour through 200 feet
ferential head. of 8-inch Schedule 40 pipe, in which an 8-inch con-
ventional globe valve with full area seat is installed.
Find: The velocity in the pipe and rate of flow in
gallons per minute. Find: The pressure drop due to flow through the
pipe and valve.
Solution:
Solution:
r. ....................... page 3-4 1. ........... page 3-4

35.4 pB
R. dj.A.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3.2

v ~ 0.408 d2
Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3-2 K 1 = 340 fT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . valve; page A-27

Q ~ 2.45 1 vd 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipe; page 3-4

dvp
R. 124-
j.A.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . page 3-2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . pipe
_ 64
f - R. · ......... pipe, laminar flow; page 3·2
2. S=0.gI6at60F . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A·7

S= F
K=f!5 .................... pipe; page 3-4 O.go at 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-7

. . . . . . 8" Sched. 40 pipe; page 8·17

2. K2 0.58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . valve; Example 4-6
j.A. = 470 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A·3
K 3.24 ............. 6 elbows; Example 4·6

K =0.5 · ............. entrance; Example 4·6 fT = 0.014 ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . page A.26

K = 1.0 · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exit; Example 4·6 3· p = 62.371 X o.go = 56. I

P~ 54. 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-7
)5·4 x Qoo X 56 . 1 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-3
R. 7.g8 ! X 470
- 3I
-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 4-6 R. < 2000; therefore flow is laminar.

3. *Assume laminar flow with v - 5. 64

124 x 3·068 x 5 x 54.64
4· f = JIB 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipe

R. 100 = 1040
KI - )40 x 0.or4 4.76 ............ valve
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipe
0.20 X 200 X 12
0.062 200 X 12 8 K 60.14 . . . . . . . . pipe
K
X
......... pipe 7·g81
= = 4 ·5
3
K = 4.76 + 60.14 - 64.g ....... total system
K = 48.5 + 0.58 + 3.24 + 0.5 + 1.0
K = 53 .8 ................... entire system t:.P = 8.82 X 10-6 X
5·

4· V V 64 .4 x
53·8
22 _ 5.13
t:.P 2.85

5· Q=2.45IX5·13x3·0682 118
"Note; This problem has two unknowns and, therefore, requires
a trial·and.error .solution. Two or three trial assumptions wilt
usually bring the solution and final assumption into agree·
ment within desired limits.
 CRANE CHAPTER" EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS

Laminar Flow in Valves, Fittings, and Pipe - continued

In flow problems where viscosity is high, calculate the Reynolds

Number to determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.

Example 4-9

Given: S.A.E. 70 Lube Oil at 100 F is flowing

through 5-inch Schedule 40 pipe at a rate of 600
gallons per minute, as shown in the following sketch.

5" Class 150 Steel Angle

Valve with full area
seat-wide open
5" Class 150 Steel Gate
Valve with full area
seat-wide open
T Elevation 50'

50'

-l--==~~- ~I----~'l-I----_+-_l__ Elevation 0

1 7 5 ' - - - -...- - 75'

Find: The velocity in feet per second and pressure

difference between gauges PI and P 2 •

Solution:
0.408 Q R. 50 .6 X 600 X 56 . 1 718
I. v . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3·2 4·
= =
~ 5·047 X 470
_ 50. 6Qp R. < 2000; therefore flow is laminar .
Re - d~
.. . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3.2

64
loss due to flow; page 3·4 5· / = -- = 0.08q
718
hLP
/:;.P loss due to elevation change; page 3·5 6. Summarizing K for the entire system (gate
144 valve, angle valve, elbow, and pipe),
2. Kl 8/T . . . . . . . . . . . . . gate valve; page A·27
K = (8 X 0.016) + (150 X 0.016) + (20 X 0.016)
Kl = 150/T . . . . . . . . . . angle valve; page A·27
+ (0.08q x 300 x (2) = 66.
K= 20fT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . elbow; page A·29 5.047 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . pipe; page 3·4 0.408 x 600

7· v= 2 9.6
5·047
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipe; page 3.2

8. /:;.P = _I_8_x_I0_-_6...:.x_6_6-"..3...:.X~5_6_.I_x...:....;6...:.oo
__2 + 50 x 56. I
3· d = 5.047 ...... S" Sched. 40 pipe; page 8.17 5.047 4
144
S = o.ql6 at 60 F .............. page A·7 /:;.P = 56.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . total
S o.qo at 100 F .............. page A.7

~ = 470 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A·3

P =62·371 X o.qo = 56.1

/T = 0.016
 4·6 CHAPTER.. EXAMPLES OF flOW PROBLEMS CRANE

Pressure Drop and Velocity in Piping Systems

Example 4-10 ... Piping Systems-Steam Example 4·11 ... Flat Heating Coils-Water
Given: 600 psig steam at 850 F Rows through 400 Given: Water at 180 F is flowing through a Rat
feet of horizontal 6-inch Schedule 80 pipe at a rate heating coil, shown in the sketch below, at a rate
of go,ooo pounds per hour. of 15 gallons per minute.
The system contains three go degree weld elbows
having a relative radius of 1.5, one fu \ly-open 6 x 4-
inch Class 600 venturi gate valve as described in
Example 4-4, and one 6-inch Class 600 y-pattern 1" Schedule
globe valve. Latter has a seat diameter equal to O.g 2' 40 Pipe
of the inside diameter of Schedule 80 pipe, disc
fully lifted.
Find: The pressure drop through the system. 4" r

Solution:
Find: The pressure drop from Point A to B.
I. . . . . . . . . . . . page 3·4
Solution:
2. For globe valve (see page A-27),
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3·4
K _ KJ + I' [0·5 (I 1'2) + (1_1'2)2]
2 - 1'4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page .3·2
Kl=551T
I' = o.g
. . . . . . . . . . . . straight pipe; page 3·4
3· K = 14 IT . . . . . . . 90° weld elbows; page A·29

L rid = 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipe bends

K-I-
D
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipe; page 3·4

W . . . . . . 90° bends; page A·29

R. - 6·3 I d/J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3·2

4· d = 50761 . . . . . . 6" Sched. 80 pipe; page B·17

KB (n-I) (.25 niT dr + ·5 Koo) + K90
V I.2I6 .... 600 psi steam, 850 Fj page A·17 ....... 180° bends; page A.29

/J. = 0.027 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A·2

2. p = 60·57 · . . . . . . . . . water, 180 F; page A·6
IT - 0. 01 5 .................... page A·26
/J. = 0·34 . . . . . . . . . . . water, 180 Fj page A.3
5· For globe valve,
d 1.049 · . . . . . 1" Sched. 40 pipe; page B·16
IT = 0. 02 3 · ..... I" Sched. 40 pipe; page A.26

K2 1.44 R, = <-----"-----'-'- = I. 3 X 105

3·
I.049 X 0·34
6. R 6·3 1 x 9 0 000 6 6
e=5.76IXO.027 =3· 5XIO 1=0. 02 4 . . . . . . . . . . . pipe

I = 0.0 15 ................ pipe; page A·25 K 18' straight pipe

0.015 x 400 X 12
K = 12·5 ... pipe
5.7 6 I K = 2 X 14 X 0.023 - 0.64 ... two 90° bends

K - 3 X 14 X 0.01 5 ~ 0.63 3 elbows; page A·29 4· For seven 180° bends,

...... 6 x 4" gate valve; Example 4-4 KB = 7[(2-1) (0.257r X 0.023 X 4) +

Summarizing K for the entire system (globe (0·5 X 0.J2) + 0.J2~ 3.87
7·
valve, pipe, venturi gate valve, c1nd elbows), 5· KTOTAL = 4·94 + 0.64 + 3. 8 7 = 9.45
2
K = 1.44 + 12.5 + 0.63 + I.44 - 16 6. fl.p = 18 X 10-6 X 9-45 X 60.57 X 15 = 1.91
1.04g4
8.

fl.p = 40.1
 CRANE CHAPTER'" - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4·7

Pressure Drop and Velocity in Piping Systems - continued

Example 4·12 ... Orifice Size for Given Example 4·13 ... Flow Given in International
Pressure Drop and Velocity Metric System (51) Units-Oil

Given: A 12-inch Schedule 40 steel pipe 60 feet Given: Fuel oil with a density of 0.815 grams per
long, containing a standard gate valve 10 feet from cubic centimeter and a kinematic viscosity of 2.7
the entrance, discharges 60 F water to atmosphere centistokes is flowing through 50 millimeter I.D.
from a reservoir. The entrance projects inward into steel pipe (30 meters long) at a rate of 7.0 liters per
the reservoir and its center line is 12 feet below the second.
water level in the reservoir.
Find: Head loss in meters of fluid and pressure
Find: The diameter of thin-plate orifice that must
drop in kg/cm 2, bar, and megapascal (MPa).
be centrally installed in the pipe to restrict the
velocity of flow to 10 feet per second when the gate Solution: I. Define symbols in S1 units as follows:
valve is wide open. A ... cross-sectional area of pipe, in meters'
Solution: D ... internal diameter of pipe, in meters
v2 2ghL g ... acceleration of gravity = 9.8 meters/sec/sec
I. hL = K - or System K = -2- .... page 3-4 hL . .. head loss, in meters of fluid
2g V
L ... length of pipe, in meters
R. .:..1.:. 23"-...:zq.. .:.d:..:.v-,,-p q ... rate of flow, in meters3/second
=- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3·2
v ... mean velocity of flow, in meters/second
p ... fluid density, in grams/centimeter 3
2. K - 0.78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . entrance; page A·29 tl.P (kg/em') ... pressure drop, in kilograms/centimeter'
K = 1.0 · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exit; page A-29 tl. P (bar) ..... pressure drop, in bars
tl.P (MPa) .... pressure drop, in mega pascals
Kl = 8/T · . . . . . . . . . . . . . gate valve; page A.27

L 2. Use metric-imperial equivalents as indicated be-

K=f75 · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipe; page 3-4
low and on pages B- I 0 and B- I I .
]. d = I I.q38 ..................... pipe; page B·17 meter (I) = 3.28 feet = 3q.37 inches
/T = 0. 01 3 .................... page A-26 bar = 0.q8067 x kg/cm 2
P = 62.371 .................... page A·6 megapascai = 0.oq8067 x kg/cm 2
J.L = I. I · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A·3 A column of fluid one square centimeter in cross-
R. = 123·q X I I.q3 8 X 10 X 62·371 = 8.4 X 105 sectional area and one meter high is equal to a
4·
1.1 pressure of o. I p kg/ cm 2 ; therefore:

f = 0.014 .................... page A·25 t1P (kg/cm 2) equals ... O. I P h L

t1P (bar) equals ..... 0.q8067 t1P (kg/cm 2)
5· Total K required = 64.4 X 12 + 102 = 7.72
t1P (MPa) equals .... o.oq8067 lip (kg/cm 2)
K 1= 8 x 0.013 = 0.10 . . . . . . . . . . . gate valve

K = 60 x 0.014 = 0.84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipe v _!l = 7 x 10-

3
= 66
].
Then, exclusive of orifice, -A (7r+4)X502 XIO-6 3·5
... page 3·2
Ktotal = 0·78 + 1.0 + O. I + 0.84 = 2.72
6. Korifice = 7.7 2 - 2.7 2 = 5
v v
1 --,- (32 ...... page 3·2
K()ri~ce
~
7· '"'-' C2(34 ....... ' ... page A-20
6
.------ R. = 0.05 0 x 3.5 66 x 10 = 6.6 X Id
8. Assume (3 = 0·7 .. C= 0·7 page A-20 2·7
then I< '"'-' 43 .. (3 is too large
f = 0. 02 3 . .............•••... page A·25
~
9 Assume (3 = 0.65 .. C = 0.67 page A-20
then I< '"'-' 7. I .. (3 is too small
~

4·
hL = fL ~ = 0. 02 3 X 30 X 3.5 662 = 8.95
10. Assume (3 = 067 C = 0.682 .. page A-20 D 2g 0.050 X 2 X q.8
then I< ~ 5.8 .. use (3 = 0.68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3·4

II. Orifice size ~ 11938 x 068 = 8.1" t::,.p (kg/cm') = 0.1 x 0.815 x 8.g5 = 0.729
t1P (bar) = 0.q8067 x 0.72q = 0.715
t1P (MPa) = 0.oq8067 X 0.72q = 0.0715
4-8 CHAPTER 4 EXAMPLES OF flOW PROBLEMS CRANE

Pressure Drop and Velocity in Piping Systems - continued

Example 4-14 ... Bernoulli's Theorem~Water

Given : Water at 60 F is flowing through the piping .'i" Sched. 40 pipe; page B .. J7
system, shown in the sketch below, at a rate of
400 gallons per minute. fr o.olb . .......... 5" size; page A·26

5" Welding Elbow 5" Schedule 40 Pipe P,

4· {3 ~ ~ 0.80
5·047

1"----150' ---~

5" Schedule 40 Pipe VI 10.08 .............. 4" pipe, page 8·14

_ _ _Eltvation ZI':' 0

5" X4# Reducing Welding Elbow ... 5" pipe, page 1)·]4

Find: The velocity in both the 4 and 5-inch pipe 10.08 2

- 0.94 feet
sizes and the pressure differential between gauges 2g 2 X 32.2
PI and P 2 •
j. For Schedule 40 pipe,

Solution:
~ 2.85 X 105
I. Use Bernoulli's theorem (see page 3-2) : .......... 4" pipe

+
Rc = 50.6~300X 6~ 371
Since, PI P2
5.047 X 1.1
.......... 5" pipe

PI P2 =1:4 (Z2 f 0.018 .4 or 5" pipe; page A-2S

h _ 0.00259 K Q2 6.
K ~ 0.018 X 22 X 12
, or
2. I~ - d4 .............. ~page 3-4
5·047

5:0 . 6 Qp K q.6 ... for 225' of 5" Sched. 40 pipe

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3·2
dp.
0.018 X 110 X 12
K fl::: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3-4
J< =
4·026
,or
D
K 5.q . . . . . . . for 110' of 4" Sched. 40 pipe
fL small pipe, in terms of
K ~ D{:J4 . . . . . . . . .. { larger pipe; page 2·11
With reference to velocity in 5" pipe,
K 14fT ............ 90° elbow; page A·29

reducing 90°
. . . .. { elbow; page A.26 K= 14 X 0.016 0.22 ...... . 5u 90 elbow
Q

Note: In the absence of test data for increasing elbows, the reo 0.36 2
sistance is conservatively estimated to be equal to the summation K 0.22 + ~84 0·54 .... 5x4 u 90° elbow
of the resistance due to a straight size elbow and a sudden
enlargement.
7. Then, in terms of 5-inch pipe,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A·26
KTOTAL q.6 + 144 + 0.22 + 054 = 248

3· P ~ 62·371 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A·6

8. hL = 0.002
15.8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A·]

.. 4" Sched. 40 pipe; page B-17 (75 - 0·Q4 + 15.8) 39.0

9· 144
=
CRANE CHAPTER" - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4-9

Pressure Drop and Velocity in Piping Systems - continued

Example 4-15 • .. Power Required for Pumping

Given: Water at 70 F is pumped through the piping For 500 feet of 3-inch Schedule 40 pipe,
system below at a rate of
100 gallons per minute. K = 0.021 12
Elevalion Z, 400' 41,06
3" Schedule 40 pipe
IJ---- And,
3
=

KTOTAL 2.16 + 0.14 + 27.0 + 41.06 + I 71.4

Four 3" Standard 90'
Threaded Elbows
8.
Elevation 2, 0

- __- - - 7 0 ' - - - - 0 1 9, H = 400 21 421

2\1 Globe Uft Check Valve with wing-guided disc
N

installed with reducers in 3" pipe bhp = _10_0_-'-_ _-"--'- = 15.2

24700 x 0,70
Find: The total discharge head (H) at flowing condi-
tions and the brake horsepower (bhp) required for a Example 4-16 . .. Air lines
pump having an efficiency (e p ) of 70 per cent,
Given " Air at 65 psig and I 10 F is flowing through
Solution' J, Use Bernoulli's theorem (see page 75 feet of I-inch Schedule 40 pipe at a rate of 100
PI
2 2
144 P 2 V 2 h
Z2 + - standard cubic feet per minute (scfm).
Zl + +V 1
= -- + + L
PI 2g P2 2g Find: The pressure drop in pounds per square inch
2, Since PI Pz and VI = V2, the equation can be and the velocity in feet per minute at both up-
rewritten to establish the pump head, H: stream and downstream gauges.
Solution: J. Referring to the table on page B-15,
P read pressure drop of 2.21 psi for 100 psi, 60 Fair
at a flow rate of 100 scfm through 100 feet of I-inch
J. .. , ... , . , ...... page 3-4 Schedule 40 pipe.
dvp 2. Correction for length, pressure,
Re = 123,Q-- , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3,2 and tem'perature (page B-1 5) :
fJ.

v=
!:::'P = 2.n (Z5) (100 + 14.7) (4 60 + 110)
-'-;---'" .. . page 3,2 100 65 + 14.7 520
!:::'P 2.61
=

. . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . page 13--9 J. To find the velocity, the rate of flow in cubic

feet per minute at flowing conditions must
4· K = 30fT . . . . . . . . . . . 90° elbow; page A-29 be determined from page B-15.
K 1 =8/r

K =f D
L
, ..... , . gate valve; page A-27

........ straight pipe; page 3-4

qm = q'm (14:;': p) (1~~~~)
At upstream gauge:
K = 1.0 , ........ , , ....... exit; page A,29 qm = 100( 1
4 .7 ) (4 60 + 110) = 20.2
). d = 3.068 ...... 3" Sched. 40 pipe; page B,16 14·7 + 6 5 5 20
At downstream gauge:
P 62.3 0 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-6

fJ. = 0·Q5 ....... , ....... , .... ,pageA-3 qm = 100[-1-4-'7-+-(~I;"-5~7-2.-'6-1,,-)J( 46~:~ 10) =20.9
fT = 0.018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-26
v= '1",-
4· , .. page 3-2
A
6. v = --'------- 4·33 A 0.006
5· = . page B-I&

6, V = -~~ 3367 . , .. at upstream gauge

0.006

f = 0,021 ......... , .... , . page A-25 V = 20·9 = 3483 ,at downstream gauge
0.006
7. K=4X30XO.oI8 2.16 .. four 90° elbows
K 1 = 8 X 0,018 0, 14 .......... gate valve Note: Example 4-16 may also be solved by use of the pressure
drop formula and nomograph shown on pages 3-2 and 3-21
lift check valve with respectively or the velocity formula and nomograph shown
K = 27.0 . . .. {reducers; Example 4,5 on pages 3-2 and 3-17 respectively,
4·10 CHAPTER" - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS CRANE

Pipe Line Flow Problems

Example 4·17 .. . Sizing of Pump for Oil Pipe Lines

Given: Crude oil 30 degree API at 15.6 C with a viscosity

of 75 Universal Saybolt seconds is flowing through a 12-
inch Schedule 30 steel pipe at a rate of 1900 barrels per
hour. The pipe line is 50 miles long with discharge at an
elevation of 2000 feet above the pump inlet. Assume the
pump has an efficiency of 67 per cent.

Find: The brake horsepower of the pump.

Solution:

{ or,
~EqUation 3-5 on page 3-2
I. after converting B to Q.
use nomograph on page 3-11
1.8 to + J2 ........... page B-10
Bp
R. = 35·4 d,.. .... ' page 3-2 or 3-8

...... page 3-5

brake horsepower = QHp · page B-9

247000 ep
2. t = (1.8 X 15.6) + J2 = 60 F
J. p = 54·64 .... page B-7
S = 0.8762 · page B-7

4. d 12.09 · page B-17

5
d = 258 30 4
5. 75 USS = 12.5 centipoise ' ...... page B-5

35·4 x 1900 x 54.64

6. -~----'-'-----' = 24 JOO
12.09 x 12.,5

1· f = 0. 02 5 ..... page A-25

8. .6. P = _0_.0_0_0_1---"_ _ _-'----"-~-'-"-----<-'---'----~

.6.P = 53J

9·

10. The total discharge head at the pump is:

H = 1405 +2000 = 3405

II. Q (
1900bbl..)
-k
(42*bbI...gal) ( 60 mm
~) 13)0

12. Then, the brake horsepower is:

13)0 x 3405 x 54.64 6 1500
247000 x 0.67 = 149 ,or say
 CRANE CHAPTER'" - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4·11

Pipe Line Flow Problems - continued

Example 4·18 ... Gas

Given: A natural gas pipe line, made of 14-inch

Schedule 20 pipe, is 100 miles long. The inlet 9· q
'a = (449 0000 ft3) (24
I ooooook
K)
day
= 107.8
pressure is 1300 psia, the outlet pressure is 300
psia, and the average temperature is 40 F. 0.482 q' hSD
10. R. = ..... page 3-2
d/J
~ The gas consists of 75% methane (CH 4), 21 %
ethane (C 2H s), and 4% propane (C 3Hs). 11. /J=0.011 .estimated; page A·5

12.
R. = 0.4 82 4 49 0 000 x 0.693
X
Find: The flow rate in millions of standard cubic 13.376 x 0.011
feet per day (MMscfd).
R. = 10 190000 or 1.019 x 1'0 7
Solutions: Three solutions to this example are 1 J. f = 0.0128 .............. page A-25
presented for the purpose of illustrating the varia-
tions in results obtained by use of the Simplified 14. Since the assumed friction factor (j = 0.0128)
Compressible Flow formula, the Weymouth for- is correct, the flow rate is 107.8 MMscfd.
mula, and the Panhandle formula. I f the assumed friction factor were incorrect, it
would have to be adjusted and Steps 8, 9, 12, and 13
repeated until the assumed friction factor was in
reasonable agreement with that based upon the cal-
Simplified Compressible Flow Formulo
(see page 3.3) culated Reynolds number.

Weymouth Formula
(see page 3.3)

2. d = 13.376 . .page B·]8

d5 = 428 185
J. f = 0.0128 turbulent flow assumed; page A·25 16. d2.6S7 = 1009
4. T = 460 + t = 460 + 40 = 500
). Approximate atomic weights: 17· q'h= 28.0 x 1009 /(13
'\J
002
- 3 (525000)
002
0.693 x 100
)
Carbon. . . . .. C = 12.Q
q' h = 4 380 000
Hydrogen. . .. H = 1.0
6. Approximate molecular weights: 18. I d = (4 380000 ft3) (24.h-r) = 105.1
q I oooooo.hr day
Methane (CH4)
M = (I X 12.0) + (4 x 1.0) = 16 Panhandle Formula
(see page 3·3)
Ethane (C 2H s)
PI )2
M = (2 X 12.0) + (6 x 1.0) = 30 19. q' h = 36.8 E d2.61S2 [( 1 Lm (PI 2
)2J 0 5394
.

Propane (C3Hs)
20. Assume average operation conditions; then
M = (3 x 12.0) + (8 x 1.0) = 44
efficiency is 92 per cent:
Natural Gas E = 0.92
M = (16 x 0.75) + (30 x 0.21) + (44 x 0.04)
21. d2 . 6IS2 = 889
M = 20.06, or say 20. I
S = M (g~s) = 20.1 = 0.6 I (13002 - 3002) 0.5394
7· M (air) 29 93 ... page 3·5 22. q h = 36.8 X 0.92 x 889
D 100
q' h = 5 570 OQO
~
(13002 - 3002) 428 185
8. q\ = 114·2

q\
0.0128 x 100 x 500 x 0.693
= 4490000
2J.
q
I a = (5 570000 ft 3) (24
I oooooohr
.hr). = 133.7
day
 CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF flOW PROBLEMS CRANE
4·12

Discharge of Fluids from Piping Systems

Example 4·19 ... Water

0.018 X 10 X 12
Given: Water at 60 F is flowing from a reservoir K = 68 = 0·70 .. 10 feet, 3" pipe
through the piping system below. The reservoir has 3. 0
a constant head of [[.5 feet.
For 20 feet of 2-inch pipe, in terms of 3- inch
Water pipe,
at 60 F
Standard Gate Valve - Wide Open
11.5' K = O.O[q X 20 X 12 =
3" Schedule 40 Pipe
2.067 X 0.674 [o.q
2" Schedul e 40 Pipe
For 2-inch exit, in terms of 3-inch pipe,

Bend
10' ---II. . ---- 20' - - + - -.... K = I + 0.67 4 = 5.0

Find: The flow rate in gallons per minute. For sudden contraction,
_ 0·5 (I - 06i) ([) _
K 2- 6 4 -1.37
O. 7
Solution: I. . . page 3-4
and, KTOTAL = 0.5 + 1.08 + 0.[4 + 0·70 +
_ 50.6 Qp lo.q + 5.0 + 1.37 = Iq·7
Re - dp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3-2

{3 = d1/d 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-26 5 Q= [q.65 X 3.0682 VI 1.5 + Iq7 = [4 1

(this solution assumes Aow in fully turbulent zone)
2. K = 0.5 · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . entrance; page A·29

K = 60fr . . . . . . . . . . . . mitre bend; page A·29 6. Calculate Reynolds numbers and check friction
factors for flow in straight pipe of the 2-inch
K 1= 8fT · . . . . . . . . . . . . . gate valve; page A·27 size:

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . straight pipe; page 3-4 R _ 50.6 X 141 X 62·371 I.q6 x 105

c - 2.067 x I. I

f = 0.021 . . . . . . . . . . . page A·25

.... sudden contraction; page A·26 and for flow in straight pipe of the 3-inch size:
50.6 x [41 x 62·37[ 5
small pipe, in terms of
R c= 68 =[·3 2X [0
3.0 Xl.[
. . . . . . . . . . .. { larger pipe; page 2·5
f = 0.020 . page A·25

exit from small pipe

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. { in terms of larger pipe 7. Since assumed friction factors used for straight
pipe in Step 4 are not in agreement with those
3· d = 2067 · . . . . . . 2" Sched. 40 pipe; page B·16 based on the approximate flow rate, the K factors for
these items and the total system should be corrected
d = 3068 · . . . . . . 3" Sched. 40 pipe; page 8·16 accordingly.
p. = I. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A·3
_ 0.020 X 10 X [2 _
K - 68 -0.78 .. 10 feet, 3" pipe
p = 62.37[ .................... page A·6 3. 0

fr = O.Olq · . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2" pipe; page A·26 For 20 feet of 2-inch pipe, in terms of 3-inch
pipe,
fT = 0.018 · . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3" pipe; page A-·26
K = 0.02 I X 20 X [2 [2.[
4· {3 = 2.067 + 3.068 = 0.67 2.067 X 0.67 4
· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3" entrance
and, KTOTAL = 0.5 + 1.08 + 0.[4 + 0.78 +
[2.[ + 5.0 + 1.37 = 21.0
K = 60 X 0.018 = 1.08 . . . . . . . 3" mitre bend

Kl= 8 X 0.018 = o. '4 . . . . . . . . . 3" gate valve 8. Q= [q.65 X 3.0682 V[ 1.5 + 2[ = 137
CRANE CHAPTER ,. - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PR08LEMS 4·13

Discharge of Fluids from Piping Systems - continued

Example 4-20 . .. Steam at Sonic Velocity

Given: A header with 170 psia saturated steam is feeding

a pulp stock digester through 30 feet of 2-inch Schedule
40 pipe which includes one standard 90 degree elbow and a
fully-open conventional plug type disc globe valve. The
initial pressure in the digester is atmospheric.
Find: The initial flow rate in pounds per hour, using
both the modified Darcy formula and the sonic velocity and
continuity equations.

Solutions-for theory, see page 1-9:

Modifled Dorey Formula Sonic Velocity and Continuity Equations

9· "j kg 144 P' V . page 3-3

1. page 3-4
V d2
W .. Equation 3-2; page 3-2
L
K=f- pipe; page 3-4
D
10. P' = P't - b.P
2. K 1= 340 fT ... globe valve; page A-27 P' = 170 - 133.5 = )6.5
K 30 fT ............. 90° elbow; page A-29 b. P determined in Step 6.
K 0.5 ..... entrance from header; page A-29
11. hQ = 1196 .. 170 psia saturated steam; page A-14
K 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . exit to digester; page A-29

]. k = 1.297 or say I.J .......... page A-9 12. At 36.5 psia, the temperature of steam with
total heat of I Ig6 Btu/lb equals 3 I 7 F, and
d = 2.067 d 2 = 4. 272 ... 2" pipe; page 8-16
............. pages A-\3 and A-16
fT = O.Olg ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . page A·26
1 ]. V, I.J X )2.2 X 144 X 5X 12-4
VI 2.673 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A.14
V. 1652
12
4· K - ------'--"'-'-'---7-....:.:..~ = J. 3 I . . . . . . . 30 feet, 2" pipe
W = = 11180
0.05Dq X 12-4
K 1 = J40 X O.Olg = 6.46 ...... 2" globe valve
K = JO X O.Olg = 0.57 . . . . . ... 2" 90° elbow
NOTE
and, for the entire system,
In Steps II and 12 constant total heat hg is assumed.
K = J.JI + 6.46 + 0·57 + 0.5 + 1.0 = 11.84 But the increase in specific volume from inlet to outlet
requires that the velocity must increase. Source of the
). b. : = -"---"-'- = 155·J = 0.9 1 4 kinetic energy increase is the internal heat energy of
P 1 170 170 the fluid. Consequently, the heat energy actually de-
creases toward the outlet. Calculation of the correct
6. Using the chart on page A-n for k = I. J, It IS
hg at the outlet yields a flow rate commensurate with
found that for K = II. 84, the maximum
the answer in Step 8.
b.PjP't is 0.785 (interpolated from table on page
A-22). Since b.Pjp I l is less than indicated in Step
), sonic velOCity occurs at the end of the pipe, and
b.P in the equation of Step 1 is: •
b.P = 0.785 X 17 0 = 133.5
... (interpolated from
7· Y = 0.71 0 \table; page A-22

8. W = 1891 X 0.71 X 4.272 I:~

4 2.6738
'\/ 1 I. X
W= 11780
4·14 CHAPTER .c - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLeMS CRANE

Discharge of Fluids from Piping Systems - continued

Example 4·21 ... Gases at Example 4·22 . .. Compressible Fluids

Sonic Velocity at Subsonic Velocity

Given: Coke oven gas having a specific gravity of
0.42, a header pressure of 125 psig, and a tem-
perature of 140 F is flowing through 20 feet of 3-
inch Schedule 40 pipe before discharging to atmos-
phere. Assume ratio of specific heats, k = 1.4.
20' of 3" Schedule 40 Pipe
Given: Air at a pressure of 19.3 psig and a tem-
perature of 100 F is measured at a point 10 feet
from the outlet of a Yz-inch Schedule 80 pipe dis-
charging to atmosphere.
Find: The flow rate in standard cubic feet per
minute (scfm).
Solution:

1. q' no = 678 Ydl~~~I~; .... page 3-4

Find: The flow rate in standard cubic feet per L

K=/-
D
.. page 3-4
hour (scfh).
Solution-for theory, see page 1-9:
2. P'I 19·3 + 14·7 = 34. 0

Il:!.P P' J. l:!.P = 19.3

1. q'n 40700 YcP-V K TI S: .. page 3-4
4· d = 0.546 cP = 0.2981 ... page B-16
L D == 0.0455
K=/ D ...... page 3-4
5· / = 0.0275 .. fully turbulent flow; page A-25
2. p') = 12 5 + 14·7 = 139·7
6. K = / ~ = 0.0275 x 10 = 6.0 . . for pipe
J. /=0.0175 .. page A-25 D 0.0455 4
Nate: The Reynolds number need not be cal- K = 1.0 ..... for exit; page A-29
culated since gas discharged to atmosphere
through a short pipe will have a high Re. and K = 6.04 + 1 = 7.04 .............. total
flow will always be in a fully turbulent range.
in which the friction factor is constant. 7. l:!.;
PI
= 19·3
34.0
= 0.568
4· d = 3.068 cP·"" 9.413 ..... page B-16
8. Y = 0.7 6 ......... page A-22
D." 0.2557
9· Tl - 460 + tl .... 460 + 100 = ;60
K ." /~ = 0. 01 75 x 20 ." 1 6
D 0.2557 ·3 9 .. for pipe
10. q'",-678xo.76xo.2981 I 19.3X~4.0
K 0.5 ... forentrance; pageA-29 -V 7·04 X 5 0 X 1.0
K '" 1.0 ........ for exit; page A-29 q'm == 62.7
K= 1.369+0.5+1.0=2.87 ...... total
l:!.P 139·7 - 14·7 = \25. 0 == 08
6.
139.7 139.7' 95
7· Using the chart on page A-21 for k == 1.4, it
is found that for K = 2.87, the maximum
l:!.P/P'1 is 0.657 (interpolated from table on page
A-22). Since l:!.P/P'1 is less than indiCated in
Step 6, sonic velocity occurs at the end of the pipe
and l:!.P in Step ] is:
l:!.P ." 0.657 P'I - 0.6; 7 x 139· 7 ." 91.8

9· Y - 0.637 ....... , ..... {interPOlated from

table; page A-22
]0. q'h is equal to:

40700 xo.b37 x 9 ...P3 / ~1.8 ~ 139·7

-V 2. 7 x 00 X 0.42
q'h == 1028000
CRANE CHAPTER .. - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4-

Flow Through Orifice Meters

Example 4-23 . .. Liquid Service Example 4-24 . .. laminar Flow

Given: A square edged orifice of 2.0-inch diameter I n flow problems where the viscosity is high. calwlate
is installed in a 4-inch Schedule 40 pipe having a the Reynolds number to determine the type of flow.

mercury manometer connected between taps located Given: SAE 10 Lube Oil at 90 F is flowing through
I diameter upst(eam and 0.5 diameter downstream.
a 3-inch Schedule 40 pipe and produces 0.4 psi pres-
Find: (a) The theoretical calibration constant sure differential between the pipe taps of a 2. I 5-inch
for the meter when used on 60 F water and for the to. square edged orifice.
flow range where the orifice flow coefficient e is
constant ... and (b), the flow rate of 60 F water Find.' The flow rate in gallons per minute.
when the mercury deflection is 4.4 inches. Solution:
Solution - (a) T. Q Il:::.P
23 6 d 12 e'\J -p- page 3-5 or 3-15

1. Q=236d12e'\I~P . page 3-5 or 3-15 50 . 6 Qp

.... page '3-2 or 3-8
" p dp.
R _ 50 .6 Qp page 3-2 or 3-1'
e - dp. 2. p. = 38 ... suspect laminar Aow; page A-3
2. To determine differential pressure ]. d2 3. 068 .. page B-16
across the taps, d1 2.15 .
4· - = - - = 0·70
l:::.P = .. page 3-5 d2 3. 068
12 X 144
where: t:.h m = differential head in inches of mercury 5· e= 0.8 .... [page A-20; assumed value
,based on laminar Aow

]. The weight density of mercury under water 6. S = 0.876 at 60 F . ... page A-7
equals PW(SHg - Sw), where (at 60 F). S 0.87 at 90 F .... page A-7
PU' density of water = 62.371 ' .. page A-6
7· p = 62.4 x 0.87 = 54.3 . page A-7
SHg = specific gravity of mercury = 13.57 .. page A-7
SIC = specific gravity of water = 1.00 page A-6 O 4 =75
8. Q=23 6 x2.15 2 xO.S/ .
4· And P of Hg under H 20 = 62.371 (lJ. 57 - 1.00) ~ 54·3
784 Ib/ft 3 R, 50 .6 x 75 x 54·3 = 1768
9·
3.068 x 38
j. l:::.P = l:::.h m(784) = 6.454l:::.hm
12 X 144 • [0. e = o.q for R. = 1768 ...... page A-20
6. c4. = 4.026 .. l ' page B-17 Since the assumed e value of 0.8 is not cor-
d 2.00 I rect, it must be adjusted by repeating Steps
7· -1 = - - = 0·497 5, 8, 9, and 10.
d2 4.026 •
8. e = 0.625 ..... page A-20 11. e 0.87 .... assumed; page A·20

10.454 l:::.hm Q=236x2.152xO.87 /0.4 =81.5

9· Q =23 6 x (2.0
) 2 xO. 6 2 5.\, 62.34 [ 2.
' ~ 54·3
Q 50.4" l:::.h m .... calibration constant R, = 50 . 6 x :1.5 x 54·3 = Iq20
[ ].
Solution - (b): 3.0 8 x 38
10. Q 50.4" l:::.h,,, 50.4" 4.4 =: 106 e 0.87 for R. lqzo .. page A-20
II. p. = 1.1 ...... : . page A-3 Since e = 0.87 is correct for the flow, the
flow through the meter is 81.5 gallons per
12.
R. = 50.6 x 106 x 62·371 minute.
4.026 x 1.1
Re = 75 500 or 7.55 x 10 4
I]. e 0.625 is correct for Re = 7.55 X 10 4, per
page A-20; therefore, the flow rate through
the pipe is 106 gallons per minute.
T4. When the C factor on page A-20 is incorrect,
for the Reynolds number based on calculated
flow, it must be adjusted until reasonable agree-
ment is reached by repe<}ting Steps 9, 10, and [2.
 CHAPTER .. - EXAMPLES OF flOW PR08LEMS CRANE

Application of Hydraulic Radius to Flow Problems

Example 4-25 • .. Rectangular Duct

Given: A rectangular concrete overflow aqueduct. 25 feet

high and 16.5 feet wide. has an absolute roughness (E) of
0.01 foot.

16.5' WI de

1060'

Find: The discharge rate in cubic feet per second when

the liquid in the reservoir has reached the maximum height
indicated in the above sketch. Assume the average tem-
perature of the water is 60 F.

5· R.u _~6.:L~2L. 497 ft.

2 (10·5+25)

2. v=!L 6. Equivalent diameter relationship:

A D=4RH=4X4·97= 19. 88 .............. page 3-5
d = 48R. 1l = 48x497 = 239 .............. page 3-5
J. . .. page 3-4

7· Relative roughness. E/ D = 0.0005 . page A-23

I-'~
q=8.05 A \I' ---- 8. f 0.017 .. ffully turbulent Aow
K, + Ka ',assumed; page A-23

9· q = 8.05 X2) x 16.5 X 1000

q 30 500
where; K, resistance of entrance and exit
{O. Calculate R.
K. resistance of aqueduct
and check, 0.0 17 for q = 30 500 cfs Row.
ll. p = 61.·371 ... page A-6
To determine the friction factor from the !v1oody
diagram, an equivalent diameter four times the 12. ~ = 1.1 . page A-3
hydraulic radius is used; refer to page 3-5.
I J.
R _ cross sectional Row area 4.97 X I. I
H - - wetted"perimeter-- R, 164000 000 or 1.64 x 10 8

page 3-2
f = 0.017 .. for calculated R,; page A-24

15· Since the friction factor assumed in Step 8

and that determined in Step 14 are in agree-
Assuming a sharp edged entrance. ment, the discharge flow will be 30500 cfs.
K = 0·5 ... page A-29
16. If the assumed friction factor and the friction
Assuming a sharp edged exit to atmosphere, factor based on the calculated Reynolds num-
K I .0 .. page A-29 ber were not in reasonable agreement, the former
Then, resistance of entrance and exit, should be adjusted and calculations repeated until
K,=0·5+ 1.0 1.5 reasonable agreement is reached.
CRANE CHAPTER 4 EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4 - 17

Application of Hydraulic Radius to Flow Problems - continued

Example 4-26 . .. Pipe Portiolly Filled

With Flowing Woter

Given: A cast iron pipe is t\vo-thirds full of , [0 The cross sectional flow area equals;
uniform flO\\-ing water F).The has an inside A+B-'-"C= 22,6+22,b-:--275 = 32 0 . 2 in~
diameter of 24 inches and a of per
foot. Note the sketch that follows. A B C=32 0 -2 =2,22 ft 2
144

X 20.2 0
II. = 40 J
1r

12
0·75
- -- = o_06 25 rt per f t
12

1J. The wetted perimeter equals:

1r d (~8'94)
603
218. 94) -
Find: The flow rate in gallons per minute. 1r 24 ( 360 = 45·9 m.
Solution:
459
- " ft.
- = 3.03
" Ih 1) I:1
1. 6 d
Q =1 9 ,5"\/ page 3-4
R 2.22 X
H=3· 8 3=o·5,-O
Since pipe is flowing partially full an equivalent
diameter based upon hydraulic radius is SubSllwted 15· Equivalent diameter d = 48R H .. . .•... page 3-5
for D in Equation I (see page 1-4) d=48(0,580) 27 8
D=4RH ... ,." .. , .... , .. ,." .. · . page 3-5
Relative roughness ~ = 0.00°36 .. , , . page A-23

39 3 .... {assuming fully turbu-

17, / = 0, 01 55 .lent flow; page

10.0625 X 0. 580
. . . . . page 3-5 18 . Q=393 X 408 \j 0. 01 55

Q=24 500 gpm

4· 1,054 . , . , .. , , , , . page 3- 2 19. Calculate the Reynolds number to check the

friction factor assumed in Step 17.

Depth of flowing water equals; 20. p = 62.J7I .... , ............... page A-6
5
2 21. J.L = 1.1 , , . , .. , ' .. , . page A-3
16 in.
3 R _ j,054 X2 4 500 X62 '37I
4
22. e- ---0. 5 X-I-.1 - - -
6. Cos () = ± 0·333
80
r 12 6
R.= 2 520 000 or 2,52 X 10
()
2J. / = 0 . 01 55 . ..... , .... , , , .... , . , . page A-24

24. Since the friction factor assumed in Step 17

7· AreaC and that determined in Step 23 are in agree-
ment, the flow rate will be 24500 gpm.

Area C 25. If the assumed friction factor and the friction

4 factor based on the calculated Reynolds num-
8. b II.) I in, ber were not in reasonable agreement, the former
should be adjusted and calculations repeated until
9· Area A Area B (4 b) reasonable agreement is reached.
Area A or B 2 2.6 in~
4 -18 CHAPTER ... - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS CRANE

Determination of Boiler Capacity

Example 4-21

Given: A steam boiler operating at 300 psia saturated

steam has a maximum capacity of 100,000 pounds per
hour.
Find: The boiler capacity in both kilo Btu per hour and
in boiler horsepower.
Solutions:
Kilo Btu per Hour:

1. Boiler capacity = W(h q h,) , ..... , page B-8

1000

2. hu = total heat of steam ",' page A-15

hq = 1202·9 Btu/lb

3, h, = heat of liquid , , , ... , . page A-J 5

h, = 394. 0 Btu/lb

4, Bo I'ler capacity
,100000
= ----'--------"-
1000

= 80 890 kilo Btu/hr

Boller Horsepower:

W (h - h,)
5· Boiler horsepower = _....:....!u'-----':.:.. ,page B-8
97 0 .3 x )4.5
6. For values of hu and hr, see Steps 2 and J.
. 100 000 1202·9-
B oller horsepower = ----'--------'-=---'-
97 0 .3 x )4.5
= 2420
 A-l

Physical Properties of Fluids

and Flow Characteristics of
Valves, Fittings, and Pipe

APPENDIX A

The physical properties of many commonly used

fluids are required for the solution of flow problems.
These properties, compiled from many varied refer-
ence sources, are presented in this appendix. The
convenience of a condensed presentation of these
data will be readily apparent.

Most texts on the subject of fluid mechanics cover in

detail the flow through pipe, but the flow character-
istics of valves and fittings are given little, if any,
attention, probably because the information has
not been available. A means of estimating the re-
sistance coefficients for valves, deviating in minor
detail from the standard forms for which the coeffi-
cients are known, is presented in Chapter 2.

The Y net expansion factors for discharge of compres-

sible fluids from piping systems, which are presented
here for the first time, provide means for a greatly
Simplified solution of a heretofore complex problem.
A·2 APPENDIX AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Viscosity of Steam and Water

Temp. Viscosity of Steam and Water ~ In Centipoise II'I

F
····1J;.2--I~~
psia
-,-----.
-~-
psia
---
psia _L~~aI~~~aJJ~m 1,:~~_I]~~ L~~f~lJ,~~~ ~~~~ J~~~~~~I~~i~O ~

Sat. .667 .524 .388 .313 .255 .197 .164 .138 .lIl .094 .078 ~

Sat. steam .010 .010 .0Il .012 .012 .013 .014 .015 .017 ,019 .023
15000 .041 .041 .041 .041 .041 .041 ,041 .041 .042 .042 .042 .044 .046 .048 .050
1450 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040 ,040 .040 .040 .041 .041 .043 .045 .047 .049
1400 .039 .039 .039 .039 .039 .039 .039 .039 .039 .040 .040 .042 .044 .047 .049
1350 .038 .038 .038 .038 .038 .038 .038 .038 .038 .038 .039 .041 .044 .046 .049
1300 .037 .037 .037 .037 .037 .037 .037 .037 .037 .037 .038 .040 .043 .045 .048
1250 .035 .035 .035 .035 .03,'} .035 .035 .036 .036 .036 .037 .039 .042 .045 .048
1200 .034 ,034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .035 .035 .036 .038 .041 .045 .048
1150 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 ,037 .041 .045 .049 ,-
!l00 .032 .032 ,032 .0:32 .032 .032 .032 .032 .033 .033 .034 ,037 .040 .045 .050
1050 .031 .031 .031 .031 .031 .031 ,031 ,031 .032 .032 .033 .036 .040 .047 .052
1000 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .031 .032 .03,'} .041 .049 .055
950 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .030 .031 .035 .042 .052 .059
900 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .029 .035 .045 ,057 .064
850 .026 .026 .026 .026 .026 .. 026 .027 ,027 .027 .027 .028 .035 .052 .064 .070
800 .025 .025 .025 .025 .025 .025 .025 .025 .026 .026 .027 .040 .062 .071 .075
750 .024 .024 .024 .024 .024 .024 .024 .024 .025 .025 .057 .071 .078 .081
700 .023 .023 .023 ,023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .024 .071 .079 .085 ,086
650 .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .023 .023 ,082 .088 .092 .096
600 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 ,021 .091 ,096 .101 .104
550 .020 .020 .020 .020 ,020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .019 .095 ,101 .105 .109 .113
500 .019 .019 .019 .019 .019 ,019 .019 .018 .018 .103 .105 .111 .114 .119 .122
-
..
450 .018 .018 .018 .018 .017 .017 .017 .017 lli .116 ,118 ,123 .127 .131 ,135
400 .016 .016 .016 .016 ,016 .016 .016 .131 .132 .134 .138 .143 .147 .150
350 .015 .015 .015 .015 .015 .015 .015 .153 .154 .15.5 .160 .164 .168 .171
300 .014 .014 .014 .014 .014 .014 .182 183 .183 .184 .185 .190 .194 .198 .201

.301 I•..301
250 .013 .013 .013 .013 .228
.2~
.013 .228 .228 .231 .235 .238 .242 .245
200 .012 .012 .012 .012 .300 .300 .300 .300 .303 .306 .310 .313 .316
229
ISO .Oll .Oll .427 .427 .427 .427 .427 .427 .427 .428 .429 .431 .434 .437 .439 ~,

100 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 ,681 .682 .683 .683
50 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.298 1.296 1.289 1.284 1.279 1.275
32 1.753 1.753 1.753 1.753 1.753 1.753 1.753 1.752 1.751 1.749 1.74,'} 1.733 1.723 1.713 1. 705
Values directty below underscored viscosities are lor water. ® Critical point,
CRANE APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Of flUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE
A·3

Viscosity of Water and

Liquid Petroleum Products8, 12,23

4000
3000
2000
1. Ethane (C,H,J
1000 2, Propane (C,H,)
800
600 3, Butane (C,Hld

4. Natural Gasoline
400
300 5, Gasoline

200 6. Water

7. Kerosene

100 8. Oistillale
(l)
80
v> 9. 48 Oe9. API Crude
0 60
Cl.
..... 10. 40 Oeg. API Crude
c
(l) 40
u 11. 35,6 Oe9. API Crude
c 30
12. 32.6 Oeg. API Crude
i3 20
v> 13. Salt Creek Crude
0
u
v>
14. Fuel 3 (Max.)
> 10
I 8 15, Fuel 5 (Min.)
:::t
6 16. SAE 10 lube (J 00 V.I.)

4 17. SAE 30 lube (100 V.I.)

3 18. Fuel 5 (Max.) or
Fuel 6 (Min.)
2
19. SAE 70 lube (100 V.I.)

1.0 20. Bunker C Fuel {Ma x.J and

M.e. Residuum
.8
.6 21. Asphalt

.4
.3
.2
Data extracted in part
.1 by permission from the
.08 Oil and Gas Journal.

,06
.04
.03
10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000
t - Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit

ExalTIple: The vis~osity of \\ater at

125 F is 0.52 centipoise (Curve No.6).
A-4 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF flUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE
~--=----.

Viscosity of Various Liquids 5 , 8, 11

10
6.0
I( \ It 1~
5.0
l{\ ~

"\\ \
4.0

3.0
\\ ' ~
18\\
II
16~
2.0 ~

~ "' ~\\\ ~
~ ,\
s..
'\ "" ~
~5/
12 ","
, ~
1.0
IVo"'"
7
"-
~
.,
I'"-' ' ' ,.."- "- "
.9 1\..,
'",..... r-...
" '" "" " 1"-"'- "-..... " " "
.8
L 6 I\..
(I) .7
" ~
"'
Vl
'0 ro...
Q. .6
:;:::
C
(I)
c..:> .5 4 1"""- "- "- """""
~\. ~ "" ~~
.............

'"
c
;:;. .4 "'- ~
3~
~ '-
........ ~
~ r-....
.3 ~ ~
'Vi
0
u
Vl
:> ........
I

1'\"" ~ t::::::: """- ~

i"
:::l
~ r--
.2 ---.... ~
1 - - - -~

,
'"""
1\
0.1
.09
.08
.07 \ ......
\
.06
.05 \ "" ~
.04 \, ~

~
......
.03 \
-40 o 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
t - Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit

I. Carbon Dioxide •• CO,

2. Ammonia •••••••• NHs 9. Ethyl Alcohol 16. 10% Sodium Chloride Brine ••• 10% NaCI
3. Methyl Chloride •• CHaCl 10. Isopropyl Alcohol 17. 20% Sodium Chloride Brine ••• 20% NaCI
4. Sulphur Dioxide •• SO, 11. 20% Sulphuric Acid •••••• 20% H,SO. 18. 10% Calcium Chloride Brine •• 10% CaCl,
5. Freon 12 ........ F- 12 12. Dowtherm E I 9. 20% Calcium Chloride Brine •• 20% Co CI,
6. Freon 114 ....... F-I14 13. Dowtherm A
7. Frean 1 1. ....... F.1l 14. 20% Sodium Hydroxide •• 20% NaOH Example: The viscosity of am-
8. Freon 113 ....... F-113 15. Mercury monia at 40 F is 0.14 centipoise.
CRANE APPENDIX A- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Of flUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTICS Of VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE A·5

Viscosity of Gases and Vapors

Viscosity of Various Gases

The curves for hydrocarbon vapors and
.) I
natural gases in the chart at the upper I i
.040
right are taken from Maxwell lS ; the I
/ )
Helium
curves for all other gases (except helium 7) I ,
in the chart are based upon Sutherland's
formula. as follows: .036 - / / / Air
• / / / 1"/
=
iJ.
0 (0. 555 To
0.555 l'
+ C)
+C
('f70)% .032 I
I
L / / / ~I
/ / / / 0-V I
where: :l::
:~ .028 I // V;V //
/
V I
/-L viscosity, in centipoise at
o'"
<l>
V/ bf//V/ / / .... 8(/ .5 HYDRO

~
CARBON
temperature 1'. NH 3 VAPOR
v
/-La = viscosity, in centipoise at ::::
'§ 0 ~ 9CO// V
./ ~,<;y =.75
LOa
AND
NATURAL

temperature To. ,~
.024
;; 'h f" v/V 1-/ d ~,
<;0
...
" ,
GASES

IV'A 1/1/ /./ /1;:; v/

>
l' absolute temperature, in de- I

grees Rankine (460 + deg, F) '" .020

~7 / V
,/
for which viscosity is desired. 0
-
/.
v/
To absolute temperature, in de-
grees Rankine, for which vis- .01 6~ / /. /- t/ I

cosity is known. I .~ IV /. ?/
V
......-'~
C Sutherland's constant, 1/V/~ ~ /
V
.01
27/ ~/ /"
Note: The variation of viscosity with V/ 1/ i I I
8~
V'
pressure is small for most gases. For .00 ~
gases given on this page, the correction a 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
of viscosity for pressure is less than 10 t - Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit
per cent for pressures up to 500 pounds
per square inch.

Viscosity of Refrigerant Vaporsll

Approximate (saturated and superheated vapors)
Fluid Values of "C"
.019
' ,,\)~ /'
0, 127 .018 1
1

i-'
Air
Nz
120
III .017
! V I

CO, 240
VV l/
.016 I V /'
CO 118
: / ~ I
~ f....- n
-
S0, 416 ~ *015 !'
.~
I"
71 /'"
NH, 370 ~ .014
I
, /' ,./"
~
I /" / ' V \'~~~
H. 72 u
.:=_ .013 I ,... 1-
J!:;o
'iii
i
: " .~
c...- r;\t-
......... ~ ;;:; C\\3~
8 .012
Upper chart example: The viscosity ~ --::::::
.......... ~ ?- ~ V f--
~ -1"-1\3
of sulphur dioxide gas (S02) at 200 F
'"
;;;
.01 IV
.....~ ::--
~
I

~~ ~
V ~
is 0.016 centipoise. ::I.
~ ."".
.010
Lower chart example: The viscosity V ~ ~~ V
.009
of carbon dioxide gas (C0 2) at about 80
F is 0.015 centipoise.
P"
.008 I-"" ~~ i

.007 II
-40 o 40 80 120 160 200 240
t - Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit
APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Physical Properties of Water

Tem'\Vrature Saturation Specific Weight Weight

of ater Pressure Volume Density

I P' V p

Pounds per
Degrees Square Inch Cubic Feet Pounds per Pounds
Fahrenheit Absolute Per Pound Cubic Foot Per Gallon

32 I
40
50
0.08859
0.12163
0.17796
0.016022
0.016019
0.016023
I 62.414
62.426
62.410
8.3436
8.3451
8.3430
60 0.25611 . 0.016033 62.371 8.3378
I

70 0.36292 i 0.016050 62.305

I
8.3290
80 0.50683 0.016072 62.220 8.3176
90 0.69813 0.016099 62.116 8.3037
100 0.94924 I 0.016130 61.996 8.2877
I
110 1.2750 I 0.016165 61.862 8.2698
120 1.6927 0.016204 61.7132 8.2498
130 2.2230 0.016247 61.550 8.2280
140 2.8892 I 0.016293 61.376 8.2048
150 3.7184 0.016343 61.188 8.1797
160 4.7414 0.016395 60.994 8.1537
170 5.9926 0.016451 60.787 8.1260
180 7.5110 0.016510 60.569 8.0969
190 9.340 0.016572 60.343 8.0667
200 11.526 0.016637 60.107 8.0351
210 14.123 0.016705 59.862 8.0024
212 14.696 0.016719 59.812 7.9957
220 17.186 0.016775 59.613 7.9690
240 24.968 0.016926 59.081 7.8979
260 35.427 0.017089 58.517 7.8226
280 49.200 0.017264 57.924 7.7433
300 67.005 0.01745 57.307 7.6608
350 134.604 0.01799 55.586 7.4308
400 247.259 0.01864 53.648 7.1717
450 422.55 0.01943 51.467 6.8801
500 680.86 0.02043 48.948 6.5433
550 1045.43 0.02176 45.956 6.1434
600 1543.2 0.02364 42.301 5.6548
650 2208.4 0.02674 37.397 4.9993
700 3094.3 0.03662 27.307 3.6505

Specific gravity of water at 60 F

Weight per gallon is based on 7.48052 gallons per cubic foot

All data on volume and pressure are abstracted from ASME Steam
Tables (1967), with permission of publisher, The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York, N. Y
 CRANE APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTics OF VALVES, fiTTINGS, AND PIPE A-7

Speciflc Gravity-Temperature Relationship for Petroleum OilS 12

(Reproduced by permission from the Oil and Gas Journal)

,.-.,.
lJ..
<::;)
<.0

ro
-
~

<E
('C!

-
:l:
0 -"""';:::--1-_-1- A PIG RA VI T Y

" '0
~ 0.8
w
......
<L>
c:::

-~
::;:)

C'Cl
<E
Q..
E:
<L>
I- J.6
>.
<:::
«
.....
(l;l

0.5

->
>.

;::: 0.4 '--~--I---j

<:.::J
<..>
......
'u
<L>
~,
or 0.3
~
cr;
""
~

0.2 ;;"'0-.l....-~l~OO=---L-----:l:20~O---l-.."J30:-:-0-~~4~OO~~~50~o--L--::6L"OO-L----='="70::-0----1--::8L"Oo-L-~9::l:-00".--...l...-~IOOO

C2He =Ethane
C3Hs =Propane iC.H10=I.obutane
C.H1o=Butane iC 6H12 = I.apentane
Example; The specific gravity
of an oil at 60 F is 0.85 The
specific gravity at 100 F = 0.83.
Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit
To find the weight density of a petroleum oil at its flowing temperature
when the specific gravity at 60 F /60 F is known, multiply the specific
gravity of the oil at flowing temperature (see chart above) by 62.4, the
density of water at 60 F.

Weight Density and Specific Gravity* of Various Liquids

Liquid Temp. Weight Specific i Liquid iTemp'l Weight Specific "Liquid at specified tem-
Density Gravity • . Density Gravity
perature relative to water
p S IpS at 60 F.
tMilk has a weight den-
sity of 64.2 to 64,6.
tlOO Viscosity Index.
,..-

Values in the table at

1014 Milk
80.6 1.292 Olive Oil 59 0.919 the left were taken
.~
52.99 0.850 Pentane 59 0.624 from Smithsonian
Physical Tables,

I
Fuel 3 Max. 5602 0898 SAE 10 Lubd 60 54.64 0.876
Fuel 5 Min. 60.23 0.966 SAE 30 Lubet 60 5602 0.898 Mark's Engineers'
Fuel 5 Max. 61.92 0993 SAE 70 Lubd 60 57.12 0.916
Fuel 6 Min. I 6192 0.993 Salt Creek Crude 60 52.56 0.843 Handbook, and 12Nel-
- GasOIine---~ 46.81 0751 32'.6° API Crude 60 5377 0.862 son's Petroleum Re-
Gasoline, Katural 42.42 0.680 35.6" API Crude 60 52.81 0.847 finery Engineering,
Kerosene 50.85 0.815 40° AP I Crude 60 51.45 0.825
M. C. Residuum 58.32 0.935 48° API Crude 60 49.16 0788
A-8 APPENDIX A-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF fLUIDS AND fLOW CHARACTERISTICS Of VALVES. fiTTINGS. AND PIPE CRANE
iS
Physical Properties of Gases
'(Approximate values at 68 F and 14.7 psia)
Cp = specific heat at constant pressure
C. = specific heat at constant volume

Name Chemical APprox., Weight Specific: !Indi- Specific Heat I Heat Capacity k
of Formula Molecu-, Density, Gravity vidual atRoom I per equal
Gas or tar ! Pounds Rela- , Gas Temperature Cubic Foot to
Symbol
WeMight I. C~hlc tive ,Constant
to Air '
Btu/Lb of cplcf)

Foot
p Sg R Cp c"

Acetylene (ethyne)
Air
Ammonia NH3
26.0
29.0
17.0
: .0752
.0682
.0448
0.907
1.000
0.596
59.4
53.3
91.0
0.350
0.241
0.523
0.269
0.172
0.396
.0239
.0181
.0234
.0184
.0129
.0178
1.30
1.40
1.32
Argon
I
A 39.9
I .1037 1.379 38.7 0.124 0.074 .0129 .0077 1.67

Butane 58.1 .1554 2.067 26.5 0.395 0.356 .0614 .0553 1.11
Carbon dioxide 44.0 .1150 1.529 35.1 0.205 0.158 .0236 .0181 1.30
Carbon monoxide 28.0 .0727 0.967 55.2 0.243 0.173 .0177 .0126 1.40
Chlorine 70.9
I .1869 I 2.486 21.8 0.115 0.086 .0215 .0162 1.33

Ethane 30.0 .0789 1.049 51.5 0.386 0.316 , .0305 .0250 1.22
Ethylene 28.0 .0733 0.975 55.1 0.400 0.329 ! .0293 .0240 1.22
Helium 4.0 .01039 0.1381 386.3 1.250 0.754 .0130 .0078 1.66
Hydrogen chloride 36.5
I .0954 1.268 42.4 : 0.191 0.135 .0182 .0129 1.41

Hydrogen
Hydrogen sulphide
I 2.0
34.1
.00523
.0895
0.0695
1.190
766.8
45.2
3.420
0.243
2.426
0.187
.0179
.0217
.0127
.0167
1.41
1.30
Methane : 16.0 .0417 0.554 96.4 0.593 0.449 .0247 .0187 1.32
Methyl chloride 50.5 .1342 1.785 I 30.6 0.240 0.200 .0322 i .0268 i 1.20

Natural gas 19.5 .0502 0.667 79.1 0.560 0.441 .0281 I .0221 1.27
Nitric oxide 30.0 .0780 1.037 51.5 0.231 0.165 .0180 .0129 1.40
Nitrogen NO
N, Ii
28.0 .0727 0.967 55.2 0.247 0.176 .0180 .0127 1.41
Nitrous oxide N,O 44.0 .1151 1.530 35.1 0.221 0.169 .0254 .0194 1.31

Oxygen 32.0 .0831 1.105 48.3 0.217 0.155 .0180 .0129 1.40
Propane 44.1 .1175 1.562 35.0 0.393 0.342 .0462 .0402 1.15
Propene (propylene) 42.1 .1091 1.451 36.8 0.358 0.314 .0391 .0343 1.14
Sulphur dioxide 64.1 .1703 2.264 24.0 : 0.154 0.122 .0262 .0208 1.26

Molecular Weight. Specific Gravity, Individual Gas Constant, and Specific Heat values were
abstracted from, or based on, data in Table 24 of Mark's "Standard Handbook for ~1echanical
Engineers" (seventh edition).
Weight Density values were obtained by mUltiplying density of air by specific gravity of gas,
For values at 60 F, multiply by 1.0154.
Natural Gas values are representative only. Exact characteristics require knowledge of specific
constituents.

Volumetric Composition and

Specific Gravity of Gaseous FuelsiS
- -~------. -"'-- . - ....- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ; 0 - - -
Chemical Composition Specific
Percent by Volume Gravity
----- Relative
Type of Gas Hydro- Carbon I Paraffin 'Ill . Oxy- Nitro- Carbon to Air
gen Mon-' Hydrocarbons' umlOants gen gen Diox- S"
IMeth-! EthYl~1
ide v
oxide Eth- Ben-'
ane ane ene zene
~====~==========~==~==~

~?'i~~~~;;~~;t.:,inouo~,II,::: ;;:~ 8;::

Blue Water Gas from Coke I 47,3 37.0 1.3
1
15
.'1 j ... 1 0.6 1 :::: I,::; :::
----',-0-,-7-+-8-.3--:1,--353-:·-~4-T.-11--=0-'-.5.:..::7'--
Carbureted Water Gas "40.5 34.010.2 6.12.8 0.5 2.9 0.63
Coal Gas (Cont. Vertical Retorts) 54.5 10.9 24.2 1.5 1.3 0.2 4.4 0.42
Coke-Oven Gas 46.5 6.3 32.1 3.5 0.5 0,8 8.1 I ~2:'721 I 0,44
Refinery Oil Gas (Vapor Phase) 13.1 1.2 23.3 21.7 39.6 1.0 0.89
Oil Gas, Pacific Coast 48.6 12.7 26.3 2.7 1.1 0.3 3.6 0.47
 CRANE APPENDIX A- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Of flUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTICS Of VALVES, fiTTINGS, AND PIPE A·9

Steam
14
Values of Isentropic Exponent, 1c

1.34 , I
I 1 1
1.

1.32 30.01:. _ _
r---- ~
/ SATURATED V~POR
I
;'I I
I
--- --- ~
--
1-- -
...F_ _
1,/ I I
r"""""'--
~o.Q
1---
'""- '- r,
~OQ.L _ I- _ _ I- _ _
=" ~
--- -- if ;
---
i -.... .................
C I.
Q,)
c::
1.30
-
~o.o. F
- - - ---- -- :.~ ,
/
~

2-
><
L.U I
70.0. F
1---- - - - _... -
-- ~ / I
~~T-- - - - - - - - --- I-~~ "-,- / I

-
(j

'0. "!~ I
,g
c:
<ll

'"I
1.28
I

r - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - --- I---~
,100.0. F "
-"\
" \
- "<.,
, ....
",/
/
/

/
/

-- --- -~
~ ! \
1.26
120.0. F
... 1;/ I

I
I
!

1400. F ---- --" ~

/

-- !
I
i

1.24

2 5 10
..... 1
20 50 100 200 500
i
pi _ Absolute Pressure, Pounds per Square Inch

For small changes in pressure (or volume) along an isentropic, pv k = constant

A-l0 APPENDIX A- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Of flUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS Of VALVES, FITTINGS,AND PIPE CRANE

Weight Density and Specific Volume

Of Gases and Vapors

The chart on page A-I I is based on the formula:

144 p' MP' 2.70 p' Sg
p = ~ = 10·72
=~""-T-'

where: p' = 14.7 + P

Problem: What is the density of dry CH 4 if the temperature is 100 F and the
gauge pressure is 15 pounds per square inch?
Solution: Refer to the table on page A-8 for molecular weight, specific gravity',
or individual gas constant. Connect 96.4 of the R scale with 100 on the temper-
ature scale, t, and mark the intersection with the index scale. Connect this
point with 1 5 on the pressure scale, P. Read the answer, 0.08 pounds per cubic
foot, on the weight density scale p.

_ _-..-__..._ _..~.. _ _ _ _ _~...._ _.._ We~ht Density of A:~ ___. . __ . . __ . ___ . __ . . _

~ ~.
Air 1/ Weight Density of Air, in Pounds per Cubic Foot
Temp. For Gauge Pressures Indicated
Deg F. (Based on an atmospheric pressure of 14.696 and a molecular weight of 28.97)

30·
~~ ~I~I:I:':I:I:!:I:I:I:I~I:I:
, .0811 1.1087 i .13631 .IMs .247 .302 " .357 .41i-I·467~I2-1·578~1-:-633T-:688-~7~1 :798 .853 1
: : .909
40 .0795 .1065· .1335: .1876 .242 .295: .350 .404 .458 .512 .566 .620 .674 .728 .782 .836 .890
50 .0782 .10481.131 41.1846 .238 .291 1.344 .397 .451 .504 .5571 .610 .663 .717 .770 .823 I' .876
60 .0764 .1024 .128 4 .1804 .232 .284 .336 .388, .440 .492 .544 .596 .648 .700 .752 .804 .856
70 .0750 i .1005 .126o .1770 .228 .279 .330 .381 1 .432 .483: .534 .585: .636 .687 .738 .7~_ .840
80 .0736 .0986 .1236' .173Y--1.2:i~-' :324~1:~:474--:Si~4 .624 .674 .724 .774 .824
90 .0724 .0968 .121 4 .1705 .220 .269 .318 .367 .416 . . 465 .515 . . 564 .613 .662 .711 .760 .809
100 ~0709 .0951 .1192 .1675 .. 216 .264 " .312 .361·, .4091' .457 .505 . . 554 .602 .650 . . 6'l8 .747 .795
110 .0647 .0934 .117 1 .1645 .. 212 .259· .307 .354 .402 .449 .497 1 .544 .591 .639 1 .686 .734 .781
120 .0685..
.0918 .lI5. 1 .1617 .208 .255 i .302 .348 .395 .441 .488· .535 .581 .628· .674 .721 I .768
:~.434 1~4~525 .617 --:663"'~'"
~--~---.---- ----.------~

130 .09021 .113fT.1590-:205 .251: .296 1 .342 .571 .755

140 .0887 .• 11131.1563 .201 .246, .291 .337 .382 .427:.472: .517 .562: .607 .652 .697 .742
150 .0873. .1094 .1537 .1981 .242 1.287 :,.331 .375 .420 .464 'I .508 . 553 1 .597
'I .641 .686 .730
175 .0834 .1051 .1477 .1903 .233 .275 .318 .361 .403 .446 .488 .531 .573 .616 .659 .701
200 .0807 1 .10'11 .1421 .1831 .224 : .265 .306 .347 .388 .429 I .470 .511 .552 .593 .634 .675
225 .07771.0974 .13691.1764 .216~ .295 I, .334 .j74-.413--:45~::m--:~:5~.6TiJ .650
250 .0750: .0940 .1321 .1702 I .208 .246 : .284 .322
1 .361: .399 .437 .475 .513 .551 .589 .627
275 .0724,.0908 .1276 .. 16441.201 ,.. 238 1.275 .311 .348,.385 .422 .459 .495 .532 .569 .606
300 .0700 .0878 .1234 .1590 .1945 .230 .266 .301·1 .337 .372 .408 .443 .479 .515 .550 .586
~3~50~..;r..:..;.0490 .0657 .0824 .1158 i .1491 .1825 .216 .249 .283 .316 .349 .383 .416 .449 .483 .516 .550
400 .0462 .06191.0776 .1090, .1405~7I9T.203- '.235 : .266 i~:i98 .329-:3601 .392----:-4f:f .455 .486 .518
450 .0436 .0585 •. 0733 .1030,: .1327 .1624! .1921 .222 .252' .281 .311 .341 .370 .400 I· .430 .459 .489
500 .0414 .0555 i .0695 .0977, .1258 .1540, .1821 .210 .238 .267 .295 .323 .351 .379 .407 .436 .464
550 .0393 .0527: .0661 .0928 .1196 .14641.1731 .1999 •. 227 .253 .280 .307 .334 .360 .387 .414 .441
600 .0375 .0502 1.0630 .0885 .1140 .1395 .1649 .1904 i .216 .241 .267 .292 .318 .343 .369 .394 .420
i 175 , 200 1 225 250 300 400 I 500 1 600 I 700 800 900 1000
I:,1.047
I~I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
1.323- 1.460 11.73612.192:84 13.391' 3.94 ···14.49~---s:60
~ ~ ~ ~
30· 1.185 Air Density Table
40 :1.026 1.161 1.296 1.431 1.702: 2.24 2.78 3.32 3.86 4.40 4.95 5.49
50 11'1.009 1.142 1.275 1.408 :11.674 ',2.21 2.74 3.27 3.80 4.33 4.87 5.40 The table at the left is cal-
60 .986 1.116 1.246 1.376 1.636 2.16 .2.68 3.20 3.72 4.24 4.76 5.28
70 .968 1.095 1.223 1.350 1.605 2.12 12.63 ! 3.14 3.65 • 4.16 4.67 5.18 culated for the perfect gas
80 :950 ! 1.075 • 1.200 1.325· 1.575 2.08 2.58 3.08 3.58 4.084.58 5.08- law shown at the top of the
90 .932.1.055 1.178 1.301: 1.547 2.04 2.53 3.02 3.51 4.00 I· 4.50 4.99 page. Correction for super-
100 .91611.036 1.157 1.27811.519 2.00 2.48 2.97 3.45. 3.93 4.42 4.90
110
120
.900 1.018
.884 i 1.001
1.137 1.255 1.492 1.967 '2.44 2.92
1.117 1.234 1.467 1.933 2.40 2.86 3.33
3.39 3.86 4.34 4.81
3.80 4.26 -1.73
'I compressibility, the devia-
tion from the perfect gas
130 .869 .984 1.09811.213 1.442 1.900 /2.36 12.82----ri73.7~94_:65 law, would be less than
140 .855 .967 1.080 1.193 1.418 1.868 2.32 : 2.77 3.22 3.6714.12 4.57 three percent and has not
150 .841 .951 1.062 1.173 1.395 1.838 2.28 2.72 3.17 3.61 4.05 4.50
175 .807 .914 1.020.1.127 1.340 1.765 2.19 i 2.62 3.04 3.47 3.89 4.32 been applied. .
200 .777 .879 .982 1.084 1.289 1.698.2.11 : 2.52 2.93 3.34 3.75 4.16
225 .749 .847 .946 1.044,1.242 1.636 2.03 .2.4312.82 3.21 --;r.6i~o The weight density of gases
250 .722 .817 .913 1.08811.198 1.579 1.959 2.34 2.72 3.10 3.48 3.86 other than air can be deter-
275 .698 .790 .881 .973 1.157 1.525 1.893 2.26 2.63 3.00 3.36 3.73 mined from this table by
300 .675 .764 .852 .941 1.119 1.475 1.830 2.19 2.54 2.90 3.25 3.61 I·

350 .633 .716 .800 .883 1.050 1.384 1.717 2.05 : 2.38 2.72 3.05 3.39 multiplying the density
400.- . 59 6 ' ": •. 667358 .753' .8321 .989 1.303: 1.618 1.93212.25 I 2.56 2.87 i 3.19 listed for air by the specific
450 56 .712,• . 786: .934 1.232 .1.529 1.826 2.12
1 2.42 2.72 3.01 I:
gravity of the gas relative
500 .534 .604 .675 .745 .886.1.167 1.449 1.731 2.01 12.29 2.58 2.86
550 .50831 ,575 .641 .708 .842 : 1.110 1.377 1.645: 1.912 2.18 2.45 2.72 to air, as listed in the tables
600 .484 .547 .611 .675. .802 1 1.057 1 1.312,1.567· 1.822 2.08 2.33 2.59 on page A-8.
 CRANE APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE A ·11
,~,

Weight Density and Specific Volume

Of Gases and Vapors - continued
M R Sy
~ 1 0.35
150

,~
p iT
0.4 .015
Index 60 p
.02 50 0
40
.03
0.5 30 5
15
100 .04
.05 20 10
~
90 0.6 .06
.07
(5
.08
80 0 .09 -.:::s 20
2 0.7
lL. .l0 10 c:
0
::;:) T t
u
:c 9 c... 200
::;:)
c.:> 8 Q)
70
0.8
Q)
0.
0.
7 ...--
...
6 lL.
180 ~
.c:
c:
30 ...
QO
::;:)

--
VI
160 ~
."
"0
c: u (!'
.c:
<:>II :::>
0 .2 5 :c:::> ~
lL. 40 .c:

=
'Q) u
~
c... c.:> $ 60 140 ...
~~
31:
~ VI
60 0.9
.::;:
~
c: 4 c:
--
~
Q)
120
VI

~
... 50 ro
4>
::;
u - ~
(!' <5 ~ .3 Ilf ...E 0.
C
<:>II
:::>
t:::r

-
.~ ...-
VI V')
Q)
- ~ c: 3 ....
:::>
60
~ ::;:)
1.0 u c
Q) 0
::> 100 :;
Q)

~
I 30-:~
'0 Q)
Q.
V') --
i'c
.4
-Ow
U
.J:l
:::>
"0
550 --
~
Q) 70 "'0
c:
0.
VI

~
-
= '0
50
~
I
j

rJ;
'Q)
;;::
I
.5
.6
2 Q)
0.
V')

1
VI
.c
«
1
80
60
0.

.......
E 0
80 c...
c:
::;:)

'I 90 ...-
Q,
.7 I;::,. E....
.8 50 40 100 ~
.9 30 ...
VI

1 1
49 a:
40 I
/"'
4 .9 Q..,
.8
.7 150
1.5 .6
~ 2 .5
200
~

50 .4
30 3
~

2.0 300
~
60

for application of chart, ref.r to th. 400

• xplanation on th• preceding pog••
70
2.5
~ Molecular weight, specific gravity, and individual
78 20 2.7 tOn.,at"S for various gases ar. given on page A-8~
A-12 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water*

Absolute Pressure Vacuum Temper- Heat of Latent Heat Total Heat Specific Volume
Inches ature the of of Steam
Lbs. per
Sq. In.
Inches
of Hg ofHg Liquid Evaporation V
pI
1 t ha Water Steam
i
Degrees F. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Cu: ft. per lb. Cu. ft. per lb.
...
0.02 32.()lS 1075.5 1075.5 I 0.016022
0.08859
0.10 0.20
29.90
29.72 35.023 I 0.0003
3.026 1073. S 1076.S 0.016020
! 3302.4
2945.5
0.15 0.31 29.61 45.453 13.498 1067.9 1081.4 i 0.016020 2004.7
i
0.20 0.41 29.51 53.160 21.217 1053.5 1084.7 0.016025 1526.3
0.25 0.51 29.41 59.323 27.382 1060.1 1087.4 0.016032 1235.5
0.30 0.61 29.31 64.484 32.541 1057.1 1089.7 0.016040 1039.7
0.35 0.71 29.21 68.939 36.992 1054.6 1091.6 0.016048 898.6
0.40 0.81 29.11 72.869 40.917 1052.4 1093.3 0.016056 792.1
0.45 0.92 29.00 76.387 44.430 . 1050.5 1094.9 0.016063 708.8
0.50 1.02 28.90 79.586 47.623 1048.6 1096.3 0.016071 641.5
i
0.60 1.22 28.70 85.218 53.245 1045.5 1098.7 0.016085 540.1
0.70 1.43 28.49 90.09 58.10 1042.7 1100.8 0.016099 466.94
0.80 1.63 28.29 94.38 62.39 1040.3 1102.6 0.016112 411.69
0.90 1.83 28.09 98.24 66.24 1038.1 1104.3 0.016124 368.43
1.0 2.04 27.88 101.74 69.73 1036.1 1105.8 0.016136 333.60
1.2 2.44 27.48 107.91 75.90 1032.6 1108.5 0.016158 I 280.96
1.4 2.85 27.07 113.26 81.23 1029.5 I 1110.7 0.016178 243.02
1.6 3.26 26.66 117.98 85.95 1026.8 1112.7 0.016196 214.33
1.8 3.66 26.26 122.22 90.18 1024.3 1114.5 0.016213 I 191.85
2.0 4.07 25.85 126.07 94.03 1022.1 1116.2 0.016230 173.76
2.2 4.48 25.44 129.61 i
97.57 1020.1 1117.6 0.016245 158.87
2.4 4.89 25.03 132.88 100.84 1018.2 1119.0 0.016260 146.40
2.6 5.29 24.63 135.93 103.88 1016.4 1120.3 0.016274 135.80
2.8 5.70 24.22 138.78 106.73 1014.7 1121.5 0.016787 126.67
3.0 6.11 23.81 141.47 109.42 1013.2 1122.6 0.016300 118.73
3.5 7.13 22.79 147.56 115.51 1009.6 1125.1 0.016331 102.74
4.0 8.14 21.78 152.96 120.92 1006.4 1127.3 0.016358 90.64
4.5 9.16 20.76 157.82 125.77 1003.5 1129.3 0.016384 83.03
5.0 10.18 i .73.532
19.74 162.24 130.20 1000.9 1131.1 0.016407
5.5 11.20 18.72 166.29 I 134.26 998.5 1132.7 0.016430 67.249
6.0 12.22 17.70 170.05 138.03 996.2 1134.2 0.016451 61.984
6.5 13.23 16.69 173.56 i 141.54 994.1 1135.6 0.016472 57.506
7.0 14.25 15.67 176.84 144.83 992.1 1136.9 0.016491 53.650
7.5 15.27 14.65 179.93 I 147.93 990.2 1138.2 0.016510 50.294
8.0
8.5
16.29
17.31
13.63
12.61
182.86
185.63 : 150.87
153.65
988.5
986.8
1139.3
1140.4
0.016527
0.016545
47.345
44.733
9.0 18.32 11.60 i 188.27 156.30 985.1 1141.4 0.016561 42.402
9.5 19.34 . 10.58 190.80 158.84 983.6 1142.4 0.016577 40.310
10.0
11.0
20.36
22.40
9.56
7.52
i 193.21
197.75
I 161.26
165.82
982.1
979.3
1143.3
1145.1
0.016592
0.016622
38.420
35.142
12.0 24.43 5.49 i 201.96 170.05 976.6 1146.7 0.016650 32.394
13.0 26.47 3.45 I 205.88 174.00 974.2 1148.2 0.016676 30.057
14.0 I 28.50 1.42 209.56 I 177.71 971.9 1149.6 0.016702 28.043

Pressure Temper- Heat of Latent Heat, Total Heat Specific Volume

Lbs. per Sq. In. ature the of of Steam
V
Absolute
pI
Gage
P
t
Liquid EVaporation
:
h
g Water , Steam
Degrees F. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Cu. ft. per lb. I Cu. ft. per lb.
14.696 0.0 212.00 180.17 I 970.3 1150.5 0.016719 26.799
15.0
16.0
0.3
1.3 I
213.03
216.32
181.21
184.52
969.7
967.6
1150.9
1152.1
0.016726
0.016749 i
26.290
24.750
17.0 2.3 219.44 187.66 965.6 1153.2 0.016771 23.385
18.0 3.3 222.41 190.66 963.7 1154.3 0.016793 22.168
19.0 4.3 225.24 193.52 I 961.8 1155.3 0.016814 21.074
20.0 5.3 227.96 196.27 960.1 1156.3 0.016834 20.087
21.0 6.3 230.57 198.90 958.4 1157.3 0.016854 19.190
22.0
23.0
7.3
8.3
233.07
235.49
201.44
203.88
956.7
955.1
1158.1
1159.0
I
0.016873
0.016891
18.373
17.624
24.0 9.3 237.82 206.24 953.6 i 1159.8 0.016909 16.936
25.0 10.3 240.07 208.52 952.1 1160.6 0.016927 16.301
26.0 11.3 242.25 210.7 950.6 1161.4 0.016944 15.7138
27.0 12.3 244.36 212.9 949.2 1162.1 0.016961 15.1684
28.0 13.3 246.41 i 214.9 947.9 1162.8 0.016977 14.6607
29.0 14.3 248.40 217.0 946.5 1163.5 0.016993 14.1869
30.0 15.3 250.34 218.9 945.2 1164.1 0.017009 13.7436
31.0 16.3 252.22 220.8 943.9 1164.8 0.017024 13.3280
32.0 17.3 254.05 222.7 942.7 1165.4 0.017039 12.9376
33.0 18.3 255.84 224.5 941.5 1166.0 0.017054 12.5700
34.0 19.3 257.58 226.3 i
940.3 1166.6 0.017069 12.2234
*Abstracted from ASME Steam Tables (1967), with permission of the publisher, The American (continued on
Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street. New York. New York 10017. tne next page)
eRA N E APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTI NOS, AND PIPE A _ 13
-------~--------~----------------~==~~~~~~~~----~~
Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water-continued
Pressure Temper- Heat of Latent Heat Total Heat Specific Volume
Lbs. per Sq. In. ature the of of Steam
Absolute Gage Liquid Evaporation V
t hg ~-Water
P'
35.0
I P
20,3
I ...
Degrees F. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Cu. ft. per lb .
Steam
Cu. ft. per lb.
259,29 228,0 939,1 1167,1 0,017083 11.8959
36,0
37.0
38.0
21.3
22.3
23.3
I 260.95
262.58
264.17
229.7
231.4
233.0
938.0
936.9
935.8
1167.7
1168.2
1168.8
0.017097
0.017111
0.017124
11.5860
11.2923
11.0136
39.0 24.3 265.72 234.6 934.7 1169.3 0.017138 10.7487
40.0 25.3 267.25 236.1 933.6 1169.8 0.017151 10.4965
41.0 26.3 268.74 237.7 932.6 1170.2 0.017164 10.2563
42.0 27.3 270.21 239.2 931.5 1170.7 0.017177 10.0272
43.0 28.3 271.65 240.6 930.5 1171.2 0.017189 9.8083
44.0 29.3 273.06 242.1 929.5 1171.6 0.017202 9.5991
45.0 30.3 274.44 243.5 928.6 1172.0 0.017214 9.3988
46.0 31.3 275.80 244.9 927.6 1172.5 0.017226 9.2070
47.0 32.3 277.14 246.2 926.6 1172.9 0.017238 9.0231
48.0 33.3 278.45 247.6 925.7 1173.3 0.017250 8.8465
49.0 34.3 I 279.74 248.9 924.8 1173.7 0.017262 8.6770
50.0 35.3 281.02 250.2 923.9 1174.1 0.017274 8.5140
51.0 36.3 282.27 251.5 923.0 1174.5 0.017285 8.3571
52.0 37.3 283.50 252.8 922.1 1174.9 0.017296 8.2061
53.0 38.3 284.71 254.0 921.2 1175.2 0.017307 8.0606
54.0 39.3 285.90 255.2 920.4 1175.6 0.017319 7.9203
55.0 40.3 287.08 256.4 919.5 1175.9 0.017329 7.7850
56.0 41.3 288.24
57.0 42.3 289.38 I 257.6
258.8
918.7
917.8
1176.3
1176.6
0.017340
0.017351
7.6543
7.5280
58.0 43.3 290.50 259.9 917.0 1177.0 0.017362 7.4059
59.0 44.3 291.62 26Ll 916.2 1177.3 0.017372 7.2879
60.0 45.3 292.71 262.2 915.4 1177.6 0.017383 7.1736
61.0 46.3 293.79 263.3 914.6 1177.9 0.017393 7.0630
62.0 47.3 294.86 264.4 913.8 1178.2 0.017403 6.9558
63.0
64.0
65.0
66.0
48.3
49.3
50.3
51.3
295.91
296.95
297.98
298.99
265.5
266.6
267.6
268.7
913.0
912.3
911.5
910.8
1178.6
1178.9
1179.1
1179.4
0.017413
0.017423
0.017433
0.017443
1 6.8519
6.7511
6.6533
6.5584
67.0 52.3 299.99 269.7 910.0 1179,7 0.017453 6.4662
68.0 53.3 300.99 270.7 909.3 1180.0 0.017463 6.3767
69.0 54.3 301.96 271.7 908.5 1180.3 0.017472 6.2896
70.0 55.3 302.93 272.7 907.8 1180.6 0.017482 6.2050
71.0 56.3 303.89 273.7 907.1 1180.8 0.017491 6.1226
72.0 57.3 304.83 274.7 906.4 1181.1 0.017501 6.0425
73.0 58.3 305.77 275.7 905.7 1181.4 0.017510 5.9645
74.0 59.3 306.69 276.6 905.0 1181.6 0.017519 5.8885
75.0 60.3 307.61 277.6 904.3 1181.9 0.017529 5.8144
76.0 61.3 308.51 278.5 903.6 1182.1 0.017538 5.7423
77.0 62.3 309.41 279.4 902.9 1182.4 0.017547 5.6720
78.0 63.3 310.29 280.3 902.3 1182.6 0.017556 5.6034
79.0 64.3 311.17 281.3 901.6 1182.8 0.017565 5.5364
80.0 65.3 312.04 282.1 900.9 1183.1 0.017573 5.4711
81.0 66.3 312.90 283.0 900.3 1183.3 0.017582 5.4074
82.0 67.3 313.75 283.9 899.6 1183.5 0.017591 5.3451
83.0 68.3 314.60 284.8 899.0 1183.8 0.017600 5.2843
84.0 69.3 315.43 285.7 898.3 1184.0 0.017608 5.2249
85.0 70.3 316.26 286.5 897.7 1184.2 0.017617 5.1669
86.0 71.3 317.08 I 287.4
288.2
897.0
896.4
I 1184.4
1184.6
0.017625
0.017634
I 5.1101
87.0 72.3 317.89 5.0546
88.0 73.3 318.69 289.0 895.8 1184.8 0.017642 5.0004
89.0 74.3 319.49 289.9 895.2 1185.0 0.017651 4.9473
90.0 75.3 320.28 290.7 894.6 1185.3 0.017659 4.8953
91.0 76.3 321.06 291.5 893.9 1185.5 0.017667
92.0 77.3 321.84 292.3 893.3 1185.7 0.017675 4.7947
93.0 78.3 322.61 293.1 892.7 1185.9 0.017684 4.7459
94.0 79.3 323.37 293.9 892.1 1186.0 0.017692 4.6982
95.0 80.3 324.13 294.7 891.5 1186.2 0.017700 4.6514
96.0 81.3 324.88 295.5 891.0 1186.4 0.017708 4.6055
97.0 82.3 325.63 296.3 890.4 1186.6 0.017716 4.5606
98.0 83.3 326.36 297.0 889.8 1186.8 0.017724 4.5166
99.0 84,3 327.10 297.8 889.2 1187.0 0.017732 4.4734
100.0 85.3 327.82 298.5 888.6 1187.2 0.017740 4.4310
101.0 86.3 328.54 299.3 888.1 1187.3 0.01775
102.0 87.3 329.26 300.0 887.5 1187.5 0.01776 4.3487
103.0 88.3 329.97 300.8 886.9 1187.7 0.01776 4.3087
104.0 89.3 330.67 301.5 886.4 1187.9 0.01777 4.2695
ti~gi
105.0 90.3 331.37 302.2 885.8 1188.0 0.01778
106.0 91.3 332.06 303.0 885.2 1188.2 O.Ol77Q
107.0 92.3 332.75 303.7 884.7 1188.4 0.01779 4.1560
108.0 93.3 333.44 304.4 884.1 1188.5 0.01780 4.1195
109.0 94.3 334.11 305.1 883.6 1188.7 0.01781 4.0837
A-14 APPENDIX A PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE
Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water-continued
Pressure i
Temper-
ature
I Heat of ILatentof Heat I Total Heat
of Steam
Specific Volume
Lbs. per Sq. In. the
Liquid Evaporation! h V
Absolute Gage t g Water Steam
P' P Degrees F. I Btu/lb. Btu/lb. I Btu/lb. ... Cu. ft. per lb. Cu. ft. per lb.
110.0 95.3 334.79 305.8 I 883.1 1188.9 0.01782 4.0484
111.0 96.3 335.46 306.5 882.5 1189.0 0.01782 4.0138
112.0 97.3 336.12 307.2 882.0 I 1189.2 0.01783 3.9798
113.0 98.3 336.78 307.9 881.4 1189.3 0.01784 3.9464
114.0 99.3 337.43 308.6 880.9 i 1189.5 0.01785 3.9136
115.0 100.3 338.08 309.3 880.4 1189.6 0.01785 3.8813
116.0 I 101.3 338.73 309.9 879.9 I 1189.8 0.01786 3.8495
117.0 102.3 339.37 310.6 879.3 1189.9 0.01787 3.8183
118.0 103.3 340.01 311.3 878.8 1190.1 0.01787 3.7875
119.0 104.3 I 340.64 311.9 878.3 I 1190.2 0.01788 3.7573
120.0 I 105.3 341.27 312.6 877.8 1190.4 0.01789 3.7275
121.0 106.3 341.89 313.2 877.3 I 1190.5 0.01790 3.6983
122.0 107.3 342.51 313.9 876.8 1190.7 0.01790 3.6695
123.0 108.3 343.13 314.5 876.3 1190.8 0.01791 3.6411
124.0 109.3 ...
343.74 315.2 875.8 1190.9 i 0.01792 3.6132
125.0 110.3 344.35 315.8 875.3 1191.1 0.01792 3.5857
126.0 111.3 344.95 316.4 874.8 1191.2 I 0.01793 3.5586
127.0 112.3 345.55 317.1 874.3 1191.3 0.01794 3.5320
128.0 113.3 346.15 317.7 873.8 1191.5 0.01794 3.5057
129.0 114.3 ! 346.74 318.3 873.3 1191.6 0.01795 I 3.4799
130.0 ! 115.3 347.33 319.0 872.8 1191.7 0.01796 3.4544
131.0 116.3 I 347.92 319.6 872.3 1191.9 0.01797 3.4293
132.0 117.3 348.50 320.2 871.8 1192.0 0.01797 3.4046
133.0 118.3 349.08 320.8 871.3 1192.1 0.01798 3.3802
134.0 119.3 349.65 321.4 870.8 1192.2 i 0.01799 I 3.3562
135.0 120.3 350.23 322.0 870.4 1192.4 0.01799 3.3325
136.0 121.3 I
350.79 322.6 869.9 1192.5 I 0.01800 3.3091
137.0 122.3 351.36 323.2 869.4 1192.6 0.01801 3.2861
138.0 123.3 351.92 323.8 868.9 1192.7 0.01801 3.2634
139.0 124.3 352.48 324.4 868.5 1192.8 0.01802 3.2411
140.0
141.0
125.3
126.3
i
353.04
353.59
325.0
325.5
868.0
867.5
1193.0
1193.1
I 0.01803
0.01803
3.2190
3.1972
142.0 127.3 354.14 I 326.1 867.1 1193.2 0.01804 3.1757
143.0 128.3 354.69 326.7 866.6 1193.3 0.01805 3.1546
144.0 129.3 355.23 i 327.3 866.2 1193.4 0.01805 3.1337
145.0 130.3 355.77 327.8 865.7 1193.5 0.01806 3.1130
146.0 131.3 356.31 I 328.4 865.2 1193.6 0.01806 3.0927
147.0 132.3 356.84 329.0 864.8 1193.8 0.01807 3.0726
148.0 133.3 357.38 329.5 864.3 1193.9 0.01808 3.0528
149.0 134.3 357.91 330.1 863.9 1194.0 0.01808 3.0332
150.0 135.3 358.43 330.6 863.4 1194.1 0.01809 3.0139
152.0 137.3 359.48 331.8 862.5 1194.3 0.01810 2.9760
154.0 139.3 360.51 332.8 \ 861.6 1194.5 0.01812 2.9391
156.0 141.3 361.53 333.9 860.8 1194.7 0.01813 2.9031
158.0 143.3 362.55 335.0 859.9 1194.9 0.01814 2.8679
160.0 145.3 363.55 336.1 859.0 1195.1 0.01815 2.8336
162.0 147.3 364.54 337.1 858.2 1195.3 0.01817 2.8001
164.0 149.3 365.53 338.2 857.3 1195.5 0.01818 2.7674
166.0 151.3 366.50 i 339.2 856.5 1195.7 0.01819 2.7355
168.0 153.3 367.47 340.2 855.6 1195.8 0.01820 2.7043
170.0 155.3 368.42 341.2 854.8 1196.0 0.01821 2.6738
172.0 157.3 369.37 342.2 853.9 1196.2 0.01823 2.6440
174.0 159.3 370.31 343.2 853.1 1196.4 0.01824 2.6149
176.0 161.3 371.24 344.2 852.3 1196.5 0.01825 2.5864
178.0 163.3 372.16 345.2 851.5 1196.7 0.01826 2.5585
180.0 165.3 373.08 346.2 850.7 1196.9 0.01827 2.5312
182.0 167.3 373.98 347.2 849.9 1197.0 0.01828 2.5045
184.0 I 169.3 374.88 348.1 849.1 1197.2 0.01830 2.4783
186.0 171.3 375.77 349.1 848.3 1197.3 0.01831 2.4527
188.0 173.3 376.65 350.0 847.5 1197.5 0.01832 2.4276
190.0 175.3 377.53 350.9 846.7 1197.6 0.01833 2.4030
192.0 177.3 378.40 351.9 845.9 1197.8 0.01834 2.3790
194.0 I 179.3 379.26 352.8 845.1 1197.9 0.01835 2.3554
196.0 181.3 380.12 353.7 844.4 1198.1 0.01836 2.3322
198.0 183.3 380.96 354.6 I 843.6 1198.2 0.01838 2.3095
i
200.0 185.3 381.80 355.5 842.8 1198.3 0.01839 2.28728
205.0 I 190.3 383.88 357.7 840.9 1198.7 0.01841 2.23349
210.0 195.3 385.91 359.9 839.1 1199.0 0.01844 2.18217
215.0 200.3 387.91 362.1 837.2 1199,3 0.01847 2.13315
220.0 205.3 389.88 364.2 835.4 1199.6 0.01850 2.08629
225.0 210.3 391.80 366.2 833.6 1199.9 i 0.01852 2.04143
230.0 215.3 393.70 368.3 831.8 1200.1 0.01855 1.99846
235.0 220.3 395.56 370.3 830.1 1200.4 0.01857 1.95725
240.0 225.3 397.39 372.3 828.4 1200.6 0.01860 1.91769
245.0 230.3 399.19 374.2 826.6 1200.9 I 0.01863 1.87970
CRANE APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF flUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE A·15
Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water-concluded
Pressure
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Temper-
ature
Heat of
the
I
Latent Heat Total Heat Specific Volume
of of Steazn
Liquid Evaporation • h V
g

250.0 -235.3 400.97 376.1 825.0 1201.1 0.01865 1.84317

255.0 240.3 402.72 378.0 823.3 1201.3 0.01868 1.80802
260.0 245.3 404.44 379.9 821.6 1201.5 0.01870 1.77418
265.0 250.3 406.13 381.7 820.0 1201.7 0.01873 1.74157
270.0 255.3 407.80 383.6 818.3 1201.9 0.01875 1.71013
-----:2;;:7;;:;5-';;.o:---l--~26~0~.3~-L-409:45 ~-~385X 816.7 1202.1 0.01878 1.67978
280.0 265.3 411.07 387.1 815.1 1202.3 0.01880 1.65049
285.0 270.3 412.67 388.9 813.6 1202.4 0.01882 1.62218
290.0 275.3 414.25 390.6 812.0 1202.6 0.01885 1.59482
295.0 280.3 415.81 392.3 810.4 1202.7 0.01887 1.56835
300.0 285.3 417.35 394.0- 80S.9 .... r--u02.9 --+---;;0~.0~1-:<:88;c;9:---+---:-1'-;;.5-:-42~7i:4--
320.0 305.3 423.31 400.5 802.9 1203.4 0.01899 1.44801
340.0 325.3 428.99 406.8 797.0 1203.S 0.01908 1.36405
360.0 345.3 434.41 412.8 791.3 1204.1 0.01917 1.28910
380.0 365.3 439.61 418.6 785.8 1204.4 0.01925 1.22177
400.0 385.3 444.60 424.2 780.4 1204.6 0.01934 1.16095
420.0 405.3 449.40 429.6 775.2 1204.7 0.01942 1.10573
440.0 425.3 ,I 454.03 434.8 770.0 1204.8 0.01950 1.05535
460.0 445.3 458.50 439~8 765.0 1204.8 0.01959 1.00921
480.0 465.3 462.82 444.7 760.0 1204.8 0.01967 0.96677
500.0 I 485.3 I 467.01 449.5 755.1! 1204.7 0.01975 0.92762
520.0
540.0
560.0
580.0
505.3
525.3
545.3
565.3
471.07
475.01
478.84
482.57
454.2
458.7
463.1
467.5
750.4.
745.7
741.0
736.5
l'. 1204.5
1~2i.oo.4j.:4~
0.01982
0.01990
0.01998
0.02006
0.89137
0.85771
0.82637
0.79712
--;6;";;0i.0:";;.0-+-~58~5":';.3<-+-;4;;::8;':6.~2;;"0-+--7.47;;1-':;.7;'-'-+-~73f.O ! 120~3;-;.7;---f--;;0-;.0"'2""01;-:;3:----r--AO".77:69;;;;;7;;:;5--
620.0 605.3 489.74 475.8 727.5 I! 1203.4 0.02021 0.74408
640.0 625.3 493.19 479.9 723.1 1203.0 0.02028 0.71995
660.0 645.3 496.57 483.9 718.8 1202.7 0.02036 0.69724
680.0 665.3 499.86 487.8 714.5 1202.3 0.02043 0.67581
700.0 685.3 503.08 491.6 710.2 1201.8 0.02050 0.65556
720.0 705.3 506.23 495.4 706.0 1201.4 0.02058 0.63639
740.0 725.3 509.32 4-99.1 701.9 1200.9 0.02065 0.61822
760.0 745.3 512.34 502.7 697.7 1200.4 0.Q2072 0.60097
780.0 765.3 515.30 506.3 693.6 1199.9 0.02080 0.58457
-----:8~0~0~.0~~-~78~5~.3~+~5~178'-;;.2-:-1-4--~50~9~.8~-+-~6~8~9~.6~-~--:-11~9~9~.4.--+~6.~0~20~8~7-~1·.--;0~.~56;..;;8~96~---
820.0 805.3 521.06 513.3 685.5 1198.8 0.02094 I'! 0.55408
840.0 825.3 523.86 516.7 681.5 1198.2 0.02101 0.53988
860.0 845.3 526.60 520.1 677 6 ~ 1197.7 0.02109 0.52631
_----:8;:-:;8~0_;;.0:--~_~86;o.;5,.:,.3~---r---;5.-:;279-;;.3.;.0--+---;;-52""'3,.-,.4;;---+----;~67~~3::6~ _ 1197.0 0.02116 00 . 5501039331
900.0 885.3 531.95 526.7 1196.4 0.02123
920.0 905.3 534.56 530.0 1195.7 0.02130 0.48901
940.0 925.3 537.13 533.2 661.9' 1195.1 0.02137 0.47759
960.0 945.3 539.65 536.3 658.0 1194.4 0.02145 0.46662
980.0 965.3 542.14 539.5 654.2 1193.7 0.02152 0.45609
1000.0
1050.0
985.3
1035.3
544.58
550.53
542.6
550.1
I 650.4
640.9
1192.9
1191.0
I 0.02159
0.02177
0.44596
0.42224
1100.0 1085.3 556.28 557.5 631.5 1189.1 0.02195 0.40058
1150.0 1135.3 561.82 564.8 622.2 1187.0. 0.02214 0.38073
1200.0 1185.3 567.19 571.9 613.0 1184.8 0.02232 0.36245
-~1:-;2:.;5.;;.;0.~0-+-----:-12:=.;3:.;5,:.:;.3~+--;;5,;72:::-=..;.38~-+--5;;7.-:;8~.8,----+--·~663:8;....---1-....:1:.:1·.::.,82;.:..6:::.--!i-
, ~0;::.0:-;2~2;.:50~-+--...,,0"-::.3;-;4""55~6--
1300.0
1350.0
1400.0
1285.3
1335.3
1385.3
577.42
582.32
587.07
1 585.6
592.2
598.8
594.6
585.6
567.5
1180.2
1177.8
1175.3
1 0.02269
0.02288
0.02307
0.32991
0.31536
0.30178
1450.0 1435.3 591.70 605.3 567.6 1172.9 0.02327 0.28909
-~15~0~0-';;.0:--~--'1~48~5":'.3~-r--;5'-:;976~.2~0-~-76~11;-;.7;;---+-'5~5~8A.4'--+--'11~7~0~.I--+-~0.~02~3~476-~'--'0~.2~7~7~19~---
1600.0 1585.3 604.87 624.2 540.3 1164.5 0.02387 0.25545
1700.0 1685.3 613.13 636.5 522.2 1158.6 0.02428 0.23607
1800.0 1785.3 621.02 648.5 503.8 1152.3 0.02472 0.21861
1900.0 1885.3 628.56 660.4 485.2 1145.6 0.02517 0.20278
-~20~0~0~.0:---+--:'1-:<:98~5~.3~+~6;':';;-35.~£I0--l--.o-,67ii2;-.1;--+--4"676--;;.2:---+-.;.113=8-,.3:---+-0:;;··.··0·2565 0.18831
2100.0 2085.3 642.76 683.8 446.7 1130.5 0.02615 0.17501
2200.0 2185.3 649.45 695.5 426.7 1122.2 0.02669 0.16272
2300.0 2285.3 655.89 707.2 406.0 1113.2 0.02727 0.15133
2400.0 2385.3 662.11 719.0 384.8 1103.7 0.02790 0.14076
2500.0 2485.3 668.11 731.7 361.6 1093.3 0.02859 0.13068
2600.0 2585.3 673.91 744.5 337.6 1082.0 0.02938 0.12110
2700.0 2685.3 679.53 757.3 312.3 1069.7 0.03029 0.11194
2800.0 2785.3 684.96 770.7 285.1 1055.8 0.03134 I, 0.10305
2900.0 2885.3 690.22 785.1 254.7 1039.8 0.03262 0.09420
--~30~0~0-;.0;---r---;;2~98~5~.3~-+----:6~9~5'.3~3--,---~80Ml~.g~-+--~2«1~8A.4,--+--.1~02~0~.3~~--~0~.0~3~42~8:----}---~0.~0~85~0~0----
3100.0 3085.3 700.28 814.0 169.3 993.3 0.03681 0.07452
3200.0 3185.3 705.08 875.5 56.1 931.6 0.04472 0.05663
3208.2 3193.5 705.47 906.0 0.0 906.0 0.05078 0.05078
 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE
Properties of Superheated Steam *

V specific volume, cubic feet per pound

total heat of steam, Btu per pound
Pressure Sat.
Lbs. per TelTIp Total TelTIperature-Degrees Fahrenheit (t)
Sq. In.
Abs. Gage 3500 400 0 500 0
6000 7000 8000 900 0
1000° 11000 1300° 1500°
pI P t
--
15.0 0.3 213.03 V 31.939 33.963 37.985 41.986 45.978 49.964 53.946 57.926 61.905 69.858 77.807
hg 1216.2 1239.9 1287.3 1335.2 1383.8 1433.2 1483.4 1534.5 1586.5 1693.2 1803.4
- 37.458 40.447 43.435 46.420 52.388 58.352
20.0 5.3 227.96 V 23.900 25.428 28.457 31.466 34.465
hg 1215.4 1239.2 1286.9 1334.9 1383.5 1432.9 1483.2 1534.3 1586.3 1693.1 1803.3
-
30.0 15.3 250.34 V 15.859 16.892 18.929 20.945 22.951 24.952 26.949 28.943 30.936 34.918 38896
hg 1213.6 1237.8 1286.0 1334.2 1383.0 1432.5 1482.8 1534.0 1586.1 1692.9 1803.2
-
40.0 25.3 267.25 V 11.838 12.624 14.165 15.685 17.195 18.699 20.199 21.697 23.194 26.183 29.168
hg 1211.7 1236.4 1285.0 1333.6 1382.5 1432.1 1482.5 1533.7 1585.8 1692.7 1803.0
-
50.0 35.3 281.02 V 9.424 10.062 11.306 12.529 13.741 14.947 16.150 17.350 18.549 20.942 23.332
hg 1209.9 1234.9 1284.1 1332.9 1382.0 1431.7 1482.2 1533.4 1585.6 1692.5 1802.9

60.0 45.3 292.71 V 7.815 8.354 9.400 10.425 11.438 12.446 13.450 14.452 15.452 17.448 19.441
hg 1208.0 1233.5 1283.2 1332.3 1381.5 1431.3 1481.8 1533.2 1585.3 1692.4 1802.8
-
70.0 55.3 302.93 V 6.664 7.133 8.039 8.922 9.793 10.659 11.522 12.382 13.240 14.952 16.661
hg 1206.0 1232.0 1282.2 1331.6 1381.0 1430.9 1481.5 1532.9 1585.1 1692.2 1802.6
-
80.0 65.3 312.04 V 5.801 6.218 7.018 7.794 8.560 9.319 10.075 10.829 11.581 13.081 14.577
hg 1204.0 1230.5 1281.3 1330.9 1380.5 1430.5 1481.1 1532.6 1584.9 1692.0 1802.5
-

90.0 75.3 320.28 V 5.128 5.505 6.223 6.917 7.600 8.277 8.950 9.621 10.290 11.625 12.956
hg 1202.0 1228.9 1280.3 1330.2 1380.0 1430.1 1480.8 1532.3 1584.6 1691.8 1802.4

100.0 85.3 327.82 V 4.590 4.935 5.588 6.216 6.833 7.443 8.050 8.655 9.258 10.460 11.659
hg 1199.9 1227.4 1279.3 1329.6 1379.5 1429.7 1480.4 1532.0 1584.4 1691.6 1802.2
120.0 105.3 341.27 V 3.7815 4.0786 4.6341 5.1637 5.6813 6.1928 6.7006 7.2060 7.7096 8.7130 9.7130
hg 1195.6 1224.1 1277.4 1328.2 1378.4 1428.8 1479.8 1531.4 1583.9 1691.3 1802.0
-
140.0 125.3 353.04 V 3.4661 3.9526 4.4119 4.8588 5.2995 5.7364 6.1709 6.6036 7.4652 8.3233
hg 1220.8 1275.3 1326.8 1377.4 1428.0 1479.1 1530.8 1583.4 1690.9 1801.7
160.0 145.3 363.55 V 3.0060 3.4413 3.8480 4.2420 4.6295 5.0132 5.3945 5.7741 6.5293 7.2811
hq .. 1217.4 1273.3 1325.4 1376.4 1427.2 1478.4 1530.3 1582.9 1690.5 1801.4
-
180.0 165.3 373.08 V .. 2.6474 3.0433 3.4093 3.7621 4.1084 4.4508 4.7907 5.1289 5.8014 6.4704
hg ... 1213.8 1271.2 1324.0 1375.3 1426.3 1477.7 1529.7 1582.4 1690.2 1801.2
-
200.0 185.3 381.80 V ... 2.3598 2.7247 3.0583 3.3783 3.6915 4.0008 4.3077 4.6128 5.2191 5.8219
hu ... 1210.1 1269.0 1322.6 1374.3 1425.5 1477.0 1529.1 1581.9 1689.8 1800.9
-
220.0 205.3 389.88 V ... 2.1240 2.4638 2.7710 3.0642 3.3504 3.6327 3.9125 4.1905 4.7426 5.2913
hg ... 1206.3 1266.9 1321.2 1373.2 1424.7 1476.3 1528.5 1581.4 1689.4 1800.6
-
240.0 225.3 397.39 V 1.9268 2.2462 2.5316 2.8024 3.0661 3.3259 3.5831 3.8385 4.3456 4.8492
hg 1202.4 1264.6 1319.7 1372.1 1423.8 1475.6 1527.9 1580.9 1689.1 1800.4
-
260.0 245.3 404.44 V 2.0619 2.3289 2.5808 2.8256 3.0663 3.3044 3.5408 4.0097 4.4750
hg , . . , 1262.4 1318.2 1371.1 1423.0 1474.9 1527.3 1580.4 1688.7 1800.1
-
280.0 265.3 411.07 V 1.9037 2.1551 2.3909 2.6194 2.8437 3.0655 3.2855 3.7217 4.1543
hg , . 1260.0 1316.8 1370.0 1422.1 1474.2 1526.8 1579.9 1688.4 1799.8
300.0 285.3 417.35 V 1.7665 2.0044 2.2263 2.4407 2.6509 2.8585 3.0643 3.4721 3.8764
hg ... 1257.7 1315.2 1368.9 1421.3 1473.6 1526.2 1579.4 1688.0 1799.6
320.0 305.3 423.31 V 1.6462 1.8725 2.0823 2.2843 2.4821 2.6774 2.8708 3.2538 3.6332
hg .. 1255.2 1313.7 1367.8 1420.5 1472.9 1525.6 1578.9 1687.6 1799.3
340.0 325.3 428.99 V 1.5399 1.7561 1.9552 2.1463 2.3333 2.5175 2.7000 3.0611 3.4186
hq . , 1252.8 1312.2 1366.7 1419.6 1472.2 1525.0 1578.4 1687.3 1799.0
2.3755 2.548212.8898 3.2279
360.0 I 345.3 434.41 I ~ i i 1.4454
1250.3
1.6525
1310.6
i 1.8421
1365.6
2.0237
1418.7
2.2009
1471.5 i
1542.4. 1577.9 1686.9 1798.8

*Abstracted from ASME Steam Tables (1967) with permission of the publisher, the (eontinued on
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th St reet. New York, N. Y. 10017. the next page)
CRANE APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS Of VALVES, fiTTINGS, AND PIPE A-17

Properties of Superheated Steam - continued

\/ = specifk volume, cubic feet per pound
hq = total heat of steam, Btu per pound

Pressure Sat.
Lbs. per Temp. Total Temperature-Degrees Fahrenheit (t)
Sq. In.
Abs.
pI
Gage
P t
5000 I 600 0 700
0
I 800 0 9000 10000 11000
1200
0

113000
1 1400° 1500°

380.0 365.3 439.61 V 1.3606 1.5598 1.7410 1.9139 I 2.0825 i 2.2484 2.4124 2.5750 2.7366 2.8973 3.0572
hq 1247.7 1309.0 1364.5 1417.9 1470.8 1523.8 1577.4 1631.6 1686.5 1742.2 1798.5
400.0 385.3 444.60 V 1.2841 1.4763 1.6499 1.8151 1.9759 2.1339 2.2901 2.4450 2.5987 2.7515 2.9037
hg 1245.1 1307.4 1363.4 1417.0 1470.1 1523.3 1576.9 1631.2 i 1686.2 1741.9 1798.2
i i
420.0 405.3 449.40 V 1.2148 1.4007 1.5676 1.7258 i 1.8795 2.0304 2.1795 2.3273 2.4739 2.6196 i 2.7647
hg 1242.4 1305.8 1362.3 1416.2 1469.4 1522.7 1576.4 1630.8 1685.8 1741.6 1798.0
440.0 425.3 454.03 V 1.1517 1.3319 1.4926 1.6445 1.7918 1.9363 2.0790 2.2203 2.3605 2.4998 2.6384
hg 1239.7 1304.2 1361.1 1415.3 1468.7 1522.1 1575.9 1630.4 1685.5 1741.2 1797,7
460.0 445.3 458.50 V 1.0939 1.2691 1.4242 1.5703 1.7117 1.8504 1.9872 2.1226 2.2569 2.3903 2.5230
hQ 1236.9 1302.5 1360.0 1414.4 1468.0 1521.5 1575.4 1629.9 1685.1 1740.9 1797.4
-
480.0 465.3 462.82 V 1.0409 1.2115 1.3615 1.5023 1.6384 1.7716 1.9030 2.0330 2.1619 2.2900 2.4173
hQ 1234.1 1300.8 1358.8 1413.6 1467.3 1520.9 1574.9 1629.5 1684.7 1740.6 1797.2
500.0 485.3 467.01 V 0.9919 1.1584 1.3037 1.4397 1.5708 1.6992 1.8256 1.9507 2.0746 2.1977 2.3200
hu 1231.2 1299.1 1357.7 1412.7 1466.6 1520.3 1574.4 1629.1 1684.4 1740.3 1796.9
520.0 505.3 471.07 V 0.9466 1.1094 1.2504 1.3819 1.5085 1.6323 1.7542 1.8746 1.9940 2.1125 2.2302
hQ 1228.3 1297.4 1356.5 1411.8 1465.9 1519.7 1573.9 1628.7 1684.0 1740.0 1796.7
540.0 525.3 475.01 V 0.9045 1.0640 1.2010 1.3284 1.4508 1.5704 1.6880 1.8042 1.9193 2.0336 2.1471
hQ 1225.3 1295.7 1355.3 1410.9 1465.1 1519.1 1573.4 1628.2 1683.6 1739.7 1796.4
560.0 545.3 478.84 V- 0.8653 1.0217 1.1552 1.2787 1.3972 1.5129 1.6266 1.7388 1.8500 1.9603 2.0699
hg 1222.2 1293.9 1354.2 1410.0 1464.4 1518.6 1572.9 1627.8 1683.3 1739.4 1796.1
580.0 565.3 482.57 V 0.8287 0.9824 1.1125 1.2324 1.3473 1.4593 1.5693 1.6780 1.7855 1.8921 1.9980
hu 1219.1 1292.1 1353.0 1409.2 1463.7 1518.0 1572.4 1627.4 1682.9 1739.1 1795.9
-
600.0 585.3 486.20 V 0.7944 0.9456 1.0726 1.1892 1.3008 1.4093 1.5160 1.6211 1.7252 1.8284 1.9309
hg 1215.9 1290.3 1351.8 1408.3 1463.0 1517.4 1571.9 1627.0 1682.6 1738.8 1795.6
650.0 635.3 494.89 V 0.7173 0.8634 0.9835 I 1.0929 1.1969 1.2979 1.3969 1.4944 1.5909 1.6864 1.7813
hq 1207.6 1285.7 1348.7 . 1406.0 1461.2 1515.9 1570.7 1625.9 1681.6 1738.0 1794.9
700.0 685.3 503.08 V 0.7928 0.9072 1.0102 1.1078 1.2023 1.2948 1.3858 1.4757 1.5647 1.6530
hg ... 1281.0 1345.6 1403.7 1459.4 1514.4 1569.4 1624.8 1680.7 1737.2 1794.3
750.0 735.3 510.84 V ·. 0.7313 0.8409 0.9386 1.0306 1.1195 1.2063 1.2916 1.3759 1.4592 1.5419
hQ 1276.1 1342.5 1401.5 1457.6 1512.9 1568.2 1623.8 1679.8 1736.4 1793.6
800.0 785.3 518.21 V- 0.6774 0.7828 0.8759 0.9631 1.0470 1.1289 1.2093 1.2885 1.3669 1.4446
hq 1271.1 1339.3 1399.1 1455.8 1511.4 1566.9 1622.7 1678.9 1735.7 1792.9
850.0 835.3 525.24 V ... 0.6296 0.7315 0.8205 0.9034 0.9830 1.0606 1.1366 1.2115 1.2855 1.3588
hq ·. 1265.9 1336.0 1396.8 1454.0 1510.0 1565.7 1621.6 1678.0 1734.9 1792.3
900.0 885.3 531.95 V 0.5869 0.6858 0.7713 0.8504 0.9262 0.9998 1.0720 1.1430 1.2131 1.2825
hq 1260.6 1332.7 1394.4 1452.2 1508.5 1564.4 1620.6 1677.1 1734.1 1791.6
950.0 935.3 538.39 V 0.5485 0.6449 0.7272 0.8030 0.8753 0.9455 1.0142 1.0817 1.1484 1.2143
hQ · . 1255.1 1329.3 1392.0 1450.3 1507.0 1563.2 1619.5 1676.2 1733.3 1791.0
1000.0 985.3 544.58 V 0.5137 0.6080 0.6875 0.7603 0.8295 0.8966 0.9622 1,0266 1.0901 1.1529
hQ 1249.3 1325.9 1389.6 1448.5 1505.4 1561.9 1618.4 1675.3 1732.5 1790.3
1050.0 1035.3 550.53 V- .. 0.4821 0.5745 0.6515 0.7216 0.7881 0.8524 0.9151 0.9767 1.0373 1.0973
hu 1243.4 1322.4 1387.2 1446.6 1503.9 1560.7 1617.4 1674.4 1731.8 1789.6
1100.0 1085.3 556.28 V- 0.4531 0.5440 0.6188 0.6865 0.7505 0.8121 0.8723 0.9313 0.9894 1.0468
hq 1237.3 1318.8 1384.7 1444.7 1502.4 1559.4 1616.3 1673.5 1731.0 1789.0
1150.0 1135.3 561.82 V- ... 0.4263 0.5162 i 0.5889 0.6544 0.7161 0.7754 0.8332l 0.8899 0.9456 1.0007
. 1230.9 1315.211382.2 1442.8 1500.9 1558.1 1615.2 1672.6 1730.2 1788.3
I hu
I
"
A. APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF flUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Properties of Superheated Steam - concluded

V specific volume, cubic feet per pound
ho total heat of steam, Btu per pound

Pressure Sat.
Lbs. per Temp. Total Temperature-Degrees Fahrenheit (t)
Sq, In.
Abs. Gage
p' P t
6500 700
0
I 7500 800 0 9000 10000 1l00° 12000
I 1

1200.0 1185.3 567.19 V 0.4497 0.4905 0.5273 0.5615 0.6250 0.6845 0.7418 0.7974 0.8519 0.9055 0.9584
no 1271.8 1311.5 1346.9 1379.7 1440.9 1499.4 1556.9 1614.2 1671.6 1729.4 1787.6
-
1300.0 1285.3 577.42 v 0.4052 0.4451 0.4804 0.5129 0.5729 0.6287 0.6822 0.7341 0.7847 0.8345 0.8836
no 1261.9 1303.9 1340.8 1374.6 1437.1 1496.3 1554.3 1612.0 1669.8 1727.9 1786.3
1400.0 1385.3 587.07 V 0.3667 0.4059 0.4400 0.4712 0.5282 0.5809 0.6311 0.6798 0.7272 0.7737 0.8195
no 1251.4 1296.1 1334.5 1369.3 1433.2 1493.2 1551.8 1609.9 1668.0 1726.3 1785.0
1500.0 1485.3 596.20 V 0.3328 0.3717 0.4049 0.4350 0.4894 0.5394 0.5869 0.6327 0.6773 0.7210 0.7639
no 1240.2 1287.9 1328.0 1364.0 1429.2 1490.1 1549.2 1607.7 1666.2 1724.8 1783.7
-
1600.0 1585.3 604.87 V 0.3026 0.3415 0.3741 0.4032 0.4555 0.5031 0.5482 0.5915 0.6336 0.6748 0.7153
no 1228.3 1279.4 1321.4 1358.5 1425.2 1486.9 1546.6 1605.6 1664.3 1723.2 1782.3
1700.0 1685.3 b13.13 V 0.2754 0.3147 0.3468 0.3751 0.4255 0.47ll 0.5140 0.5552 0.5951 0.6341 0.6724
no 1215.3 1270.5 1314.5 1352.9 1421.2 1483.8 1544.0 1603.4 1662.5 1721.7 1781.0
1800.0 1785.3 621.02 V 0.2505 0.2906 0.3223 0.3500 0.3988 0.4426 0.4836 0.5229 0.5609 0.5980 0.6343
no 1201.2 1261.1 1307.4 1347.2 1417.1 1480.6 1541.4 1601.2 1660.7 1720.1 1779.7
1900.0 1885.3 628.56 V 0.2274 0.2687 0.3004 0.3275 0.3749 0.4171 0.4565 0.4940 0.5303 0.5656 0.6002
no 1185.7 1251.3 1300.2 1341.4 1412.9 1477.4 1538.8 1599.1 1658.8 1718.6 1778.4
-
2000.0 1985.3 635.80 V 0.2056 0.2488 0.2805 0.3072 0.3534 0.3942 0.4320 0.4680 0.5027 0.5365 0.5695
no 1168.3 1240.9 1292.6 1335.4 1408.7 1474.1 1536.2 1596.9 1657.0 1717.0 1777.1
2100.0 2085.3 642.76 V 0.1847 0.2304 0.2624 0.2888 0.3339 0.3734 0.4099 0.4445 0.4778 0.5101 0.5418
no 1148.5 1229.8 1284.9 1329.3 1404.4 1470.9 1533.6 1594.7 1655.2 1715.4 1775.7
2200.0 2185.3 649.45 V 0.1636 0.2134 0.2458 0.2720 0.3161 0.3545 0.3897 0.4231 0.4551 0.4862 0.5165
no 1123.9 1218.0 1276.8 1323.1 1400.0 1467.6 1530.9 1592.5 1653.3 1713.9 1774.4
-
2300.0 2285.3 655.89 V 0.1975 0.2305 0.2566 0.2999 0.3372 I 0.3714 0.4035 0.4344 0.4643 0.4935
ng . , 1205.3 1268.4 1316.7 1395.7 1464.2 1528.3 1590.3 1651.5 1712.3 1773.1
2400.0 2385.3 662.11 V , .. 0.1824 0.2164 0.2424 0.2850 0.3214 0.3545 0.3856 0.4155 0.4443 0.4724
no " , 1191.6 1259.7 1310.1 1391.2 1460.9 1525.6 1588.1 1649.6 1710.8 1771.8
2500.0 2485.3 668.11 V ' .. 0.1681 0.2032 0.2293 0.2712 0.3068 0.3390 0.3692 0.3980 0.4259 0.4529
no 1176.7 1250.6 1303.4 1386.7 1457.5 1522.9 1585.9 1647.8 1709.2 1770.4
2600.0 2585.3 673.91 '\7 0.1544 0.1909 0.2171 0.2585 0.2933 0.3247 0.3540 0.3819 0.4088 0.4350
no 1160.2 1241.1 1296.5 1382.1 1454.1 1520.2 1583.7 1646.0 1707.7 1769.1
2700.0 2685.3 679.5~~ V 0.1411 0.1794 0.2058 0.2468 0.2809 0.3114 0.3399 0.3670 0.3931 0.4184
no 1142.0 1231.1 1289.5 1377.5 1450.7 1517.5 1581.5 1644.1 1 1706.1 I 1767.8
~;
2800.0 2785.3 684.96 ... 0.1278 0.1685 0.1952 0.2358 0.2693 0.2991 0.3268 0.3532 0.3785 0.4030
no ... 1121.2 1220.6 1282.2 1372.8 1447.2 1514.8 1579.3 1642.2 1704.5 17b6.5
2900.0 2885.3 690.22 V ... 0.1138 0.1581 1
0.1853 0.2256 0.2585 0.2877 0.3147 0.3403 0.3649 0.3887
no ,. , 1095.3 1209.6 1274.7 1368.0 1443.7 1512.1 1577.0 1640.4 1703.0 1765.2
3000.0 2985.3 695.33 V ... 0.0982 0.1483 0.1759 0.2161 0.2484 0.2770 0.3033 0.3282 0.3522 0.3753
no ... 1060.5 1197.9 1267.0 1363.2 1440.2 1509.4 1574.8 1638.5 1701.4 1763.8
3100.0 3085.3 700.28 V ... 0.1389 0.1671 0.2071 0.2390 0.2670 0.2927 0.3170 0.3403 0.3628
no , .. ., . 1185.4 1259.1 1358.4 1436.7 1506.6 1572.6 1636.7 1699.8 1762.5
-
3200.0 3185.3 705.08 V ,.. . .. 0.1300 0.1588 0.1987 0.2301 0.2576 0.2827 0.3065 0.3291 0.3510
no ... . .. 1172.3 1250.9 1353.4 1433.1 1503.8 1570.3 1634.8 1698.3 1761.2
.
v
~

3300.0 3285.3 .. .. . . .. 0.1213 0.1510 0.1908 0.2218 0.2488 0.2734 0.2966 0.3187 0.3400
no . , 1158.2 1242.5 1348.4 1429.5 1501.0 1568.1 1623.9 1696.7 1759.9
3400.0 3385.3 .. . V ... . .. 0.1129 0.1435 0.1834 0.2140 0.2405 0.2646 0.2872 0.30881 0.3296
no ... .. , 1143.2 1233.7 1343.4 1425.9 1498.3 1565.8 1631.1 1695.1 1758.5
CRANE APPENDIX A- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF flUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE A-19

Properties of Superheated Steam and Compressed Water*

v = specific volume, cubic feet per pound

ho = total heat of steam, Btu per pound

Absolute Total Temperature-Degrees Fahrenheit (t)

Pressure
Lbs. per 7000 10000 i 11 000 13000 1400° 1500"
Sq. In.
--
2000 4000 500 0
I 600°
I
800 0 900 0 12000

3500 V 0.0164 0.0183 0.0199 0.0225 0.0307 0.1364 0.17641 0.2066 0.2326 0.2563 0.2784 0.2995 0.3198
ho 176.0 37,9.1 487.6 608.4 779.4 1224.6 1338.2 1422.2 1495.5 1563.6 1629.2 1693.6 1757.2
3600 V 0.0164 0.0183 0.0198 0.0225 0.0302 0.1296 0.1697 0.1996 0.2252 0.2485 0.2702 0.2908 0.3106
hq 176.3 379.3 487.6 608.1 775.1 1215.3 1333.0 1418.6 1492.6 1561.3 1627.3 1692.0 1755.9
-
3800 V 0.0164 0.0183 0.0198 0.0224 0.0294 0.1169 0.1574 0.1868 0.2116 0.2340 0.2549 0.2746 0.2936
ho 176.7 379.5 487.7 607.5 768.4 1195.5 1322.4 1411.2 1487.0 1556.8 1623.6 1688.9 1753.2
-
4000 V 0.0164 0.0182 0.0198 0.0223 0.0287 0.1052 0.1463 0.1752 0.1994 0.2210 0.2411 0.2601 0.2783
hq 177.2 379.8 487.7 606.9 763.0 1174.3 1311.6 1403.6 1481.3 1552.2 1619.8 1685.7 1750.6
-
4200 V 0.0164 0.0182 0.0197 0.0222 0.0282 0.0945 0.1362 0.1647 0.1883 0.2093 0.2287 0.2470 0.2645
hq 177.6 380.1 487.8 606.4 758.6 1151.6 1300.4 1396.0 1475.5 1547.6 1616.1 1682.6 1748.0
4400 V 0.0164 0.0182 0.0197 0.0222 0.0278 0.0846 0.1270 0.1552 0.1782 0.1986 0.2174 0.2351 0.2519
hg 178.1 380.4 487.9 605.9 754.8 1127.3 1289.0 1388.3 1469.7 1543.0 1612.3 1679.4 1745.3
-
4600 V 0.0164 0.0182 0.0197 0.0221 0.0274 0.0751 0.1186 0.1465 0.1691 0.1889 0.2071 0.2242 0.2404
hq 178.5 380.7 487.9 605.5 751.5 1100.0 1277.2 1380.5 1463.9 1538.4 1608.5 1676.3 1742.7
4800 V 0.0164 0.0182 0.0196 0.0220 0.0271 0.0665 0.1109 0.1385 0.1606 0.1800 0.1977 0.2142 0.2299
hg 179.0 380.9 488.0 605.0 748.6 1071.2 1265.2 1372.6 1458.0 1533.8 1604.7 1673.1 1740.0
5200 V 0.0164 0.0181 0.0196 0.0219 0.0265 0.0531 0.0973 0.1244 0.1458 0.1642 0.1810 0.1966 0.2114
hg 179.9 381.5 488.2 604.3 743.7 1016.9 1240.4 1356.6 1446.2 1524.5 1597.2 1666.8 1734.7
5600 V 0.0163 0.0181 0.0195 0.0217 0.0260 0.0447 0.0856 0.1124 0.1331 0.1508 0.1667 0.1815 0.1954
ho 180.8 382.1 488.4 603.6 739.6 975.0 1214.8 1340.2 1434.3 1515.2 1589.6 1660.5 1729.5
6000 V 0.0163 0.0180 0.0195 0.0216 0.0256 0.0397 0.0757 0.1020 0.1221 0.1391 0.1544 0.1684 0.1817
hg 181.7 382.7 488.6 602.9 736.1 945.1 1188.8 1323.6 1422.3 1505.9 1582.0 1654.2 1724.2
6500 V 0.0163 0.0180 0.0194 0.0215 0.0252 0.0358 0.0655 0.0909 0.1104 0.1266 0.1411 0.1544 0.1669
hg 182.9 383.4 488.9 602.3 732.4 919.5 1156.3 1302.7. 1407.3 1494.2 1572.5 1646.4 1717.6
7000 V 0.0163 0.0180 0.0193 0.0213 0.0248 0.0334 0.0573 0.0816 0.1004 0.1160 0.1298 0.1424 0.1542
h9 i 184.0 384.2 489.3 601.7 729.3 901.8 1124.9 1281.7 1392.2 1482.6 1563.1 1638.6 1711.1
-
7500 V 0.0163 0.0179 0.0193 0.0212 0.0245 0.0318 0.0512 0.0737 0.0918 0.1068 0.1200 0.1321 0.1433
hg 185.2 384.9 489.6 601.3 726.6 889.0 1097.7 1261.0 1377.2 1471.0 1553.7 1630.8 1704.6
8000 V 0.0162 0.0179 0.0192 0.0211 0.0242 0.0306 0.0465 0.0671 0.0845 0.0989 0.1115 0.1230 0.1338
hg 186.3 385.7 490.0 600.9 724.3 879.1 1074.3 1241.0 1362.2 1459.6 1544.5 1623.1 1698.1
9000 V 0.0162 0.0178 0.0191 0.0209 0.0237 0.0288 0.0402 0.0568 0.0724 0.0858 0.0975 0.1081 0.1179
hq 188.6 387.3 490.9 600.3 720.4 864.7 1037.6 1204.1 1333.0 1437.1 1526.3 1607.9 1685.3
10000 V 0.0161 0.0177 0.0189 0.0207 0.0233 0.0276 0.0362 0.0495 0.0633 0.0757 0.0865 0.0963 0.1054
hg 190.9 388.9 491.8 600.0 717.5 854.5 1011.3 1172.6 1305.3 1415.3 1508.6 1593.1 1672.8
11000 V 0.0161 0.0176 0.0188 0.0205 0.0229 0.0267 0.0335 0.0443 0.0562 0.0676 0.0776 0.0868 0.0952
hq 193.2 390.5 492.8 599.9 715.1 846.9 992.1 1146.3 1280.2 1394.4 1491.5 1578.7 1660.6
12000 V 0.0161 0.0176 0.0187 0.0203 0.0226 0.0260 0.0317 0.0405 0.0508 0.0610 0.0704 0.0790 0.0869
hg 195.5 392.1 493.9 599.9 713.3 841.0 977.8 1124.5 1258.0 1374.7 1475.1 1564.9 1648.8
13000 V 0.0160 0.0175 0.0186 0.0201 0.0223 0.0253 0.0302 0.0376 0.0466 0.0558 0.0645 0.0725 0.0799
ho 197.8 393.8 495.0 600.1 711.9 836.3 966.8 1106.7 1238.5 1356.5 1459.4 1551.6 1637.4
-
14000 V 0.0160 0.0174 0.0185 0.0200 0.0220. 0.0248 0.0291 0.0354 0.0432 0.0515 0.0595 0.0670 0.0740
hg 200.1 395.5 496.2 600.5 710.8 832.6 958.0 1092.3 1221.4 1340.2 1444.4 1538.8 1626.5
15000 V 0.0159 0.0174 0.0184 0.0198 0.0218 0.0244 0.0282 0.0337 0.0405 0.0479 0.0552 0.0624 0.0690
hg 202.4 397.2 497.4 600.9 710.0 829.5 950.9 1080.6 1206.8 1326.0 1430.3 1526.4 1615.9
15500 V 0.0159 0.0173 0.0184 0.0198 0.0217 0.0242! 0.0278 0.0329 0.0393 0.0464 0.0534 0.0603 0.0668
hg 203.6 i 398.1 498.1 601.2 709.7 828.2 947.8 1075.7. 1200.3 1319.6 1423.6 1520.4 1610.8

*Abstracted from ASME Steam Tables (1967) with permission of the publisher, The
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York. N.Y. 10017
A-20 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Flow Coefficient C for Nozzles'

1.2Q

LIB
I
LI6

Ll4

U2

LID:

oi

Flow_

Cd
C
VI-{:J4

Example: The flow coeffi-

cient C for a diameter ratio
of 0.60 at a Reynolds
{:J
number of 20,000 (2 X 104)
equals 1. 03 .

Flow Coefficient C for Square-Edge Orifices 9 ,17

c

It, - Reynolds Number based on d 2.

Flow_

I - {:J2
Korifice"""'" C2{:J4
D.641--+-l-+++

H.., - ReynQlds Number based on d 2

CRANE APPENDIX A- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE A-21

Net Expansion Factor, Y Critical Pressure Ratio, rc .

For Compressible Flow through For Compressible Flow through
Nozzles a nd Orifices!! Nozzles and Venturi Tubes!!

Ie = 1.3 approximately .64

......
(for CO 2 , 502 , H 20, H 2S, NH s, NzO, Oz, CH 4, C 2H z, and CZH4J
.........
10
"'" ..........
.........
i'-- r-.... ~ "",~'r", f3. .
0.95 ..........
.. _JiO
~ I
............
Q.

"'"
''''
Q.
If .18 .........
~
......... ........
...........
-
J".. ............
......... r-....
-~ r---...

~I
I
"'<
/~

/'~
..........
...... ......... r-....
...............
"'"
R: ~,
............. r........ .m

~ '<
,
.............
i'-. ...
~ ..........
I ~ t;::: ......... I'< ....--- <w
.54 .......
0.75 J---+--+--..,..1E~~,ld---+------l
Nozzle 01 • ~~ :::...... V ~."
Venturi Meter
fl=0.2 I ~~
v __
I
i<-"
0.1Il I---t-:: ~.~ ~~~+-~-"d-->n;"'-+------l .52
=0.1 I
=0.75 ,.25 1.31 1,4

0.65 J - - - + - - + - - - I - - - f ' - - - + - - - - j

0.60 I....L..l...L.J....I....I...J...J..J....J...J......L.JL....J.....J....L...L...I....J....J....I-1-.J....I....J..J......L.J..J.....J

o 0.2 0.4 0.6

b:.P
Pressure Ratio

Ie 1.4 approximately
(for Air, Hz, Oz. N 2 • CO, NO. and HO)
1.0

0.95 1--~......... !iIIIoo::+---+---+---!----!

0.90 I----+W~+_--"~~,.;:--t---t---t
Square Edge Orifice
.B [l = 0.2
u =0.5
~ 085 I---+-....;-\:-"~-+--~.....,.~~-;;;>'"""-.\./ =0.6
0.1
c:: 0.75
.2
~ 0.80 I----t---+-~~~--+---t--"'........o:-I
'"x
Q.

L.U
0.75 f----+--
i-

0.10 J---+--+------l--'on-~~+_----t

0.65 r---I----+------l---/---+----f

0.2 0.4 0.6

b:.P
Pressure Ratio pI
I
A-22 APPENDIX A- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Net Expansion Factor Y for Compressible Flow

Through Pipe to a Larger Flow Area

k 1.3
(k =;'H)[\rflX

1.0 Limiting Factors

I~ "-
I
I I I I
I I I

'""" I For Sonic Velocity

0.95 I I i I :
Ie = 1.3
'\ ~~ I I I [
I
0.90 I
~
f\.~ ~ ~ ~
i
I I I 6.P

.~ ~.~ ~ ~ ~
I
I I II I
I
K --
P'I
Y
t'-.... !
0.85

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ::::-......
I
I
~ ~ \..~ ~ ~ I
i
I

I
1.2
1.5
.525
.550
.612
.631
0.80 .593
~
2.0 .635

~~ ~::::~ ~ ~
"-"- 1
~ ~~~
Y
0.75
I ,
I
3 .642 .658
1 ""r'R~~~
:~ ~ ~~
4 .678 .670
I ~ ~ ~.,.~~, - I 1'- "'0.,. I
\\'-
6 .722 .685
0.70 . \\. \' \\-

I '\~ I\.~ "'" ~

"'-0 i"o.,. I'"\\ \\1'0 ~"[ tb -00 8 .750 .698

0.65 I r--.
'\ '\ "Q
,\ Q>
2'\'_6''':'0.
(,\ I~o 1'0 I
Vo
I
10
15
.773
.807
.705
.718

0.60
I
I ~ .,. t
f--"
i "i'o!
';0'
. 20 .831 .718
I \\ ?
?'O' ,
I 40 .877 .718

0.55 ::----i--- I I !'~ r i I

100 .920 .718
o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
I:::.P
P{

k = 1.4
(k = approximately 1.4 for Air, Hz, O 2 , N z, CO, NO, and l'-!Cl)
I,D ~r--r--T-"':-T-r--T~-r-,;,-,-:~,:,-:::,:",,~,,:,;==,,:,:,::,~.,--...,..----, Limiting Factors
For Sonic Velocity
Ie = 1.4

6.P
K Y
P't
1.2 .552 .588
1.5 .576 .606
2.0 .612 .622
3 .662 .639
4 .697 .649
6 .737 .671
8 .762 .685
10 .784 .695
15 .818 .702
20 .839 .710
40 .883 .710
100 .926 .710
CRANE APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE

Relative Roughness of Pipe Materials and Friction Factors

18
For Complete Turbulence

.00002 ..... ~.009

~-4--+-+-~I'~~~rr~r+~---+--~~-r~+-r+4Hr~r"~~v+--+-+~~
~,
.00001 ~~=t::t::~:t:t+~itI~,·~~;:==+::.~t:::
...
ffi+-t-++++-w="
.000008 f----i--+--+-+-+........t-+-+-+'"...".o;:+--+--+-
~~
--t=:~~~t::j
008 .-
•000006 I---+-I--+-+-+-t-H-t-++-tl
1 .......~
<?'~oO;--+---i--lI""'+-
Ir-++t-++-
':c--+--t--'--+-+-+++-t-t-
.....
"-
tlres I
.000005 1 2 3 4 5 £ 8 10 20 30 40 5060 80 100 200 300
Pipe Diameter, in Inches d

l)lltu extracted /,'ric/wn Problem; Determine absolute and relative roughness, and friction fac-
Faclors Jor Pipe bv L.F. tor, for fully turbulent flow in lo-inch cast Iron pipe (1.0. = 10.16/1).
l'v10od:;, with pcrmi,s!(m 01 the
publisher, The ;\merican ::;oci~ Solution: Absolute roughness (E) 0.00085 ..... Relative roughness
ctv 01 ~vlcchanical Engineers, (f/D) = 0.001. " .. Friction factor at fully turbulent flow (f) = o.olq6.
 VALUES OF (lid) FOR WATER AT 60· F (VELOCITY IN Fl./SEC. X DIAMETER IN INCHES)

•
",,,,"'#
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0 4 6 8 20 an 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 .... <f "," ..
o§>'"
' fo' 10'

'"'-~
0.1

~
I I I - ru .Of 1
.09

•
;Ri I I
.08 'MI~A~
I_~r
I ".
....
Fi ....
rtf
'Z~I • ET~ Tl,IR~U R('~ HPIIES
m
os Z
.07

.06
... ~
'.
---

ttttlt ±tilli:t .04

.."
::!•
1:7
)(
".

...:z:I
.03 til
:::r. -<
VI

.05 \
.-l
\ -
.02
0
:::I
.."
.....
n".

atil
.01

-... ...3,.

•
-N
r-_~,-
m
.04 !"-oo
0 ::!

-
~ .0 1
.....
E
m
VI
"- .0 08
VI
~
f
Friction .03
IIIiI
"" .....
!"-...
~
.006
Relative
...0 ....
."

c:
0
l>

•
Factor ,004 Roughness
:::I
VI
".

~ '< z
~ 1:7
.025
.002 =D -t
'<
."

-
"U ~

-
...... !"-oo .... CD n
.02 :z:
........ .0 01
0008
0 ,.
".
~ ".
n....
~ :--.. ...
.0 006 n ,.m
""'II~ :""'1'-0. 0
.0 004 ii>
....
~)o. ~~ 3
.015 .,e,., n
<-;
I'
. r--
.... .0 002
3
CD
VI
0."

......... -l"'- "

.0 001 o.a <

".

E ... ...... :;:m

~ i'~
~

.0 I
~~ .0 0005
::! ."
::;

f~r 4 -
"U ::!
CD .... Z

~
.009 "III 00
0
~
~ ~ .00001 ".
.OOB
10' 2 3 4 5 , 4ttitlO' 2 3 4 5 6 "10' 56 ij 107
.!...
,. 2 56
.!. = .000,005
)8
Z
1:7
~
Dv D
."
m
Re - Reynolds Number D

Problem:
Determine the friction factor for iO-inch cast iron
fat othet fotms of the R, equation, see page 3·2.

Solution: The relative roughness (see page A-I3) is ,.n

lIQ

Z
pipe (10.16" I .D.) at a Reynolds number flow of 30 ,000. 0.00 I. Then, the friction factor (J) equals 0.026.
m

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) )

n
VALUES OF (vd) FOR WATER AT 60· F (VELOCITY IN FT./SEC. X DIAMETER IN INCHES) :a
'1.<1' )-
Z
m

»
....
....m
Z
CJ

..
."
X
»

-
I
,," ....
Nominal :I:
-<
+-++-lH-l++1H-l-++i Inside Pipe
+-++-lH-l-++lI-l-l-Hi Diameter, Size, c;" '"
n
::::I ~
H*,;m;J;1fn~fE;J;1mffmt;;;t;f~;t!m ~nChes
.20 .~
Inches
II8 ." ....

.-
12 '"0
;::
r+~~HH+r-r~HH+H~~~-+~+H++~O .25 1\
~~~~H+-+~+++H~~~~~H+~~O .30 :;;.;.- II4 0 '"m~
f
Friction
Factor =
~~~~~~~~#=~~~~O .40
~~~~~~-H~~##=*4*~~~~~~~0 .50
3/8
II2
3/4
-..
CIt

0
n
'"
~
.-
."

c:
CJ
.75 1
i'" '"
»
0 12 zCJ
I~
::::I ."
1 6
5
.- 2 n ~
2V, 0 n
~~ 3 :I:
»
4
5
I)
8
.o·
3
CD
1\
'"
»
n
;ri
'"
'"n....

~ggg6~l~
o 0

Schedule Number
0 0
!~
14
-
CA
CD
CD
'"
~
<
»
<:
m
::! ~
."

.01 Httt--t-+++tt+H+HH--+-l-H+H++H-H~1- "

CD ....
00
:::;
~
z
0
~
.009
103 2 3 4 5 6 810 4 2 3 4 5 6 8 105 2 3 4 5 6 8106 2 3 4 56 8107 2 3 4 5 6 8 108 »
z
0

For other forms of the R. equation, see poge 3-2.

...
Re - Reynolds Number = p.. ~

Problem: Determine the friction factor for 12-inch Sched- Solution:

ule 40 pipe at a flow having a Reynolds number of 300 ,000. The friction factor (f) equals 0.016.
A-26 APPENDIX A- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF flUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

UK" FACTOR TABLE-SHEET 1 of 4

Representative Resistance Coefficients (K) for Valves and Fittings
(UK" ;s based on use of schedule pipe as listed on page 2- 10)

PIPE FRICTION DATA FOR CLEAN COMMERCIAL STEEL PIPE

WITH FLOW IN ZONE OF COMPLETE TURBULENCE

Nominal Size Vl" %" 1" 11,4" 1 Y2" 2" ;:p:v" 3" i 4" 5" 6" 8-10" 12-16" 18-24,,1
Friction
---..tactor (fr)
.027 .025 .023 .022 .021 .0 19 .0 18 l.O 17 .016 .015 .014 .013 .012 I

FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING uK" FACTORS·

FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS WITH REDUCED PORT
(Ref: Pages 2-11 and 3-4)

• Formula 1 • Formula 6

0.8 ~in-!1 (I - f32) 1<2 =

1<1 -l- Formu Ia 2 + Formula 4
1<2 = 2
f34 f34

• Formula 2

1<2 =
0·5 (I - (32)
~..
VSin: =
1<1
(34 • Formula 7

(3 (Formula 2 + Formula 4) when()= 180

0

1<1 (3 [0, 5 (I - (32) + (I - f32) 2]

1<2=------------~-----------
• Formula 4

• Formula 5

1<2 = ~1 + Formula I + Formula 3

Subscript I defines dimensions
and coefficients with reference to
the smaller diameter.
Subscript 2 refers to the larger
diameter.
• Use UK" furnished by valve or fitting supplier when available.

SUDDEN AND GRADUAL CONTRACTION SUDDEN AND GRADUAL ENLARGEMENT

~
f ? 1,- III ,

-- \e
/
I
/

I , I
, a,
/

a, d
i2 e d,
I
I 3, "1 I \
! d, d, I a,
\
I
) I \ I
?

G ~S
6 /
I / ! \
" ,/
J
C ?

If: () <' 45° ... , , ... 1<2 = Formula I If: 8 45°,·,,·," .1<2 Formula 3
45° < 8 <: 180° .. ,1<2 Formula 2 45° < () <' 180 0
, , ,1<2 = Formula 4
 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE A-27

"K" FACTOR TABLE-SHEET 2 of 4

Representative Resistance Coefficients (K) for Valves and Fitti.,gs
(for formulas and friction data, See page A-26J
(UK" is based on use of schedule pipe as listed on page 2-10)

GATE VALVES SWING CHECK VALVES

Wedge Disc, Double Disc, or Plug Type

K 100 fr
Minimum pipe velocity Minimum pipe
If:{3 1,0=0.
for full disc lift Cfps) for full disc lift
I''''''~

{3 < 1 and 0 <: 45°··· .K2 ~ Formula 5 35 v V I~····

60 V V except
(3 < 1 and 45° < 0'< 180 0 . . K2 Formula 6 U IL Iiste~ = 100 vV
LIFT CHECK VALVES
GLOBE AND ANGLE V ALVES

If: {3600fT I .. KJ
{3 <
Formula 7
I .. . K2 ~
Minimum pipe velocity (fps) for full elise lift
~ 46 {32 vV'

~
id"
1..-"""........- ~ a, :
If: {3 55 fr
Formula 7
{3 < I .
I. KJ =

~
If {3 IKJ 55fT Minimum pipe velocity (fps2Jor full disc lift
~ 140 {32 vV'

TILTING DISC CHECK VALVES

If: {3 Sizes 1, to 8".. K

Sizes 10 to 14" ... K
Sizes 16 to 48" ... K
All globe and angle valves,
whether reduced seat or throttled. Minimum pipe velocity /-=-

If: {3 < I . . . K2 Formula 7

(fps) for full disc lift = 80 V V 30 VV
A·28 APPENDIX A PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

UK" FACTOR TABLE-SHEET 3 of 4

Representative Resistance Coefficients (K) for Valves and Fittings
(for formula. and friction data, see page A-26)

(UK" is based on lise of scheduled pipe as listed on page 2- 10)

STOP·CHECK VALVES FOOT VALVES WITH STRAINER

(Globe and Angle Types)
Poppet Disc Hinged Disc

t--d-:l

If: If:
{3 = 1 . . . Kl - 400 fr {3 I ,. Kl = 200 fT
{3 < I .. :K2 Formula 7 {3 < I .. . K2 = Formula 7
Minimum pipe velocity Minimum pipe velocity
Minimum pipe velocity Minimum pipe velocity (fps) for full disc lift (fps) for full disc lift
for full disc lift for full disc lift = 15 VV =J5
- 55 {32VV = 75 {32 VV

BALL VALVES

If: rf:
{3 = I ... Kl = JOofT {3 = I .. ,Kl 35 0 fT
{3 < I .. . K2 = Formula 7 {3 < I . , . K2 = Formula 7
If: {3 = I, 0 0., ... , . . . . . . . . Kl = 3 fr
Minimum pipe velocity (fps) for full disc lift /1 < 1 and 0 <' 45° .... , .... K2 = Formula 5
= 60 {32 VV {3 < I and 45° < 0 <: 180°. , .K2 = Formula 6

BUnERFLY VALVES

If: If:
{3 = I ... Kl 55 fT f3- I. .. Kl = 55fT
f3 < I .. . K2 Formula 7 f3 < I .. . K2
= Formula 7

Sizes 2 to 8" .. , K = 45 /T
Minimum pipe velocity (fps) for full disc lift
Sizes 10 to 14" ... K = J5 fr
= 140 /1 2 VV Sizes 16 to 24" . .. K - 25 IT
 CRANE APPENDIX A- PHYSICAL PROPERTI~S OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VAlV~S, FITTINGS, AND PIPE A·29

UK" FACTOR TABLE-SHEET 4 of 4

Representative Resistance Coefficients (K) for Valves and Fittings
(for formulas and friction doto, see poge A-26)
("K" ;s based on use of schedule pipe as lis led on page 2- 10)

PLUG VALVES AND COCKS STANDARD ELBOWS

Straight-Way 3-Way 90· 45°

[~J
GJ
View X-X d,
@ 0
If: {3 I,
KI = 18 fT
ClJcBJ
If: {3
Kl = JofT
= I,
Kl
If:
K 30 fT K 16fT

STANDARD TEES
If: {3 < I .. . K2 = Formula 6

MITRE BENDS

0( K
O· 2 fr Flow thru run .. :.,. ,K = 20fT
15° 4 {r
Flow thru branch, ... K 60 fT
30· 8 {r
45° 15 {r
60· 25 {r
75° 40 {r
90°
~-
60 fr

PIPE ENTRANCE
90° PIPE BENDS AND
FLANGED OR BUTT-WELDING 90· ELBOWS
Inward Flush
rid K rid K Projecting
1 20 {r rid K
8 24 IT
1.5 14 {r 10 30 {T 0.00* 0.5
2 12 £T 12 i 34 {T 0.02 0.28
3 , 12 {r 0.04 0.24
14 138 fT 1
4 i 14 {r 16 42 fr 0.06 . 0.15
I 6 i 17 (r 20 50 IT • 0.10
1
0 . 15 & up
I
0.Q9
0.04
The resistance coefficient, K n , for pipe bends other *Shorp.edged
than '10. may be determined as follows: K = 078 For K,
see table
J(B=(n-l) (0.2 5 7rfrJ. 0.5K)+K
,--. n number of 90 0 bends
K = resistance coefficient for one 90° bend (per table)
PIPE EXIT
Projecting Sharp-Edged Rounded
CLOSE PATTERN RETURN BENDS

~ ~
~..
K = 1.0
----1
K 1.0 K 1.0
A-30 APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Equivalent Lengths Land L/D and Resistance Coefficient K

LID L d
10000
8000 50
6000
5000 III
Q.)
.r; 40
4000 u
000 -=,:
2000 <Ii
N
30
c;:;
Q.)
Q.

0:: 24
..,.
Q

20
.!!
:::J
"0
c: Q.)
.r;
.r;- u
c.o?
bo
c: 7il
Q.) c:
...J '5
0
C
Q.) z
200 7il
> 10
'S
c:r
I..LJ 9
100 I
8
....:j
80 7
III
Q.)
.r;
60 u
50 6 ,: -=
40 Q.)-
Q.
30 5 a..
'+-
0

4 .E:l
Q.)
E
<0
Q
3 Q.)
-c
'Vi

~
-=
I
~

2 2

2 lYl
1~

1.0
0.9
3/4 0.8
0.7
li2 0.6

% 0.5
0.1

SIZE, INCHES
Solution
Problem: Find the equivalent length in pipe
diameters and feet of Schedule 40
meretal steel pipe, and the resistance
for 1, 5, and 12-inch fully-opencd
with flow in zone of complete
CRANE APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF flUIDS AND flOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS. AND PIPE A·31

Equivalents of Resistance Coefficient K

And Flow Coefficient Cv

K CV d
0.1 891 d 4 60,000
K 50,000 24
C; 24
40,000
30,000 20
0.15 2
20
29.9 d
Cv = 20,000 18
"K 15 16
0.2
10,000 14
8000 12
0.3 6000
5000 10 10
4000 9
0.4
3000 8 8
0.5
2000 7
0.6 <Il
<l.>
§.. 6 .c:
OJ ~ ....
u
.5
1000 .... .c
0.8 1: 800 ............ u
c:: 5 5 c::
(I.l
0.9 'u ......
<l.>~
GOO ............ c::
c..
1.0 iE 500 _
<l.>
0 ......
.... c:: <Ii 4
c.. 4 0:
() ...... 400 <l.>
0:
0
...... ......
--=
~
<l.> '0' 3~
u 300 <l.>
............. '0
§
-
::::I
1.5 ....... <l.>
Q:; -c
VI
...... ...... 200
0
() 3 3 <l.>
.c:
'iii ....... <l.> u
<l.> ....... :: E
ro c.n
2 0::::
.......
....... 0
<l.>
I lJ.. c:::I 2~ N

~ ...... ....... 100 I <l.> c;;

....... :2
.............. 80 ro
.......
<Il
c:: 2 c::
3 ....... 2 'e0
.......
......
....... ~
z
4 ...... ...... 1~
...... ...... 1.5
.......... l~
5 20
6 Problem: Find the flow coefficient Cv for a
7 6-inch Class 125 cast iron globe valve with 1.0 1-
full area seat. 10
8 .9
9 Solution:
.8 3/4
10 K = 340/T .... ,. . . . . . . . . . . . .. page A-27
/T 0.015 ..... ..... " ..... . .. page A-26 .7
K 340 X 0.15 = 5.1 1/2
15 Cv 490 ...... ... . .. dotted lines on chart .6
2
.5 3/8
20

24 .4
A·32 APPENDIX A-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF flUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE

Types of Valves
(For other valve types, see page 3-26)

Wedge Gale Valve High Performance Butterfly Valve

(Bolted Bonnet) Flexible Wedge Gale Valve
(Pressure-Seal Bonnel)

Ball Valves

Tilling Disc Check Valve

Butterfly Wafer Valve

Fool Valves Three-Way Cock

Poppel ond Hinged Types Sedional and Outside Views
 8·1

Engineering Data

APPENDIX B

Flow problems are encountered in many fields of

engineering; therefore, a wide choice of terminology
prevails. Terms most widely accepted in the fluid
dynamics field have been employed in this paper.
In the event problems are expressed in units other
than used in this paper, tables and nomographs are
provided for conversion.

Other useful engineering data are presented to pro-

vide direct solutions to frequently recurring factors
appearing in flow formulas, as well as complete
solutions to water and air flow pressure drop
problems.
B-2 APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

Equivalent Volume and Weight

Flow Rates of Compressible Fluids

g~ g'm gh Sg
W
1000 60,000 2.7
800 10,000
1000 8000 2.5
40,000
- 600
800- 6000
30,000 5000 W = 4.58 q'm Sg
600- 400 4000
20,000 W= Pa q' h Sg
3000
400- 300 W= 0.0764 q' h Sg 2.0
2000 W= J 180 q'd Sg
300- 200
where:
10,000
200- Pa = weight density of air at
8000 1000 standard conditions
100 6000 800 (14.7 psia and 60 F)
80 600
100 500 1.5
- fA 4000
fA
<:: 80- :3 60 fA
<::
400
~
0
- :0
<::
3000 :,g 300
"0
<:: 60- 840 'E
0
c..:> - -e 2000
0
c..:> 200
-ero
"t:I 40-
.g 30 -e
ro ::;
<:: '"
- r:;;
"t:I
<::
0
::I:
en'" '"
r:;;
1U
>.
30- :; 20
- :::>
c: 1[00 ::;
-ro 100
80
~
0.
tJ)
"0

-
<::
'"
Cl
20-
:E - 0
::I:_
:::>
0
.i:::'
~
- ~ 800 60 a.. .:;:
~

0.
10
0.
ii 50-'0 __tJ) ___
ro 1.
600 10 t3
'"
1.1...
<..>
:c
W-:g
<..>
If
<..>
40 ~

~
- __
- -- -- -- -- ~
<..>
=>
c..:> _ c..:>
8-- '0 6
400 :g
c..:>
30 0
.c:
I-
-- --- - - '"
0.
en
0.9
'0
_.-
r-'.
'0 .!::
'" 300 20
--~"" 0
c: - tJ)
"t:I fA ".-
.S: c "8 0
6- '"
:::> 4
tJ) ro [J:
:E - 0
tJ)
=>
'0
.!:: ..c
I- 200 0
.c:
".- 4- c 3 I- 10
.:
0
[J:
'0 3- [J: 2
".-
0
8 "*
0:::
I 0.7
6 ~
.l!:l
'"
0:::
- '0
2- .l!:l
100
80
-Q 5
4
I
- '"I
0:::

- _~ 1.0 60
"*
0:::
I 3 0.6
;:;,-
0.8
-"'0<" 2
40
0.6
0.8 30 0.5
1.0
0.6- 0.4 0.8
20
0.3 0.6
0.4-
0.5
0.3- 0.4
0.2
0.4
10 0.3 Problem: What is the rate of flow in
0.2- 8 pounds per hour of a gas, which has a
0.2' specific gravity of 0.78, and is flowing at
the rate of 1,000,000 cubic feet per hour
0.1 6 at standard conditions? 0.3
.08
0.1 0.1 Solution: W = 60,000 pounds per hour
4
CRANE APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA 8·3
.~------------------~--~~

Equivalents of Absolute (Dynamic) Viscosity

TO OBTAIN
\WLTIPLY
- Centipoise Poise
~ [
-tPound~
Ft Sec
Gram ·Pound, Sec Poundal Sec
BY CmSec Ft 2 Ft 2
1
~
Dyne Sec
Cm z
()J.) (100 )J.) ()J.' .) ()J.e)

rP'Tltipoisp' f',., 1 0.01 2.09 (10- 5) 6.72 (10-4)

Poise
Gram
CmSec (100 )J.) 100 1 2.09 (10- 3 ) 0.0672
Dyne Sec
Cm2

Slugs
Ftsec
()J.' ,) 47900 479 1 g or 32.2
'Pound, Sec
Ft%
-[
tpoundm
Ft Sec
.l
Poundal Sec
(1-'.) 1487 14.87
I g
or .0311 1
Ft 2
i I
*Pound,= pound of Force tPound m= Pound of Mas~

To convert absolute or dynamic viscosity from one
set of units to another, locate the given set of units
in the left hand column and multiply the numerical
value by the factor shown horizontally to the right
under the set of units desired.
As an example, suppose a given absolute viscosity of
2 poise is to be converted to slugs/foot second. By
referring to the table, we find the conversion factor
to be 2.09 (10- 3). Then, 2 (poise) times 2.09 (10- 3)
4.18 (10- 3) 0,00418 slugs/foot second.

Equivalents of Kinematic Viscosity

TO OBTAIN---""
: Ft 2
Centistokes Stokes
Sec
MULTIPLY Cm 2

i ~
'-......
(v)
Sec
(100 v) (v')

Centistokes 1 0.01 1.076 (10-5)

Stokes
Cm 2 (100 ") 100 1 1.076 (10-3 )
Sec

Ft2
(v') 92900 929 1
Sec

To convert kinematic viscosity from one set of units
to another, locate the given set of units in the left
hand column and multiply the numerical value by
the factor shown horizontally to the right, under
the set of units desired.
As an example. suppose a given kinematic viscosity
of 0.5 square foot/second is to be converted to centi-
stokes. By referring to the table, we, find the con-
version factor to be 92,900. Then, 0.5 (sq ft/sec)
times g2,gOO = 46,450 centistokes.

for conversion from kinematic to absolute viscosity, see page B·5.

1·4 APPENDIX 8- ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

Equivalents of Kinematic Equivalents of Kinematic

anJ Saybolt Universal Viscosity and Saybolt Furol Viscosity
Kinematic Equivalent Saybolt Kinematic
Viscosity, Universal Viscosity, Sec Viscosity,
Centistokes At 100 F At 210 F Centistokes At 122 F At 210 F
v Basic Values v

1.83 32.01 32.23 48 25.3

2.0 32.62 32.85 50 26.1 25.2
4.0 39.14 39.41 60 30.6 29.8
70 35.1 34.4
6.0 45.56 45.88 39.6 39.0
8.0 52.09 52.45 80
90 44.1 43.7
10.0 58.91 59.32
15.0 77.39 77.93 100 48.6 48.3
20.0 97.77 98.45 125 60.1 60.1
150 71.7 71.8
25.0 119.3 120.1 175 83.8 83.7
30.0 141.3 142.3
35.0 163.7 164.9 200 95.0 95.6
40.0 186.3 187.6 225 106.7 107.5
45.0 209.1 210.5 250 118.4 119.4
275 130.1 131.4
50.0 232.1 233.8
55.0 255.2 257.0 300 141.8 143.5
60.0 278.3 280.2 325 153.6 155.5
65.0 301.4 303.5 350 165.3 167.6
70.0 324.4 326.7 375 177.0 179.7
400 188.8 191.8
75.0 347.6 350.0 200.6 204.0
80.0 370.8 373.4 425
450 212.4 216.1
85.0 393.9 396.7 224.1 228.3
90.0 417.1 420.0 475
95.0 440.3 443.4 500 235.9 240.5
525 247.7 252.8
100.0 463.5 466.7 550 259.5 265.0
120.0 556.2 560.1 575 271.3 277.2
140.0 648.9 653.4
160.0 741.6 600 283.1 289.5
180.0 834.2 625 294.9 301.8
650 306.7 314.1
200.0 926.9 675 318.4 326.4
220.0 1019.6
240.0 1112.3 700 330.2 338.7
260.0 1205.0 725 342.0 351.0
280.0 1297.7 750 353.8 363.4
775 365.5 375.7
300.0 1390.4 388.1
3'20.0 1483.1 800 377.4
340.0 825 389.2 400.5
1575.8 412.9
360.0 1668.5 Saybolt Seconds 850 400.9
875 412.7 425.3
380.0 1761.2 equal
Centistokes 900 424.5 437.7
400.0 1853.9 times 4.6673 925 436.3 4.'iO.l
420.0 1946.6 950 448.1 462.5
440.0 2039.3 975 459.9 474.9
460.0 2132.0
480.0 2224.7 1000 471.7 487.4
500.0 2317.4 1025 483.5 499.8
1050 495.2 512.3
Saybolt Seconds 1075 507.0 524.8
Over 500 equal
Centistokes 1100 518.8 537.2
times 4.6347 1125 530.6 549.7
1150 542.4 562.2
1175 554.2 574.7
Note: To obtain the Saybolt Universal viscosity
equivalent to a kinematic viscosity determined at t, 1200 566.0 587.2
multiply the equivalent Saybolt Universal viscosity 1225 577.8 599.7
1250 589.5 612.2
at 100Fby 1+ (t - 100) 0.000064. 1275 601.3 624.8
For example, 10 v at 210 F are equivalent to 58.91 1300 613.1 637.3
multiplied by 1.0070 or 59.32 sec Saybolt Universal
at 210 F.
Over 1300 * t

*OVER 1300 CENTISTOKES AT 122 F:

Saybolt Fluid Sec = Centistokes x 0.4717
These tables are reprinted with the permission of
the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) tOVER \300 CENTISTOKES AT 210 F:
The table at the left was abstracted from Table I, Log (Saybolt Furol Sec 2.87) =
D2161-63T. The table at the right was abstracted 1.0276 [Log (Centistokes)] - 0.3975
from Table 3, D2161-63T.
 CRANE APPENDIX 1\ ENGINeeRING DATA

Equivalents of Kinematic, Saybolt Universal,

Saybolt Furol, and Absolute Viscosity

~
v
1000 10 000
900··_ _-="- 2000
800
~. 700 The empirical relation between Saybolt Universal Viscosity
and Saybolt Furol Viscosity at 100 F and 122 F, respectively,
600
~ J.Le and Kinematic VIscosity is taken from A.S.T.M. D2161-63T.
500 1000 .05 At other temperatures, the Saybolt Viscosities vary only
~

400 _..:!Yl<"-=*, 900 .04 2000 slightly.

V) 800
"c::w
0 700 .03 Saybolt Viscosities above those shown are given by the rela-
'"
V>
300 -~>L~"F 600 tionships:
c::
~,
500 .02 Saybolt Universal Seconds Centistokes x 4.6347
~
V)
0 Saybolt Furol Seconds Centistokes x 0.4717
.~ w
.~
400
> -
<3 150-
5
LL.
300 .01
0
.009
.g, -1 .008
Dl 100-- w .007
90 a .006
~
80
70
s:
V)
.005
~ ~ .004 200 '" V)

60 '15 S
~ 0 .e-
50 ---':'::'::--L-IOO ~ '& .003
500 1:: 1.3
/"'. u '"
400 90 8c: "~
40 -----C.::..:....---'-811:; ~ .002 100 -
~
90 ~ 1.2
70 ~~ 80 ~
~
o
.::----...... 70 .~
w
V) ,~ 1tr<
26 :;: '"o o"'_ - _ _
50.2 1.1 0
.~ i;; .001 V) _
200 ~ :;: .0009 -
l.!' 2 .0008
;0:: ~ .0007
I

:::.
~ .0006
I .0005
:iI

~
--- . . . . . . ..............
-
.......
- - - - - - -_ >-
:~ 0.9
10

20 a::
«
-£ .0004 ---............ _
-~
c:; '"
Q.)
V)
"0
c::
100 30 ~
w 90
0
.0003 ~-........ ""
Q.)
Cl
'"c:: 80
V>
'u 40 c::
~. ~ 0.8\ ~
V>
b 50 ·s
'iii .0002 I
0
w
'f; '"
<.1i
V)
60
:>
ro 0.7 70
~
'":>
'c .0001 Problem I: Determine the absolute viscosity 80
=> .00009 of an oil which has a kinematic viscosity of 82
~
.00008 centistokes and a specific gravity of 0.83, 90
<3
.0
>- .00007
ro
.00006 Solution I: Connect 82 on the kinematic vis- 100
"" 40 cosity scale with 0,83 on the specific graVity 0.6
.00005 scale; read 67 centipoise at the intersection on
the absolute viscosity scale .
~
.00004

35 .00003 Problem 2: Determine the absolute viscosity of

an oil having a specific gravity of 0.83 and a
Saybolt Furol viscosity of 40 seconds. 0.5
2 .00002
Solution 2: Connect 0.83 on the specific gravity
scale with 40 seconds on the Saybolt Furol scale;
read 67 centipoise at the intersection on the
absolute viscosity scale.
 TEMPERATURE. DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
AMERICAN STANDARO
-30 -20 -10 10 ASA No. ZIl.J9.I~39
100000
SO 000 A.s.T.M. STANDARD VISCOSITY·TEMPERATURE CHARTS
FOR LIQUID PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (0 3411
20 000 CHART B: SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL VISCOSITY, ABRIDGED

10 000 (This A.S.T.M. chart is used to determine the viscosity of a

petroleum product at any temperature if its viscosity in two
different temperatures is known. When the Saybolt Universal
5000 VlScosity-Tempcrature relationship of an oi!" is plotted on
4000 this chart, the resulting Curve is a straight line. Consequently,
3000 if the viscosity-temperature relationship is known at two
points, then all points will fall on thc line connecting the
2000 two given points. The line may be extended in either dIrection
1500 beyond thc two known points, provided that the temperature
range is between the cloud point and the initial boiling point.)
1000 Vl
(This chart 'waS reproduced by permission of
750 the American Society for Testing Materials.) a
"<
500 500 IT
0
III
0
z
0
400
300
400 If)
0
z =-
c:
»
""mZ
..,u 8 ::::lI
x'"
IIJ

.
~:-
III 200 200 If)
..J ..J
<
III
0:: 150 ISO ~
(I)
'"I
0:: ~ m
IIJ IIJ
D z
i!!: i!!: ~
z z Z
::I 100 ::I
!:i
g
100
90 90 !:i <
;.
m
m
~
80 80 g Z
S Gl

-
>- )0-
< 70 10 <
III II)
!!!. '"
...
»
~ 60 EO ~ "<
»
~
u 55 55
III
0 n
u
IJl
:; 50

45
50

45
III
:;
..-
::r
D

40

35

n
ttTI=ttttl±:t±t±r±t±:!±!:: ,.'"
-
33
-30 -20 -10 10 30 40 60 70 80 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 Z
Copyrigllt, 1939
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOft TESTING MAtERIALS
m
Pri,IO<! in U.S.A.
TEMPERATURE, DEGREES FAHRENHEIT 1916 RACE Sr., PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.

) ) )
 APPENDIX B- ENGINEERING DATA B·7
CRANE

Equivalents of Degrees API, Degrees Baume,

Specific Gravity, Weight Density, and
Pounds Per Gallon at 60 F/ 60 F

............... ~

Degrees Values for API Scale Values for Baunle Scale

on ighter Than Water Liquids Heavier Than Water
API Oil
or Weight Pounds Specific Weight Pounds
Baunle Specific Weight Pounds ~ecific Density, per
Gravity Density, per ravity Density, per Gravity
Scale Gallon Lb/Ft 3 Gallon Lb/Ft3 Gallon
Lb/Ft3
S p S p S p
:

. 1.0000 62.36 8.337

0 " , " , " " ,
1.0140 63.24 8.454
2 " , " . ' , " '

1.0284 64.14 8.574

4 " , " ' " '
" , " ,
1.0432 65.06 8.697
6 " , . ' ' , " , " '

1.0584 66.01 8.824

8 . ' " '
' .
1.0000 62.36 8.337 1.0000 62.36 8.337 1.0741 66.99 8.955
10 8.219 1.0902 67.99 9.089
12 0.9861 61.50 8.221 0.9859 61.49
60.65 8.108 0.9722 60.63 8.105 1.1069 69.03 9.228
14 0.9725 70.10 9.371
16 0.9593 59.83 7.998 0.9589 59.80 7.994 1.1240
18 0.9465 59.03 7.891 0.9459 58.99 7.886 1.1417 71.20 9.518

20 0.9340 58.25 7.787 0.9333 58.20 7.781 1.1600 72.34 9.671

22 0.9218 57.87 7.736 0.9211 57.44 7.679 1.1789 73.52 9.828
24 0.9100 56.75 7.587 0.9091 56.70 7.579 1.1983 74.73 9.990
26 0.8984 56.03 7.490 0.8974 55.97 7.482 1. 2185 75.99 10.159
28 0.8871 55.32 7.396 0.8861 55.26 7.387 1.2393 77.29 10.332

30 0.8762 54.64 7.305 0.8750 54.57 7.295 1.2609 78.64 10.512

32 0.8654 53.97 7.215 0.8642 53.90 7.205 1.2832 80.03 10.698
34 0.8550 53.32 7.128 0.8537 53.24 7.117 1.3063 81.47 10.891
36 0.8448 52.69 7.043 0.8434 52.60 7.031 1.3303 82.96 11.091
38 0.8348 52.06 6.960 0.8333 51.97 6.947 1.3551 84.51 11.297

40 0.8251 51.46 6.879 0.8235 51.36 6.865 1.3810 86.13 11.513

42 0.8155 50.86 6.799 0.8140 50.76 6.786 1.4078 87.80 11.737
44 0.8063 50.28 6.722 0.8046 50.18 6.708 1.4356 89.53 11.969
46 0.7972 49.72 6.646 0.7955 49.61 6.632 1.4646 91.34 12.210
48 0.7883 49.16 6.572 0.7865 49.05 6.557 1.4948 93.22 12.462

50 0.7796 48.62 6.499 0.7778 48.51 6.484 1.5263 95.19 12.725

52 0.7711 48.09 6.429 0.7692 47.97 6.413 1.5591 97.23 12.998
54 0.7628 47.57 6.359 0.7609 47.45 6.344 1.5934 99.37 13.284
56 0.7547 47.07 6.292 0.7527 46.94 6.275 1.6292 101.60 13.583
58 0.7467 46.57 6.225 0.7447 46.44 6.209 1.6667 103.94 13.895
60 0.7389 46.08 6.160 0.7368 45.95 6.143 1.7059 106.39 14.222
62 0.7313 45.61 6.097 0.7292 45.48 6.079 1.7470 108.95 14.565
64 0.7238 45.14 6.034 0.7216 45.00 6.016 1.7901 111.64 14.924
66 0.7165 44.68 5.973 0.7143 44.55 5.955 1.8354 114.46 15.302
68 0.7093 44.23 5.913 0.7071 44.10 5.895 1.8831 117.44 15.699
70 0.7022 43.79 5.854 0.7000 43.66 5.836 1.9333 120.57 16.118
72 0.6953 43.36 5.797 0.6931 43.22 5.778 I ·.
74 0.6886 42.94 5.741 0.6863 42.80 5.722 ' .
76 0.6819 42.53 5.685 0.6796 42.38 5.666
78 0.6754 42.12 5.631 0.6731 41.98 5.612 ..

80 0.6690 41.72 5.577 0.6667 41.58 5.558 ... ·.

82 0.6628 41.33 5.526 0.6604 41.19 5.506
84 0.6566 40.95 5.474 0.6542 40.80 5.454 , .. " .
86 0.6506 40.57 5.424 0.6482 40.42 5.404 ..
88 0.6446 40.20 5.374 0.6422 40.05 5.354 .. . ..
90 0.6388 39.84 5.326 0.6364 39.69 5.306
92 0.6331 39.48 5.278 0.6306 39.33 5.257 ... ·.
94 0.6275 39.13 5.231 0.6250 38.98 5.211 " , .. ,
96 0.6220 38.79 5.186 0.6195 38.63 5.165 ., . .. ' ..
98 0.6166 38.45 5.141 0.6140 38.29 5.119 , .
100 0.6112 38.12 5.096 0.6087 37.96 5.075 ... . ..

For Formulas, see page '.3.

B- APPENDIX B- ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

Steam Data

Boiler Capacity Horsepower of an Engine

The output of a steam generating plant is often expressed P Mean effective pressure per square
in pounds of steam delivered per hour. Since the steam out- inch of the steam on the piston
put may vary in temperature and pressure, the boiler capac- L Length of stroke, in feet
ity is more completely expressed as the heat transferred in
Btu per hour. Boiler capacity is usually expressed as kilo A Area of piston, in square inches
Btu (kB) /hour which is 1000 Btu/hour, or mega Btu (mB) / N Number of strokes per minute
hour which is 1,000,000 Btu/hour. The boiler capacity is:
then,
. k'lI 0 B tu lour
W (h g - h,) m
--'--"'---'- 'h
= PLAN
1000
Horsepower
hg - h, = change in enthalpy, Btu/lb 33000

An older expression of boiler capacity in terms of an irra- The approximate mean effective pressure
tional unit called "boiler horsepower" may be expressed: in the cylinder when the valve cuts off
W (h p - h,) at:
, 97 0 .3 x 34,5 7.l stroke, equals steam pressure x/·597
That is, one boiler horsepower is equivalent to 34,5 pounds 73 stroke, equals steam pressure/x ,670
of water evaporated per hour at Standard Atmospheric % stroke, equals steam pressure x .743
Pressure and a temperature of 2 I 2 F.
Y2 stroke, equals steam pressure x .847
boiler horsepower = (horsepower) (13,1547) % stroke, equals steam pressure x .919
I boiler horsepower 33475 Btu/hr % stroke, equals steam pressure x .937
horsepower 550 ft-lb/sec, % stroke, equals steam pressure x .966
I Btu 77'8.2 ft-lb I Btu 252 calories Ys stroke, equals steam pressure x .99 2
I kw-hr = 1412.20 Btu

Ranges in Steam Consumption by Prime Movers

(For Estlmatinll Purposes)

Simple Non-Condensing Engines ....... , .. , .. , 29 to 45 pounds per H. P. hour

Simple Non-Condensing Automatic Engines .... 26 to 40 pounds per H. P. hour
Simple Non-Condensing Corliss Engines. . . . . . .. 26 to 35 pounds per H. P. hour
Compound Non-Condensing Engines .... , . . . . .. 19 to 28 pounds per H. p, hour
Compound Condensing Engines ... , . , ..... , , ,. 12 to 22, pounds per H. P. hour
Simple Duplex Steam Pumps. . . . .. . ....... ,. 120 to 200 pounds per H. P. hour
Turbines, :--Jon-Condensing ...... , ...... , .. , .. 21 to 45 pounds per H. P. hour
Turbines, Condensing ... , ......... , , . , . . . . . .. 9 to J2 pounds per H. P. hour
(h Q - h,) 100
Quality of Steam ... oX
h Iv
where,

h, heat of liquid, in Btu/lb

h,p = latent heat of evaporation, in Btu/lb
hp totaL heat of steam, in Btu/lb
 CRANE 8·9
" .i'/clV;: 7 '
t~~~eq~i¥~J2'6'mL~~o)r-~ -.r~
Theoretical Horsepower Required to Raise Water (at 60 F)
To Different Heights

0.063 0.095 0.126 0.158 0.190 0.221 0.253 0.284 0.316 0.379 0.442 0.505 0.568 0.632
25 0.032
0.038 0.076 0.114 0.152 0.190 0.Z27 0.265 0.303 0.341 0.379 0.455 0.531 0.606 0.682 0.758
30
0.088 0.133 0.177 0.221 0.265 0.310 0.354 0.398 0.442 0.531 0.619 0.707 0.796 0.884
35 0.044
~

0.101 0.152 0.202 0.253 0.303 0.354 0.404 0.455 0.505 0.606 0.707 0.808 0.910 1.011
40 0.051
,,",,
0.057 0.114 0.171 0.227 0.284 0.341 0.398 0.455 0.512 0.568 0.682 0.796 0.910 1.023 1.137
45
0.758 0.884 1.011 1.137 1.263
%:~i!
,~ 50 0.063 0.126 0.190 0.253 0.316 0.379 0.442 0.505 0.568
60 0.076 0.152 0.227 0.303 0.379 0.455 0.531 0.606 0.682' 0.910 1.06' 1.213 1.364 1.516
70 0.088 0.177 0.265 0.354 0.442 0.531 0.619 0.707 0.796 0.884 1.061 1.238 1.415 1.592 1.768

,~ 80 0.101 0.202 0.303 0.404 0.505 0.606 0.707 0.808 0.910 1.011 1.213 1.415 1.617 1.819 2.021
90 0.114 0.227 0.341 0.455 0.568 0.682 0.796 0.910 1.023 1.137 1.364 1.592 1.819 2.046 2.274
100 0.126 0.253 0.379 0.505 0.632 0.758 0.884 1.011 1.137 1.263 1.516 1.768 2.021 2.274 2.526
125 0.158 .0.316 0.474 0.632 0.790 0.947 1.105 1.263 1.421 1.579 1.895 2.211 2.526 2.842 3.158

150 0.190 0.379 0.568 0.758 0.947 1.137 1.326 1.516 1.705 1.895 2.274 2.653 3.032 3.411 3.790
175 0.221 0.442 0.663 0.884 1.105 1.326 1.547 1.768 1.990 2.211 2.653 3.095 3.537 3.979 4.421
200
250
0.253
0.316
0.505
0.632
0.758
0.947
1.0n
1.263
1.263
1.579 1.
5
1 1.768
1.8 • 2.211
2.021
2.526
2.274
2.842
2.526
3.158
3.032
3.790
3.537
4.421
4.042
5.053
4.548
5.684
5.053
6.316

300 0.379 0.758 1.137 1.516 1.895 2.274 1, 2.653 3.032 3.411 3.790 4.548 5.305 6.063 6.821 7.579
/"", 350 0.442 0.884 1.326 1.768 2.211 2.6531 3.095 3.537 3.979 4.421 5.305 6.190 7.074 7.958 8.842
400 0.505 1.011 1.516 2.021 2.526 3.0321 3.537 4.042 4.548 5.053 6.063 7.074 8.084 9.095 10.11
500 0.632 1.263 1.895 2.526 3.158 3.~01 4.421 5.053 5.684 6.316 7.579 8.842 10.11 11.37 12.63

GaI8'11125 150 175 • 200 250 'j JJ?

300 1 350 400
(;~ 1b l ~
1
~f~. ~~ /'[U' f~$~" HORSE~OW::: . "ft~lb/min
33 000
5 0.1 8 0.190 0.221 0.253 0.316~~.:3?9 ~4421
0.50(' It ~Tc'>I"! i1~I\il~ :) -
55
0
. . , .ft Ib/sec
.~
10 0.316 0.379 0.442 0.505 0.632 tr.758 0.884 1.011 _ -l-ov.I~Pf"l) = 2544·,,8 ... Btu/hr
~
15 0.474 0.568 0.663 0.758 0.947 1.137 1.326 1.516 0.. - t = 745·7 .,. watts
20 0.632 0.758 0.884 1.011 1.263 1.516 1.768 2.021 (whp) = QHp -;- 247000 = QP -;- 1714
25 0.790 0.947 1.105 1.263 1.579 1.895 2.211 2.526 (bhp) = (whp) -;- ep = QHp -;- 247000 ep
.-.. 30 0.947 1.137 1.326 1.516 1.895 2.274 2.653 3.032 (e p ) = QH p -;- 247 000 (bhp)
35 1.105 1.326 1.547 1.768 2.211 2.653 3.095 3.537 where: (whp) = water horsepower
40 1.263 1.516 1.768 2.021 2.52q 3.032 3.5i7 4.042 H = pump head in feet
(bhp) = brake horsepower
45 1.421 1.705 1.990 2.274 2.84:i 3.411 3.979 4.548 ep = pump efficiency
50 1.579 1.895 2.211 2.526 3.158 3.790 4.421 5.053
~.

60 1.895 2.274 2.653 3.032 3.790 4.548 5.305 6.063 Overall effiCiency (eo) takes into account all
70 2.211 2.653 3.095 3.537 4.4211 5.305 6.190 7.074
losses in the pump and driver.
""" eo = ep eD eT
80 2.526 3.032 3.537 4.042 5.0~3 6.063 7~074 8.084
90 2.842 3.411 3.979 4.548 5.684 6.821 7.958 9.095 where: e D = driver efficiency
5.053 6·i_ 6 7.579 8.8.42 10.11
eT = transmission effiCiency
100 3.158 3.790 4.421
ev = volumetric efficiency
7~4:
125 3.948 4.737 5.527 6.316 9.474 11.05 12.63
,....... (o/c) - actual pump displacement (Q) (100)
150 4.737 5.684 6.632 7.579 ~ 11.37 13.26 15.16 ev 0 -
theoretical pump displacement (Q)
175 5.527 6.632 7.737 8.842 I1.Q5 13.26 15 .•7 17.68
200 6.316 7.579 8.84210.11 12.~ 15.16 17.~ 20.21 Note.' For fluids other than water, multiply
250 7.895 9.474 11.05 12.63 115.;9, 18.95 22.11 25.26 table values by specific gravity. In pumping
liquids with a viscosity considerably higher
.~
300 9.474 11.37 13.26 15.16 18 ;95' 22.74 26.53 30.32 than that of water, the pump capacity and
350
400
500
n.05
12.63
15.79
13.26
15.16
18.95
15.47
17.68 17. "1"'1/1. 26.53
20.21 25.26 1 30.32
22.11 25.26 31.58 37.90
30.95
35.37
44.21
35.37
40.42
50.53
head are reduced. To calculate the horse-
power for such flUids, pipe friction head must
be added to the elevation head to obtain the
Specific gravity of water ••• •.•..••••.•••••• page A·6 total head; this value is inserted in the first
Specific gravity of liquids other than water • ••• page A·7 horsepower equation given above.
B - 10 APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

Equivalents

Measure Weight
I in. 25.4 mm I kg = 2.205 Ib
I in. 2.54 cm I cu in. of water (60 F) 0.073551 cu in. of mercury (32 F)
Imm 0.03937 in. I cu in. of mercury (32 F) 13.596 cu in. of water (60 F)
I film 0.00328 ft
I micron I cu in. of mercury (32 F) 0.4905 Ib
0.000001 meter
I torr mm mercury
10-' torr 1 ntom mercury
Velocity
I ft 304.8 mm
I ft 30.48 cm I ft per sec 0.3048 m per sec
I sq. in. I m per sec 3.2808 ft per sec
6.4516 sq cm
I sq cm 0.155 sq in.
I sq cm 0.00108 S4 ft
I sq ft 929.03 sq cm
Density
Circumference I Ib per cu in. 27.68 gram per cu cm
of a circle 211"r
I gr per cu cm 0.03613 Ib per cu in.
11" d "- I Ib per cu ft 16.0184 kg per cu m
Area of a circle
4 1 kg per cu m 0.06243 Ib per cu ft

Physical Constants
Base of Natural Logarithms (e) 2.7182818285
Acceleration of Gravity (g) , .32.174 ft/sec'. , , , (980.665 cm/sec')
Pi (71") .. ' ........... 3.1415926536

~.
Degree:; Degrees Degrees Degree:;
1"e1vin R8nkinc Celsius Fahrenheit -,
Absolute Zero 0 0 - 273.15 - 459.67
Water Freezing Point (14.696 psia) , 273.15 491.67 0 32
Water Boiling Point (14.696 psia) , 373.15 671.67 100 212

Equivalents of Temperature
To convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fnhrenheit:
t = 1.8 tc + 32
To convert degrees Fnhrenheit to degrees Celsius:
t - 32
tc =
1.8 \\·hcrc. tcnlpcruturL', in degrees C:c}:..;ius

Prefixes

atto ..... a .... one-quintillionth .................... . 0.000 000 000 000 000 001. .. 10- 18
femto ... f .. ,,' one-quadrillionth ................... . 0.000 000 000 000 001 ....... 10'-10
pi co .... p .... one-trillionth ....................... . 0.000 000 000 001. ........... 10- 12
nano ... n .... one-hillionth ....................... . 0.000 000 001 ................ 10- 9
micro .. }1 .••• one-millionth ........................ . 0.000 001 .................... IO- G
milli .... m ... one-thousandth ..................... . 0.001 · ................... 10-' ,~

centi. ... c .... one-hundredth ...................... . 0.01 · ................... 10- 2

Lleci .... d .... one-tenth ........................... . 0.1 · ................... 10- 1
tlni .......... one. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 · ................•.. lOll
deka .... da ... ten .................................. 10.0 · ................... 10 1
hecto ... h .... one hundred ........................ 100.0 · .. , ................ 10"
kilo ..... k .... one thousand ....................... 1 000.0 · ................... 10:l
mega ... M ... one million .......... _......... 1 000 000.0 · ................... lOU,
giga ..... G ... one hillion ................. 1 000 000 000.0 · ................... 10 9
tera ..... T ... one trillion ............ l 000000000000.0 · ................... 10"
CRANE APPENDIX B-ENGINEERING DATA 8·11

Equivalents of
Liquid Measures and Weights
----------
- - - - - - - _.....

TO OBTAIN U.S. Imperial U.S. U.S. r.S. U.S. Liter Cubic

\1ULTIPLY Gallon Gallon Pint Pound Cuhic \Ieter
BY Water*

LS. Gallon 0.8:n 8. 8.:-\37 0.13368 2:31. 3.78.')33 0.003785

1.2009 9.607S2 10. 0.160.'>4 277.42 ·L~4.'>96 0.004546

Imperial Gallon

l'.S. Pint 0.125 0.1041 1.042 0.01671 28.875 0.473166 0.000473

0, I 0.%96 0.016035 27.708 0.45405 0,0004S4

U.S. Pound Watpr" 0.1199.'>

U.S, Cubic Foot 7.480.~2 6,22888 .'>9.8442 62,36.') 1728 . 21Ul702 0.028317

U.S. Cubic In('h 0.004329 0,0036] 0.0:346:32 0.03609 0.0005787 0.016387 0.0000164

Litpr 0.2641779 0.2199756 2,ll.j423 2.202 0.0:353154 61.02509 0.001000

Cubi" \1('!pr 264.170 219,969 2113,34 2202. :35.:)1446 6102:'\,38 999.972

'Watpr at 60 F 11:;.6(;) 1 Barrt'l = 42 gallon" (pt'lrolt'ulll llwa,urt')

Equivalents of Pressure and Head

.- ----
TO OBTAIN fl. on, mm
MULTIPLY -Ib/in' Ib/fl 2 Atmos- kg/em,1 kg/m' bar megapascal

B\ Fit (32 Fit (MPa)~

pheres
I -

Ibitn 2
\ 1 144. 0.068046 0.070307 703.070 27.7276 2.3106 0.06895 0,00689.)

Iblft' 0.0069445 I 0,000473 0.000488 4.88241 0.1926 0.01605 0, 01 4J:l9 0.35913 0.000479 0.0000479

Atmospheres 14.696 2116,22 1 1.0332 10332.27 407.484 33.9570 29.921 760. 1.01325 0.101325

kg/em' 14.2233 2048.15" 0.96784 1 10000. ;;9438 3VI650 28.959 735,559 0,98067 0,098067

kg!m' 0.001422 0,204768 0,0000968 0.0001 1 0.03944 0.003287 0.002896 0.073556 0.000098 0.0000098

in. wafer- 0.036092 5.1972 O.OO24S4 0.00253 25.375 1 0.08333 0.073430 1,8651 0,00249 0.000249

fi. water· 0.432781 62.320S 0.029449 0.03043 :l04.275 12. I 0.88115 22.3813 0.029839 0,0029839

in. mereuryt 0.1911S4 70,7262 0.03:1421 O.034S3 345,316 13,6185 1.1349 1 2S.40005 0,033864 0.0033864

mm mercuryt 0.0193,>68 2.78450 0.0013158 Q,0013595 1:1,59509 0,5:1616 0.044680 0.03937 I 0.001333 0.0001333

bart 14.5038 2088.55 0.98692 1,01972 10197,2 402,156 ;>:>.5130 29.s:l00 7:;0,062 I 0.10

MPa~ 14~.038 20885.5 9.8692 10.1972 101972.0 4021.56 335,130 290.300 7500,62 10.0 1

~-----
,,,,,,,,,- L ..." -"

• Water at 68 F (20C) tmercury at 32 F (0 C) tl MPa (megapascal) = 10 bar = 1,000,000 N /m 2 (newton/meler»

To convert from one set of units to another, locate Ihe given unil in
the left hand column, and multiply the numerical value by Ihe foe-
tor shown horizontally to the r;ghl, under Ihe set of units desired.
1-12 APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

Four-Place Logarithms to Base 10

The logarithms to base 10 of numbers between 1 and 10, correct to four

places, are given in the tables shown on this and the following page.

I f the decimal point in the number is moved n
places to the right (or left), the value of n (or -n)
is added to the logarithm, thus:
3,14 =0.4969
log 314, =0.4969+2 or 2.4969
log ,0314=0.4969-2, which may be written 2.4969
or 8.4969 - IO
If the given number has :nore than four significant
figures, it should be reduced to four figures, since
those beyond four figures will not affect the result
in four-place computations.
The logarithm of a number having four significant
figures must be interpolated by adding to the loga-
rithm of the three figure number, the amount under
the fourth figure, as read in the proportional parts
section of the table,
Thus, the logarithm of 3, 1416 is found as follows:
a. Reduce the number to four significant : 3.142
b. The log of J. [4 is .4969
c. The value of the proportional part under 2
(the fourth figure) is 3
d, Then, the log 3,142 0.4969+,0003 or 0.4972
Natural1ogarithms: Many calculations make use
of natural logarithms (Base e 2,7183), To con-
vert base 10 (common) logarithms to natural loga-
rithms, multiply the value for the former by 2,30258.
Natural logarithms are also called Hyperbolic or
Naperian logarithms.

log ab log a+ log b log an=n log a

a n[- log a
log b=log a-log b log "Ii a=--
n

Proportional Parts
~

I
• 1 2 3 4 5 6
I
7 8 9
!
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1.' 0000 0043 0086 0128 0170 0212 0253 0294 0334 0374 4 8 12 17 21 25 29 33 37
1.1 0414 0453 0492 0531 0569 0607 0645 0682 0719 0755 4 8 11 15 19 23 26 30 34
1.2 0792 0828 0864 0899 0934 0969 1004 1038 1072 1106 3 7 10 14 17 21 24 28 31
1.3 1139 1173 1206 1239 1271 1303 1335 1367 1399 1430 3 6 10 13 16 19 23 26 29
1.4 1461 1492 1523 1553 1584 1614 1644 1673 1703 1732 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
1.5 1761 1790 1818 1847 1875 1903 1931 1959 1987 2014 3 6 8 11 14 17 20 22 25
1.6 2041 2068 2095 2122 2148 2175 2201 2227 2253 2279 3 5 8 11 13 16 18 21 24
1.7 2304 2330 2355 2380 2405 2430 2455 2480 2504 2529 2 5 7 10 12 15 17 20 22
1.8 2553 2577 2601 2625 2648 2672 2695 2718 2742 2765 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 21
1.9 2788 2810 2833 2856 2878 2900 2923 2945 2967 2989 2 4 7 9 11 13 16 18 20
2.' 3010 3032 3054 3075 3096 3118 3139 3160 3181 3201 2 4 6 8 11 13 15 17 19
2.1 3222 3243 3263 3284 3304 3324 3345 3365 3385 3404 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
2.2 3424 3444 3464 3483 3502 3522 3541 3560 3579 3598 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 15 17
2.3 3617 3636 3655 3674 3692 3711 3729 3747 3766 3784 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17
2.4 3802 3820 3838 3856 3874 3892 3909 3927 3945 3962 2 4 5 7 9 11 12 14 16
2.5 3979 3997 4014 4031 4048 4065 4082 4099 4116 4133 2 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 15
2.6 4150 4166 4183 4200 4216 4232 4249 4265 4281 4298 2 3 5 7 8 10 11 13 15
2.7 4314 4330 4346 4362 4378 4393 4409 4425 4440 4456 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 13 14
2.8 4472 4487 4502 4518 4533 4548 4564 4579 4594 4609 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 12 14
2.9 4624 4639 4654 4669 4683 4698 4713 4728 4742 4757 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13
3.' 4771 4786 4800 4814 4829 4843 4857 4871 4886 4900 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 11 13
3.1 4914 4928 4942 4955 4969 4983 4997 5011 5024 5038 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 12
3.2 5051 5065 5079 5092 5105 5119 5132 5145 5159 5172 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 11 12
3.3 5185 5198 5211 5224 5237 5250 5263 5276 5289 5302 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12
3.4 5315 5328 5340 5353 5366 5378 5391 5403 5416 5428 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11
3.5 5441 5453 5465 5478 5490 5502 5514 5527 5539 5551 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 10 11
3.6 5563 5575 5587 5599 5611 5623 5635 5647 5658 5670 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
3.7 5682 5694 5705 5717 5729 5740 5752 5763 5775 5786 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
3.8 5798 5809 5821 5832 5843 5855 5866 5877 5888 5899 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
3.9 5911 5922 5933 5944 5955 5966 5977 5988 5999 6010 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10

N
• 1 2 3 4
I
5 6
I
7
I
8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CRANE APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA B·13

Four-Place Logarithms to Base 10 continued

Proportional Parts
N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
I I II
6042 6053 6064 6075 6085 6096 6107 6117 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10
4.0 6021 6031 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4.1 6128 6138 6149 6160 6170 6180 6191 6201 6212 6222 2
6253 6263 6274 6284 6294 6304 6314 6325 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4.2 6232 6243 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4.3 6335 6345 6355 6365 6375 6385 6395 6405 6415 6425
6454 6464 6474 6484 6493 6503 6513 6522 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4.4 6435 6444
6551 6561 6571 6580 6590 6599 6609 6618 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4.5 6532 6542 4 5 6 7 7 8
4.6 6628 6637 6646 6656 6665 6675 6684 6693 6702 6712 1 2 3
6749 6758 6767 6776 6785 6794 6803 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8
4.7 6721 6730 6739 4 4 5 6 7 8
6812 6821 6830 6839 6848 6857 6866 6875 6884 6893 1 2 3
4.8 6981 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
4.9 6902 6911 6920 6928 6937 6946 6955 6964 6972

6998 7007 7016 7024 7033 7042 7050 7059 7067 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8

5.0 6990 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8
5.1 7076 7084 7093 7101 7110 7118 7126 7135 7143 7152
7168 7177 7185 7193 7202 7210 7218 7226 7235 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 7
5.2 7160 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
5.3 7243 7251 7259 7267 7275 7284 7292 7300 7308 7316 1 2
7324 7332 7340 7348 7356 7364 7372 7380 7388 7396 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
5.4
7404 7412 7419 7427 7435 7443 7451 7459 7466 7474 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7
5.5 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7
5.6 7482 7490 7497 7505 7513 7520 7528 7536 7543 7551
5.7 7559 7566 7574 7582 7589 7597 7604 7612 7619 7627 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7
7634 7642 7649 7657 7664 7672 7679 7686 7694 7701 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7
5.8 2 3 4 4 5 6 7
5.9 7709 7716 7723 7731 773" 7745 7752 7760 7767 7774 1 1

6.0 7782 7789 7796 7803 7810 7818 7825 7832 7839 7846 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
6.1 7853 7860 7868 7875 7882 7889 7896 7903 7910 7917 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
6.2 7924 7931 7938 7945 7952 7959 7966 7973 7980 7987 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6
6.3 7993 8000 8007 8014 8021 8028 8035 8041 8048 8055 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
6.4 8062 8069 8075 8082 8089 8096 8102 8109 8116 8122 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6

6.5 8129 8136 8142 8149 8156 8162 8169 8176 8182 8189 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
6.6 8195 8202 8209 8215 8222 8228 8235 8241 8248 8254 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
6.7 8261 8267 8274 8280 8287 8293 8299 8306 8312 8319 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
6.8 8325 8331 8338 8344 8351 8357 8363 8370 8376 8382 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6
6.9 8388 8a95 8401 8407 8414 8420 8426 8432 8439 8445 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6

7.0 8451 8457 8463 8470 8476 8482 8488 8494 8500 8506 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6
7.1 8513 8519 8525 8531 8537 8543 8549 8555 8561 8567 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
7.2 8573 8579 8585 8591 8597 8603 8609 8615 8621 8627 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
7.3 8633 8639 8645 8651 8657 8663 8669 8675 8681 8686 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
7.4 8692 8698 8704 8710 8716 8722 8727 8733 8739 8745 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5

7.5 8751 8756 8762 8768 8774 8779 8785 8791 8797 8802 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5
7.6 8808 8814 8820 8825 8831 8837 8842 8848 8854 8859 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5
7.7 8865 8871 8876 8882 8887 8893 8899 8904 8910 8915 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
7.8 8921 8927 8932 8938 8943 8949 8954 8960 8965 8971 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
7.9 8976 8982 8987 8993 8998 9004 9009 9015 9020 9025 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
8.0 9031 9036 9042 9047 9053 9058 9063 9069 9074 9079 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
8.1 9085 9090 9096 9101 9106 9112 9117 9122 9128 9133 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
8.2 9138 9143 9149 9154 9159 9165 9170 9175 9180 9186 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
8.3 9191 9196 9201 9206 9212 9217 9222 9227 9232 9238 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
8.4 9243 9248 9253 9258 9263 9269 9274 9279 9284 9289 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
8.5 9294 9299 9304 9309 9315 9320 9325 9330 9335 9340 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
8.6 9345 9350 9355 9360 9365 9370 9375 9380 9385 9390 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
8.7 9395 9400 9405 9410 9415 9420 9425 9430 9435 9440 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
8.8 9445 9450 9455 9460 9465 9469 9474 9479 9484 9489 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
8.9 9494 9499 9504 9509 9513 9518 9523 9528 9533 9538 II 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
I
9.0 9542 9547 9552 9557 9562 9566 9571 9576 9581 9586 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9.1
9.2
9590
9638
9595
9643
9600
9647
9605
9652
9609
9657
9614
9661
9619
9666
9624
9671
9628
9675
9633
9680
Ii 0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
9.3 9685 9689 9694 9699 9703 9708 9713 9717 9722 9727 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9.4 9731 9736 9741 9745 9750 9754 9759 I 9763 9768 9773 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9.5 9777 9782 9786 9791 9795 9800 9805 9809 9814 9818 Ii 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9.6 9823 9827 9832 9836 9841 9845 9850 9854 9859 9863 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9.7
9.8 ....
9912 i " "
9917
9877
9921
I 9881
9926
9886
9930
9890 I 9894
9934 9939
9899
9943
9903 9908
9948 iI 9952
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
9.9 9956 9961 9965 9969 9974 9978 9983 9987 9991 I 9996 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4
I I I
i i

N
I 0 1 2 I 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

Flow of Water Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe

Pressure Drop per 100 feet and Velocity in Schedule 40 Pipe for Water at 60 F.
Discharge
Veloc- Press. Veloc- Press. Veloc- Press, Veloc- Press. Veloc- Press. Veloc- Press. Veloc- Press. Veloc- Press.
hy Drop ity Drop ity Drop ity Drop ity Drop ity Drop ity Drop ity Drop
Gallons Cubic Ft. Feet Lbs. Feet Lbs. Feet Lbs. Feet Lbs Feet Lbs. Feet Lbs. Feet Lbs. Feet
Lbs
per per per per per per per . per per per
Minute Second Second Sp.cnnd Sq. In. Second Second Sq. In Second Sq. In.

.2 0.000446 1..13 1.86 a 0.359

.3 0.000668 1.69 4.22 o 0.903 0.504 0.0611 3,4"
.4 0.000891 2.26 6.98 I 1.61 , 0.672 0.086
.5
.6
.8
0.00111
0.00134
0.00178
2.82
3.39
4.52
10.5
14.7
25,0
I
I
2
2.39 I' 0.840
3.29 1.01 8J~~1 8~gl
0.408, 0.481 Iff 11;4"
5.44 11.34

3~:i8 i ~j~
I 0.00223 0.6001 0.60£
2 0.00446 2.10 1.20 0.429 0.044
3 0.00668 64.1 5.04 4.33 1.81 0.044 O. 090, 0.473 0.043
4 0.00891 111.2 6."' 7.42 2.41 0.858 0. 150 18ng 0.071
2" 840
~: ~::I
5 0.01114 11.2 J.OI 1.073 0.104
I) 0.01337 a 574 2%" 110 .08 51. 9 15.8 J.61 3.84 2.23 I. 29 0.946 0.145
8 0.01782 0.765 !3 .44 91. 1 27,7 4.81 6.60 2.97 1.72 0.518, 1.26 0.241
10 0.02228 0.956 0.046 1 3" 42.4 6.02 9.99 3.71 2.15 0.774, 1.58 0.361
15 0.03342 1.43 0.094, 9.03 21.6 'j ,57 J .22 1.63 ' 2.37 0.755
20 0.04456 1.91 0.158, 0.868 0.056 3 1/2" 12.OJ 37.8 7.43 4.29 2.78 3.16 1.28
25 0.05570 2.39 0.234 .09 0.083 0 0.041 4" 9.28 16.7 4.22 3.94 1.93
30 0.06684 2.87 0.327 .30 0.114 0 0.056 11.14 23.8 5.92 4.73 2.72
35 0.07798 3.35 0.436 .52 0.151 I 0.07) a 882 0.04112.99 32.2 7.90 5.52 3.64
40 0.08911 3.8J 0.556, .74 0.192 I 0.095 I 01 0.05214.85 41.5 10.24 6.30 4.65
45 0.1003 4.30 0.668 .95 0.239 1 0.117 1.13 0.064 12.80 7.09 5.85
50 0.1114 4 0.839,1 2 17 0.288 0.142 0.076 5" 15.66 7.88 7.15
60 0.1337 5 1.18 ' 2.60 0.406 0,204 0.107 22.2 9.47 10.21
70 0.1560 6 1.59 3.04 0.540 0.261 0.143 .12 0.047 11.05 13.71
80 0.1782 7 2.03 3.47 0.687 0.334 0.180 .2il 0.060 12 .62 17.59
90 0.2005 8 2.53 3.91 0.801 0.416 0.224 .44 0.074 6" 1420 22.0
lao 0.2228 9 56 3.09 4.34 1.05 J 0.509 .52 0.272 1.60 0.090 1.11 O. 036 I 5 . 78 26.9
125 0.2785 11.97 4.71 5.43 I. 61 4 0.769 15 0.415 2.01 0.135 1.39 0.0551972 41.4
150 0.3342 14.30 6.09 6.51 2.24 4 1.08 3.78 0.580 2.41 0.190 l.b7 0.077
175
200
0.3899
0.4456
16.75
19.14
S.97
11.68
7.60
8.68
3.00
3.87 6
5 1.44 4.4 I
1. 85 5.04
0.774
0.985
2.81
3.21
0.253 1.94
0.323 2.22 8: 19~ 8"
225 0.5013 14.63 9 77 4.83 2.32 1.23 J.61 0.401 2 0.162 1.44 0.043
250 0.557 10.85 5.93 2.S4 1.46 401 0.495' 2 0.195 1.,,0 0.051
275 0.6127 11.94 7.14 3.40 1. 79 4.41 0.583 3 0.234 1.70 0.061
300 0.6684 1300 8.36 4.02 2.11 4.81 0.683, J 0.275, 1.92 0.071
3~5 0.7241 14 12 9.89 4.09 2.47 5.21 0.797' J 0.320' 2.08 0.083
350 0.7798 5.41 2.84 0.91913 0.367[2.24 0.095
U~
375 0.8355 6.18 3.25 0,416,2.40 0.108
400
425
0.8912
0.9469
7.03
7.89
3.68
4.12
11
1.33 4
0,471,2.56
0.529' 2. 7J
0.121
0.136
450 1.003 10" 8.80 4.60 1,48 5 0.590 2.89 0.151
475 1.059 1.93 0.054 5.12 7.62 1.64 5 0.653 3.04 0.166
500 1.114 2.03 0.059 5.65 8.02 1.81 5 0.720 J .21 0.182
550 1.225 2.24 0.07L 6.79 R.B2 2.17 6 0.861 3.53 0.219
~g U~~ 2~1 g:g~~1 12" 8.04 16~~ 2.55
2.98
6
7
1.02
LIS
385
4.17
0.258
0.301
700 1.560 2.85 0.112,2.01 0,047 14" 11.23 3.43 1.35 4.49 0.343
750 1.671 3.05 0.12712.15 0.054 12.03 3.92 1.55 4.81 0.392
800 1.782 325 0.143,2.29 0.061 .12.83 4.43 1.75 5.13 0.443
850 1.894 346 0.160,2.44 0,068 .02 0.042 13.64 5.00 1.96 ' 5 45 0,497
900 2.005 3.b6 0.179'1' 2.58 0.075 13 0.047 14.44 5.581 2.18 5.77 0.554
9 50 2.117 3.86 0,198 2 0.083 2.25 0.052 16" 115.24 6.21 10. 2.42 C 0.613
1 00 0 2.228 407 0.218· 2 0.091 2.37 0.057 1 1 1604 6.84 II 2.68 0.675
1100 2.451 4.48 0,260 3 0.11012.61 0.0681 17.6> 8.23.12 3.22 1 0.807
1 200 2.674 4 81\ 0.306, J 0.128 2.85 0.080 2 0.042 1'1143 4 .'4851 1
3 0.948
1300 2.896 '5.29 0.35513 0.150 3.08 0.093.2 0.0481 1.11
1400 3.119 15.70 0,4091 0.171 ' 3.32 0.10712 0.0551 15.55 5.13 8.98 1.28
1500 3.342 ,6.10 0.4661 0.195 3.56 0.122 2 0.063 18" 16.66 5.85 9.62 1.46
1600 3.565 , 6 51 0.5271 0.219 3.7') 0.138 2 0.071 1777 6.61 10.20 1.65
1800 4.010 1'732 0.663 0.276,427
1 0.172 3 0.088 0.050 19.99 8.3711.54 2.08
2000 4.456 8.14 0 .. 808 0.339 4.74 0.209 J 0.107 0.060 20" [22.21 10.3112.82 2.55
0.515 5.~l3 3.94
g:?i~ 1~24
2500 5.570 10.17 1.24! 717 0.321: 4.54 0.1631359 I 03
3000 ".684 il2.20 1.76, 8.M 0.731 7.11 0.4511545 0.232 4.30 3.46 0.0751 24" 5.59
3500 7.798 '14.24 2.38 ,10m 0.98218.30 0.607" 35 0.312 5 02 0.173 4.04 0.101 ,22.44 7.56
4000 8.912 '16.27 3.08 ;I1.47 1.27 948 0,787 7.26 0.401 5.74 0.222,4.b2 0.129: .19 0.052'25.65 9.80
4500 10.03 11831 3.87112.90 1.60 10.67 0.990i 8.17 0.503, b 4t' 0,280,5.20 0.162,3.59 0.06528.87 12.2
5000
6000
11.14
13.37
120.35
24.41
4.71 14.33
6.741720
1.95,11.85
2,77 14.21
1.21
1.71
9
10./i9
O~ 0,617' 7.17
0.877' 8.61
0.340 ' 5.77
0,483 6.93
0.1991 J
0.280 4
0.079
0.111
7000 15.60 28.40 9.11 20.07 3.74,16.,,0 2.31 12.71 1.18110.04 0.652 R.OI< 0.376,5 0.150
8000 17.82 i, 2193 4.841'18.96 2.99 14.52 1.51 11.47 0.839,1 'J.n 0.488, 0.192
9000 20.05 25.79 6.09 21.34 3.76 16.34 1.90 12.91 1.05,1039 0.6081 0.242

l~ggg iU~ I,·~ . 1~:j6 li~~} t~~ l'iU~ Uj I'liii U~ 11U~ ?:~~9[ ~:~~ g:~i:
1

Ii ~g 55>115:
40
:.•• '.133. '.1.9 8.89 .,~3025.0641
n
~:~j ~~g~
7.31 ,2582
U~ iltl~
4.0320.77
U~ [i U~
2.32 14.36
g:~~~
0.907
20 000 44.56 36. J I 9.032" 69 4.93 m OR 2.86 15.06 1"'. .::.12"---_'-'-_"'""7-'-----:.
For pipe lengths other than 100 feet. the-pressurcdropispr:;portionarto-t.:;h-e----"-'-----':.:.;\=.re~1i'-o'---c7it-YIsa-fGnci:Tor;-;fthe cro~s sectional
length. Thus, for 50 feet of pipe, the pressure drop is approximately flow area; thus, it is constant for a given
the value given in the table. for 300 feet, three times the given flow rate and is independent of pipe length.
Fo, calcula,ions for pipe o,her ,han Schedule 40, see explanation on nex' page.
 CRANE APPENDIX 8- ENGINEERING DATA 8-15

Flow of Air Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe

- - - , - - ,....
For lengths of pipe other than Free Air Com-
100 feet, the pressure drop is Pressure Drop of Air
q'm pressed Air In Pounds per Square Inch
proportional to the length.
Thus, for 50 feet of pipe, the Cubic Feet Cubic Feet Per 100 Feet of Schedule 40 Pipe
pressure drop is approximately Per Minute Per Minute For Air at 100 Pounds per Square Inch
one-half the value gi ven in the at 60 F and at bOF and Gauge Pressure and 60 F Temperature
table ... for 300 feet, three 14.7 psia 100 psig
times the given value, etc.
IfsN 1/4" 3,4" 1/2 "
The pressure drop is also in-
versely proportional to the 1 0.128 0.361 0,083 0.018
absolute pressure and directly 2 0.256 1.31 0.285 0.064 0.020
3 0.384 3.06 0.605 0.133 0.042 3,4"
proportional to the absolute 4 0.513 4.83 1.04 0.226 0.071 i
temperature. 5 0.641 7.45 1.58 0.343 0.106 : 0.027
1"
Therefore, to determine the 6 0.769 10.6 2.23 0.408 0.148 0.037
pressure drop for inlet or aver- 8 1.025 18.6 3.89 0.848 0.255 0.062 0.019
10 1.282 28.7 5.96 1.26 0.356 0.094 0.029 1111" 1112"
age pressures other than 100 15 1.922 ... 13.0 2.73 0.S34 0.201 0.062
psi and at temperatures other 20 2.563 ... 22.8 4.76 1.43 0.345 0.102 0.026
than 60 F, multiply the va4les
given in the table by the ratio: 25 3.204 ... 35.6 7.34 2.21 0.526 0.156 0.039 0.019
30 3.845 ... .., 10.5 3.15 0.748 0.219 0.055 0.026
100 + 147 )(460 + t) 35 4.486 ... ... 14.2 4.24 1.00 0.293 0.073 0.035
40 5.126 ... . .. 18.4 5.49 1.30 0.379 0.095 0.044
2"
,.----. ( P + 14.7 520 45 5.767 ... . .. 23.1 6.90 1.62 0.474 0.116 0.055

where: 50 6.40S 28.5 8.49 1.99 0.578 0.149 0.067 0.019

60 7.690 2%" 40.7 12.2 2.85 0.819 0.200 0.094 0.027
"P" is Lhe inlet or average 70 8.971 ... 16.5 3.&3 1.10 0.270 0.126 0.036
gauge pressure in pounds per 80 10.25 0.019 ... 21.4 4.96 1.43 0.350 0.162 0.046
90 11.53 0.023 ... 27.0 6.25 1.80 0.437 0.203 0.058
square inch, and,
100 12.82 0.029 3" 33.2 7.69 2.21 0.534 0.247 0.070
.. (. is the temperature in 125 16.02 0.044 .. 11.9 3.39 0.825 0.380 0.107
degrees Fahrenheit under 150 19.22 0.062 0.021 17.0 4.87 1.17 0.537 0.151
175 22.43 0.083 0.028 23.1 6.60 1.58 0.727 0.205
consideration. 200 25.63 0.107 0.036 3%" 30.0 8.54 2.05 0.937 0.264

The cubic feet per minute of 225 28.84 0.134 : 0.045 0.022 37.9 10.8 2.59 1.19 0.331
compressed air at any pres- 250 32.04 0.164 0.055 0.027 ... 13.3 3.18 1.45 0.404
275 35.24 0.191 0.066 0.032 .. 16.0 3.83 1.75 0.484
sure is inversely proportional 300 38.45 0.232 0.078 0.037 ... 19.0 4.56 2.07 0.573
to the absolute pressure and 325 41.65 0.270 0.090 0.043 .. 22.3 5.32 2.42 0.673
directly proportional to the 4"
350 44.87 0.313 0.104 0.050 .. 25.8 6.17 2.80 0.776
absolute temperature. 375 48.06 0.356 0.119 0.057 0.030 ... 29.6 7.05
8.02
3.20
3.64
0.887
1.00
400 51.26 0.402 0.134 0.064 0.034 .. 33.6
·T0 determine the cubic feet 425 54.47 0.452 0.151 0.072 0.038 .. 37.9 9.01 4.09 1.13
per minute of compressed air 450 57.67 0.507 0.168 0.081 0.042 .. ... 10.2 4.59 1.26
at any temperature and pres- 0.562 0.187 0.089 0.047 ... 11.3 5.09 1.40
475 60.88
sure other than standard con- 500 64.08 0.623 0.206 0.099 0.052 .. 12.5 5.61 1.55
ditions, multiply the value of 550 70.49 0.749 0.248 0.118 0.062 ... 15.1 6.79
8.04
1.87
2.21
cubic feet per minute of free 600 76.90 0.887 0.293 0.139 0.073 .. IS.0
650 83.30 1.04 0.342 0.163 0.086 5" ... 11.1 9.43 1.60
air by the ratio:
147 )(460 +
( 14.7 + P "'520
t) 700
750
800
89.71
96.11
102.5
1.19
1.36
1.55
0.395
0.451
0.513
0.188
0.214
0.244
0.099
0.113
0.127
0.032
0.036
0.041
24.3
17.9
31.8
1'0.9
12.6
14.2
3.00
3.44
3.90
850 108.9 1.74 0.576 0.274 0.144 0.046 35.9 16.0 4.40
900 115.3 1.95 0.642 0.305 0.160 0.051 6" 40.2 18.0 4.91
950 121.8 2.18 0.715 0.340 0.178 0.057 0.023 ... 20.0 5.47
1000 128.2 2.40 0.788 0.375 0.197 0.063 O.(}M 22.1 6.06
1100 141.0 2.89 0.948 0.451 0.236 0.075 0.030 ... 26.7 7.29
1200 153.8 3.44 1.13 0.533 0.279 0.089 0.035 ... 31.8 8.63
1300 166.6 4.01 1.32 0.626 0.327 0.103 0.041 ... 37.3 10.1
1400 179.4 4.65 1.52 0.718 0.377 0.119 0.047 1l.8
1500 192.2 5.31 1.74 0.824 0.431 0.136 0.054 13.5
1600 205.1 6.04 1.97 0.931 0.490 0.154 0.061 8" 15.3
1800 230.7 7.65 2.50 1.18 0.616 0.193 0.075 19.3
Calclliation" for Pipe 2000 256.3 9.44 3.06 1.45 0.757 0.237 0.094 0.023 23.9
Other than Schedllie 40 10"
2500 320.4 14.7 4.76 2.25 1.17 0.366 0,143 0.035 37.3
To determine the velocity of 3000 384.5 21.1 6.82 3.20 1.67 0.514 0.204 0.051 0.016
3500 448.6 28.8 9.23 4.33 2.26 0.709 0.276 0.068 0.022
water, or the pressure drop 4000 512.6 37.6 12.1 5.66 2.94 0.919 0.358 0.088 0.028
of water or air, through pipe 4500 576.7 47.6 15.3 7.16 3.69 1.16 0.450 O.lll 0.035 12"
other than Schedule 40, use 5000 640.8 ... 18.8 8.85 4.56 1.42 0.552 0,136 0.043 0.018
the following formulas: ... 0.061 0.025

r
6000 769.0 27.1 1l.7 6.57 2.03 0.794 0.195
7000 897.1 ... 36.9 17.2 8.94 2.76 1.07 0.262 0.082 0.034
Va = V40 C~o 8000
9000
1025
lI53
..
... ·.... 22.5
28.5
11.7
14.9
3.59
4.54
1.39
1.76
0.339
0.427
0.107
0.134
0.044
0.055

APa = AP•• ( ~or

Subscript "a" refers to the
10000
11 000
12 000
13000
14000
1182
1410
1538
1666
1794
...
...
...
'"
...
·.....
. ..
...
...
35.2
. ..
. ..
...
. ..
18.4
22.2
26.4
31.0
36.0
5.60
6.78
8.07
9.47
1I.0
2.16
2.62
3.09
3.63
4.21
0.526
0.633
0.753
0.884
1.02
0.164
0.197
0.234
0.273
0.316
0.067
0.081
0.0%
0.112
0.129
Schedule of pipe through ... . .. .. 0.148
15000 1922 " . . 12.6 4.64 1.17 0.364
which velocity or pressure 16000 2051 ... ... 14.3 5,50 1.33 0.411 0.167
drop is desired. 18000 2307 ... ... . .. 18.2 6.96 1.68 0.520 0.213
20000 2563 · .. . .. . .. 22.4 8.60 2.01 0.642 0.260
Subscript "40" refers to the 22000 2820 ... ... . .. . .. 27.1 10.4 2.50 0.771 0.314
velocity or pressure drop 24000 ... .. . ... ... 32.3 12.4 2.97 0.918 0.371
through Schedule 40 pipe, as 26000 ... . .. . .. ... 37.9 14.5 3.49 1.12 0.435
given in the tables on these
facing pages.
28000
30000 ift! ...
...
...
...
. ..
. ..
. ..
...
. ..
."
16.9
19.3
4.04
4.64
1.25
1.42
0.505
0.520
 8-16 APPENDIX 8 ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

PIPE DATA
Carbon and Alloy Steel - Stainless Steel

(also see next three pages)

:'>Iom- Out.side Inside Area Transverse • Moment Weight Weight External Section
inal Diam. Diam- of Internal Area of Pipe Water Surface Modulus
Pipe eter Metal Inertia
Size (d) (n) ! (A)
(I) Pounds Pounds Sq. Ft.
Square Square Square per per foot per foot
Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches I
Feel Inches' foot of pipe of pipe
~~==~==~===~===
lOS .049 .307 .0548 .0740 i00051~ .00088 .19 .032 .106 .00437
118 0.405 STD 40 40S .068 .269 .0720 .0568 .00040 .00106 .24 .025 .106 ,00523
XS 80 80S .095 .215 .0925 .0364 .00025 .00122 .31 .016 ,106 .00602
----~--.~.~.-+·--.~.~.~--1~0~·:·········~~~,O~6-5~+--.4~1-0-4--.0~9~70-~--.1-32-~0~ 7~9~--.~3·3--+--,057·--~,~1~41--r-.0~1~0~32~
1/4 0.540 SID 40 40S .088 ,364 .1250 .1041 31.42 .043 .141 .01227
XS 80 80S .119 .302 .1574 .0716 .00050 .00377 ,54 .031 ,141 ,01395
-~--t- ---+--.---+.----+ .... - - -
lOS .065 .545 .1246 .2333 .00162· .00586 .42 .101 .178 .01736
3{8 0.675 SID 40 40S .091 .493 ,1670 .1910 .00133 .00729 .57 ,083 .178 .02160
XS 80 80S 126 .423 .2173 .1405 .00098 i .00862 .74 .061 .178 ,02554
,065 .710 .1583 .3959 .00275 •. 01197 .54 .172 .220 .02849
.083 .674 .1974 .3568 .00248 .01431 .67 .155 .220 .03407
SID .109 .622 .2503 .3040 .00211 .01709 .85 .132 .220 .04069
112 0.840 XS .147 .546 .3200 .2340 .00163 .02008 1.09 .102 .220 .04780
.187 .466 .3836 .1706 1.00118 .02212 1.31 .074 .220 .05267
XXS .294 .252 .5043 .050 • .00035 .02424 l. 71 .022 .220 .0.1772
·--+-----+---~-+----~T----__T·····-----,~----·~········--+_--+_-···~
5S .065 .920 .2011 .6611.8 .00462 .02450 .69 .288 .275 .04667
lOS .083 .884 .2521 .6138 .00426 .02969 .86 .266 .275 .05655
SID 40S .113 .824 .3326 .5330 .00371 .03704 1.13 .231 .07055
1.050 XS 80S .154 .742 .4335 .4330 .00300 .04479 1.47 .188 .275 .0853]
.219 .612 .5698 .2961 .00206 .05269 1.94 .128 .275 .100.36
XXS .308 .434 .7180 .148 .00103 .05792 2.44 .064 .275 .11032
~--~~ .~--~--~.-.~~~~
5S .065 1.185 .2553 1.l029 .00766 .04999 .87 .478 .344 .07603
lOS .109 1.097 .4130 .9452 .00656 .07569 1.40 .409 .344 .1l512
:40 I
1.315
SID
XS 80
160
40S
80S
.133
.179
.250
. 1.049
.957
.815
.4939
.6388
.8:-165
.8640
.7190
.5217
.00600
.00499
.00362
.08734
.1056
.1251
1.68
2.17
2.84
1 .375
.:H2
.230
.344
.344
.:344
.1328
.1606
.1903
XXS ... ... .358 .599 1.0760 .282 .00196 .1405 3.66 .122 .344 .2136
- ....- - - 0 - - - - --+-"'-'-1~-- -1-- -1---+--····-·, -'-'-"'-"j-...- ...-.-.+..~. -1---+- ..--"----...+~--~~.~--
5S .065 1.530 .3257 1.839 .01277 .1038
1.11 .797 .435 '.1250
lOS .109 1.442 .4717 1.633 .01134 .1605
1.81 .708 .435 .1934
: SID 40 40S .140 1.380 .6685 1.495 .01040 .1947
2,27 .649 .435 .2346
1% 1.660 XS 80 80S .191 1.278 .8815 1.283 .00891 .2418
3.00 .555 .435 .2913
160 ,250 1.160 1.1070 1.057 .007.34 .2839
3,76 .458 .435 .3421
XXS .382 .896 1.5:34 .630 .00438 .3411
5.21 .273 .435 .4110
-+---+...... --+-~-+--.. - / - - - - i - . - - - + - ...... - - -
5S .065 1.770 .3747 2.461 1.01709 .1579 1.28 1.066 .497 .1662
105 .109 1.682 .6133 2.222 ,01543 .2468 2.09 .963 .497 .2598
SID 40 40S ,145 1.610 .7995 2.036 : .01414 .3099 2.72 .882 .497 .3262
Ph 1.900 XS 80 80S .200 1.500 1.068 1.767 .01225 .3912 3.63 .765 .497 .4U8
160 .281 1.338 1.429 1.406 j.00976 .4824 4.86 ,608 .497 .5078
, XXS .400 1.100 1.885 .950 .00660 .5678 6.41 .42 .497 .5977

I .065
.109
2.245
2.157
5S
lOS
.4717 3.9.58
.7760 3.654
: ,02749 .3149
.02538 .4992
1.61
2.64
1.72
1.58
.622
.622
.26,52
.4204
SID 40 .1,54 2.06740S 1.075 3.355 i .02330 .6657 3,65 1.45 .622 .5606
2 2.375 XS 80 .218 1.93980S 1.477 2.9.53 .02050 .8679 5.02 1.28 ,622 .7309
... 160 344 1.687 :2.190 2.241 .01556 1.162 7.46 .97 .622 .979
XXS ... ... i :436 1.503 :2.656 1.774 .01232 1.311 9.03 .77 .622 1.l04
..--~--5S:.,--r-.0~83-~2.7~09--.-.~7-28-0~-5-.7··64···-~~.~0~400-2+-~.7~10~0~+-2~.~48-+-2-.5~0---r-.--{5-3--+--.4-9-39---
--·--T----+-...-+-~.~
lOS .120 2.635 1.039 5.453 .03787 .9873 3.53 2.36 .753 .6868
SID 40 405 .203 2.469 1.704 4.788 .03322 1.530 5.79 2.07 .753 1.064
2.875 XS 80 80S .276 2.323 2.254 4.238 .02942 1.924 7.66 1.87 .753 1.339
160 .375 2.125 2.945 3.546 .02463 2.353 10,01 1.54 .753 1.638
XXS .552 1.771 4.028 2.464 .01710 2.871 .13.69 1.07 .753 1.997
.
I------+-~ +-----_t_--.-+--~--+- ~ f - - - -.
5S . 083 3.334 .8910 8.730 .0606311.301 ! 3.03 3.78 .916 .7435
lOS .120 3.260 1.274 8.347 .05796 1.822 4.33 3.62 .916 1.041
SID 40 40S .216 3.068 2.228 7.393 .05130 3.017 7.58 3.20 .916 1.724
3 XS 80 80S .300 2.900 3.016 6.605 .04587 3.894 110.25 2.86 .~16 2.225
160 0438 2.624 4.205 5.408 .03755 5.032 14.32 2.35 .916 2.876
._ _ _ _ ~...L.._ _.__--L_X_X_S___'L.....~._. __.L...._.'_'_...L..~6oo__ 2.300 5. 466 L'1~.~15~5_-,-'0~2_8..8_5-L5_.9_9_3_-,-1~8_.58 -.Ll.....~80_~1_._9_16_...L3.....4.. : 2:. .4__~
Identillcallon, .elllhickne•• end .eIVhl. are extracted from ANSI 836.10 and 836.19. The notations Tran.verl. Internal .r•• values listed in "square feet" also
STD, X8, and XXS indIcate Standard. Extra Strong, and Double Extra Strong plP~ respectively. represent \lolume in cubic feet per foot 0' pipe length.
 CRANE APPENDIX B ENGINEERING DATA B·17

PIPE DATA - cont.

---1---
Nom- Oul,id" 10
Id""""'i';~-ri", 1 00.
Area Transverse
Mo:en , 'w~~, ~:~: ~;:~I ,::-'~-:-, _.
1
inal Diam. Steel Stain- Thick- !)jam- of Internal Area
Pipe 11:':--:-' nt'~!- f'ler Melal Inertia
Size Iron Schoo. Sleel (I) (d) (a) (A) (1) Pounds Pounds Sq. Fl. '( I)
Pipe No. Sched. Square Square Square per per fOOl per foot; 2 O.D.

.~::~ I~~~J~=:O::·~1~~=f~5P=.~=pe:=;:=O=f=p=IP=e:::;::====
Inche, Inche~ Size No. Inche> Inche, Inches Inche,;
.. . ..... -- - - -- --- - --_..

3S 3.834 1.021 11.543 1.047 .9799

lOS .120 3.760 1.463 I J.l04 .07711 2.755 4.97 4.81 LM7 1.378
:Wz 4.000 STD 40 40S .226 3.548 2.680 9.886 .06870 4.788 9.11 4.29 1.047 2.394
XS 80 80S .318 3.364 3.678 8.888 .06170 6.280 12.50· 3.84 I.M7 3.140
.~~~-
_ ..

5S .083 4.334 1.152 14.75 .10245 2.810 3.92 6.39 1.178 1.249
lOS .120 4.260 1.6.~ I 14.25 .09898 3.963 5.61 6.18 1.178 I. 761
STD 40 40S .237 4.026 3.174 12.73 .08840 7.233 I 0.79 5.50 1.178 3.214
9.610 14.98 4.98 1.178 4.271
4 4.500 \S 80
120
80S .337
.438
3.826
3.624
4.407
5..;95
11.50
10.31
.07986
.0716 11.6:; I 9.00 4.47 !.l78 I 5.178
l.l ~8
160 .531 3.438 6.621 9.28 .0645 13.27 22.51 4.02 i
5.898
XXS .674 3.152 8.101 7.80 .0542 15.28 2 7.54 3.38 I.li8 6.791
_ ....

5S .109 5.345 1.868 22.44 .1558 6.947 6.36 9.72 I 1.456 2.498
/" lOS .134 5.295 2.285 22.02 .1529 8.425 ..,1 ... -
i.i' 9.54 1.456 3.029
STD 40 40S .258 5.047 4.300 20.01 1. 1390 15.16 ) 4.62 8.67 i 1.456 5.451
5 5.563 XS 80 80S .375 4.813 6.112 18.19 .1263 20.67 20.78 7.88 1.456 7.431
120 .500 4.563 7.953 16.35 .1136 25.73 2 7.04 7.09 1.456 9.250
160 .625 4.313 9.696 14.61 . lOIS 30.03 3 2.96 6.33 1.456 10.796
XXS .750 4.063 11.340 12.97 .0901 33.63 38.55 5.61 1.456 12.090
_... - -..-
5S .109 6.407 2.231 32.24 .2239 11.85 7.60 13.97 1. 734 3.576
lOS .134 6.357 2.733 31. 74 .22M 14.40 9.29 13.75 1.734 4.346
STD 40 40S .280, 6.065 5.S81 28.89 .2006 28.14 I 8.97 12.51 1.73,t 8.496
6 6.625 XS 80 80S .432 5.761 8.405 26.07 .1810 40.49 28.57 11.29 1.734 12.22
120 .562 5.501 10.70 23.77 .1650 49.61 36.39 10.30 I. 734 14.98
160 .719 5.187 13.32 21.15 .1469 58.97 4 5.35 9.16 1.734 17.81

'!!~~E.3~
XXS .864 4.897 15.64 18.84 53.16 8.16 1.734 20.02
/"'.
5S .109 8.407 2.916 55.51 .38:;5 26.44 9.93 24.06 2.258 6.131
lOS .148 8.329 3.941 54.48 .3784 . 35.41 ) 3.40 23.61 2.258 8.212
20 .250 8.125 6.57 51.85 .3601 57.72 2 2.36 22.47 2.258 13.39
30 .277 8.071 7.26 51.16 .3553 63.35 24.70 22.17 2.258 14.69
STD 40 40S .322 7.981 8.40 50.03 .3474 72.49 28.55 21.70 2.258 16.81
8 8.625 60 .406 7.813 10.48 47.94 .3329 88.73 35.64 20.7-7 2.258 20.58
XS 80 80S .500 7.625 12.76 45.66 .3171 105.7 43.39 19.78 2.258 24.51
100 .594 7.437 14.96 43.46 .3018 1 12 1.3 5 0.95 18.83 2.258 28.14
120 .719 7.187 17.84 40.59 .2819 140.5 60.71 17.59 2.258 32.58
140 .812 7.001 19.93 38.50 .2673 153.7 6 7.76 16.68 2.258 35.65
XXS .875 6.875 21.30 37.12 .2578 162.0 72.42 16.10 2.258 37.56
160 .906 6.813 21.97 36.46 .2532 165.9 74 .69 15.80 2.258 38.48

5S .134 10.482 4.36 86.29 .5992 63.0 15.19 37.39 2.814 11.71
lOS .165 10.420 .,).49 8S.28 .5922 76.9 18.65 36.95- 2.814 14.30
20 .250 10.250 8.24 82.52 , .5731 113.7 28.04 35.76 2.814 21.15
30 .307 10.136 10.07 80.69 .5603 137.4 34.24 34.96 2.814 25.57
STD 40 40S .365 10.020 11.90 78.86 .5475 160.7 4 OAll 34.20 2.814 29.90
10 10.750 XS 60 80S .500 9.750 16.10 74.66 .5185 212.0 5 4.74 32.35 2.814 39.43
80 .594 9.562 18.92 71.84 .4989 244.8 6 4.43 31.13 2.814 45.54
100 .719 9.312 22.63 68. 13 .4732 286.1 7 7.03 29.53 2.814 53.22
120 .844 9.062 26.24 64.5:i .4481 324.2 89 .29 27.96 2.814 60.32
\\S 140 1.000 8.750 30.63 60.13 .4176 367.8 10't13 26.06 2.814 68.43
160 '1. 125 8.500 34.02 56.75 .3941 399.3 II 5.64 24.59 2.814 74.29
_. .~.

f----- i--
5S 156 12.438 6.17 121.50 ; .8438 122.4 2 0.98 52.65 3.338 19.2
lOS .180 12.390 7.11 120.57 .8373 140.4 24 .17 52.25 3.338 22.0
20 .250 12.250 9.82 117.86 .8185 191.8 33 .38 51.07 3.338 30.2
30 .330 12.090 12.87 114.80 .7972 248.4 43 #ii 49.74 3.338 39.0
STD 40S .375 12.000 14.58 In. 10 .7854 279.3 49 .56 49.00 3.338 43.8
/".
40 .406 11.938 15.77 11 1.93 .7773 300.3 53 .52 48.50 I 3.338 47.1
XS 80S .500 I J. 750 19.24 108.43 .7528 361.5 65 ..12 46.92 3.338 56.7
/". 12 12.75 60 .562 11.626 21.52 106.16 .7372 400.4 73 .15 46.00 3.338 62.8
80 .688 11.374 26.03 101.64 .7058 475.1 88 .63 'l4.M 3.338 74.6
~
100 .844 11.062 31.53 96.14 .6677 561.6 , 1.32 I 41.66
1O~
3.338 88.1
1
\\S 120 1.000 10.750 36.91 90.76 .6303 641.6 125.49 39.33 3.338 100.7
140 1.125 10.500 41.08 86.59 .6013 700.5 1139 .67 3.338 109.9
jJ;52
160 1.312 10.126 47.14 80.S3 .5592 78U 160. 2~1 34.89 3.338 122.6
_ ...
Identlfica1ion, wall thickness and weights are extracted trom ANSI B36.10 and 836.19. The notat1ors Transverse internal area values listed in 'square feet" also
STD, XS, and XXS IndIcate Standard. Extra St~ong, and DOiJb:e Extra Strong pIpe respectively represent volurre in cubic feet pe( foot of pipe length,
 APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

PIPE DATA-cont.

- - -.....
Nom- Outside - -.....
Identification Wall i~side I Area Transverse Moment Weight I Weight External Section
inal Oiam. Steel Stain- Thick- • Oiam- i of Internal Area of PIpe i Water Surface Modulus
Pipe less ness eter Metal Inertia
(a.) (A)
Size Iron
Pipe
Sched.
No.
Steel
Sched.
(t) (d)
Square i Square Square
(I) Pounds
per
Pounds Sq. Ft.
per foot per foot (1_1
-O.D.
)
Inches Inches Size No. Inches Inches Inches Inches Feet Inches' foot of pipe i of pipe
......... ----~

........~--

... . .. 5S .156 13.688 I 6.78 147.15 1.0219 162.6 23.07 63.77 3.665 23.2
.. . ... lOS .188 13.624 8.16 145.78 1.0124 194.6 27.73 63.17 3.665 27.8
· .. 10 . .. .250 13.500 10.80 143.14 .9940 255.3 36.71 62.03 3.665 36.6
... 20 . .. .312 13.376 13.42 140.52 .9758 314.4 45.61 60.89 3.665 45.0
STO .30 ... .375 13.250 16.05 137.88 .9575 372.8 54.57 59.75 3.665 53.2
... 40 ... .438 13.124 18.66 135.28 .9394 429.1 63.44 58.64 3.665 61.3
14 14.00 XS .. . ... .500 13.000 21.21 132.73 .9217 483.8 72.09 57.46 3.665 69.1
... 60 · .. .594 12.812 24.98 128.96 .8956 562.3 85.05 55.86 .3.665 80.3
... 80 ... .750 12.500 31.22 122.72 .8522 678.3 106.13 53.18 3.665 98.2
.. . 100 ... .938 12.124 38.45 115.49 .8020 824.4 130.85 50.04 3.665 117.8
.. . 120 ... 1.094 11.812 44.32 109.62 .7612 929.6 150.79 47.45 3.665 132.8
.. . 140 ... 1.250 11.500 50.07 1103.87 .7213 1027.0 170.28 4S.01 3.66S 146.8
... 160 . .. 1.406 11.188 SS.63 98.31 .6827 • 11l7.0 189.11 42.60 3.66S 159.6
... SS .16S 15.670 8.21 192.85 11.3393 2S7.3 27.90 83.S7 4.189 i 32.2
... 105 .188 15.624 9.34 191.72 ,1.3314 291.9 31.75 83.08 4.189 36.5
10 ... .2S0 15.500 12.37 188.69 1.3103 383.7 42.05 81.74 4.189 48.0
20 · .. .312 IS . .376 15.38 185.69 1.2895 473.2 52.27 80.50 4.189 59.2
STO 30 ... .375 15.250 18.41 182.65 1.2684 562.1 62.58 79.12 4.189 70.3
16 16.00 XS 40 ... .500 15.000 24.35 176.72 1.2272 731.9 82.77 76.58 4.189 91.5
... 60 ... .656 14.688 31.62 169.44 1.1766 932.4 107.50 73.42 4.189 116.6
... 80 . .. .844 14.312 40.14 160.92 1.1175 1155.8 136.61 69.73 4.189 144.5
... 100 ... 1.031 13.938 48.48 1 152.58 1.0596 1364.5 164.82 66.12 4.189 170.5
·.." . 120 ... 1.219 ,13.562 56.56 144.50 1.0035 1555.8 192.43 62.62 4.189 194.5
140 ... 1.438 • 13.124 65.78 135.28 .9394 1760.3 223.64 58.64 4.189 220.0
.. . 160 ... 1.594 12.812 72.10 i 128.96 .8956 1893.5 245.25 55.83 4.189 236.7
... ... 5S .165 17.670 9.25 '245.22 1.7029 367.6 31.43 106.26 4.712 40.8
... ... lOS .188 17.624 10.52 243.95 1.6941 417.3 35.76 105.71 4.712 46.4
... 10 ... .250 17.500 13.94 240.53 1.6703 549.1 47.39 104.21 4.712 61.1
... 20 . .. .312 17.376 17.34 237.13 1.6467 678.2 58.94 102.77 4.712 75.5
STO ... . .. .375 17.250 20.76 i 233.71 1.6230 806.7 70.59 lOLl8 4.712 89.6
... 30 · .. .438 17.124 24.17 230.30 1.5990 930.3 82.15 99.84 4.712 103.4
18 18.00 XS ... ., . .500 17.000 27.49 226.98 1.5763 1053.2 93.45 98.27 4.712 117.0
· .. 40 ... .562 16.876 30.79 223.68 1.5533 1171.5 104.67 96.93 4.712 130.1
.. . 60 ... .750 16.500 40.64 213.83 1.4849 1514.7 138.17 92.57 4.712 168.3
.. . 80 ... .938 16.124 SO.23 204.24 1.4183 1833.0 170.92 88.50 4.712 203.8
... 100 . .. 1.156 15.688 61.17 193.30 , 1.3423 2180.0 207.96 83.76 4.712 242.3
.. . 120 ... 1.375 15.250 71.81 182.66 • 1.2684 2498.1 244.14 79.07 4.712 277.6
... 140 ... 1.562 14.876 80.66 173.80 1.2070 2749.0 274.22 75.32 4.712 305.5
... 160 '" 1.781 14.438 90.75 163.72 i 1.1369 3020.0 308.50 70.88 4.712 335.6
... ... 55 .188 19.624 11.70 302.46 2.1004 574.2 39.78 131.06 5.236 57.4
'" ... lOS .218 19.564 13,55 300,61 2.0876 662.8 46.06 130.27 5.236 66.3
10 ... ,250 19.500 15.51 298.65 2,0740 765.4 52.73 129.42 5.236 75.6
STO 20 ... .375 19.250 23.12 290.04 2,0142 1113.0 78,60 125.67 5.236 1l1.3
X5 30 ... .500 19.000 30.63 283.53 1.9690 1457.0 104.13 122.87 5.236 145.7
... 40 . .. ,594 18.812 36.15 278.00 1.9305 1703.0 123.11 120.46 5.236 170.4
20 20.00 ... 60 . .. .812 18.376 48.95 265.21 1.8417 2257.0 166.40 114.92 5.236 225.7
... 80 . .. 1.031 17.938 61.44 252.72 1.7550 2772.0 208.87 109.51 5.236 277.1
100 ... 1.281 17.438 75.33 238.83 1.6585 3315.2 256.10 103.39 5.236 331.5
.. . 120 · .. 1.500 17.000 87.18 226.98 1.5762 3754.0 296.37 98.35 5.236 375.5
... 140 ... 1.750 16.500 100.33 213.82 1.4849 4216.0 341.09 92.66 5.236 421.7
'" 160 ... 1.969 16.062 111.49 .202.67 1.4074 4585.5 379.17 87.74 5.236 458.5
• - _ ......

... ... 5S .188 21.624 12.88 1367.25 2.5503 766.2 43.80 159.14 5.760 69.7
I ... ... lOS .218 21.564 14.92 365.21 2.5362 884.8 50.71 158.26 5.760 80.4
.. , 10 · .. .250 21.500 17.08 363.05 2.5212 1010.3 58.07 157.32 5.760 91.8
STO 20 · .. .375 21.250 25.48 354.66 i 2.4629 1489.7 86.61 153.68 5.760 135.4
XS 30 ... .500 21.000 33.77 346 36 2.4053 1952.5 114.81 150.09 5.760 1l7.5
22 22.00 .. , 60 ... 20.250 58.07 1 .
322.06 2.2365 3244.9 197.41 139.56 5.760 295.0

r
... 80 ... 1.125 19.75 73.78 1306.35 2.1275 4030.4 250.81 132.76 5.760 366.4
... 100 . .. 1.375 19.25 89.09 291.04 2.0211 4758.5 302.88 126.12 5.760 432.6
· .. 120 ... 1.625 18.75 104.02 12 1.9175 5432.0 353.61 119.65 5.760 I 493.8
... . ..
... ......... ~:~~~
140
~32.68
18.25 1.8166 6053.7 403.00 113.36 5.760 550.3
_ ..... i .. . 160 17.75 I 1.45 1. 7184 6626A 451.06 107.23 5.760 602.4
Identification, wall thick" ••• and weight, are extracted from ANSI 836.10 and 836_19. The notations Transverse Internal area valUes listed in "square feet" also
STD, XS, and XXS indicate Standard, Extra Strong, and Double Extra Strong pipe respectively_ represent volume in cubic feet per foot of pipe length
 CRANE APPENDIX II ENGINEERING DATA 8-19

PIPE DATA-cont.

Nom- Outside T, :c: Wall Inside Area Transverse Moment Weight Weight External Section
inal Diam. Steel Stain- Thick- Diam- of Internal Area of Pipe Water Surface Modulus
Pipe less ness eter Metal Inertia
(d) (a) (A) Pounds 5q. Ft.
Size Iron Sched. Steel (t) (I) Pounds

Inches Inches
Pipe
Size
No. Sched.
Inches
Square
Inches
Square Square per
Inches' foot
per foot per foot
of pipe of pipe
(20.~)J
No. Inches Inches Feet

...
...
., .
10
55
lOS
.218
.250
23.564
23.500
16.29
18:65
436.10
433.74
3.0285
3.0121
1151.6
1315.4
I55.37
63.41
188.98
187.95
6.283
6.283
96.0
109.6
STD 20 .. .375 23.250 27.83 424.56 2.9483 1942.0 • 94.62 183.95 6.283 161.9
X5 ... . .. .500 23.000 36.91 415.48 2.8853 2549.5 i 125.49 179.87 6.283 212.5
... 30 ... .562 22.876 41.39 411.00 2.8542 2843.0 140.68 178.09 6.283 237.0
24 24.00 ... 40 . .. .688 22.624 50.31 402.07 2.7921 3421.3 171.29 174.23 6.283 285.1
... 60 ... .969 22.062 70.04 382.35 2.6552 4652.8 238.35 165.52 6.283 387.7
... 80 ... 1.219 21.562 87.17 365.22 2.5362 5672.0 296.58 158.26 6.283 472.8
... 100 ... 1.531 20.938 108.07 34l.32 2.3911 6849.9 367.39 149.06 6.283 570.8
... 120 ... 1.812 20.376 126.31 326.08 2.2645 7825.0 429.39 141.17 6.283 652.1
... 140 ... 2.062 19.876 142.11 310.28 2.1547 8625.0 483.12 134.45 6.283 718.9
... 160 ... 2.34l 19.312 159.41 292.98 2.0346 9455.9 542.13 126.84 6.283 787.9

... 10 . .. .312 25.376 25.18 505.75 i 3.5122 i 2077.2 85.60 219.16 6.806 159.8
26 26.00 5TD ... . .. .375 25.250 30.19 500.74 i 3.4774 2478.4 102.63 216.99 6.806 190.6
XS 20 ... .500 25.000 40.06 490.87 ! 3.4088 3257.0 136.17 212.71 6.806 250.5

... 10 . .. .312 27.376 27.14 588.61 i 4.0876 2601.0 92.26 255.07 7.330 185.8
STD ... . .. .375 27.250 32.54 583.21 4.0501 3105.1 110.64 252.73 7.330 221.8
28 28.00 X5 20 ... .500 27.000 43.20 572.56 3.9761 4084.8 146.85 248.11 7.330 291.8
... 30 ... .625 26.750 53.75 562.00 3.9028 5037.7 182.73 243.53 7.330 359.8

... ... 55 .250 29.500 23.37 683.49 4.7465 2585.2 79.43 296.18 7.854 172.3
... 10 105 .312 29.376 29.10 677.76 4.7067 3206.3 98.93 293.70 7.854 213.8
30 30.00 STD ... . .. .375 29.250 34.90 671.96 4.6664 3829.4 118.65 291.18 7.854 255.3
XS 20 ... .500 29.000 46.34 660.52 4.5869 5042.2 157.53 286.22 7.854 336.1
... 30 . .. .625 28.750 57.68 i649.18 4.5082 6224.0 196.08 281.31 7.854 414.9
... 10 . .. .312 31.376 31.06 773.19 5.3694 3898.9 105.59 335.05 8.378 243.7
STD ... . .. .375 31.250 37.26 766.99 5.3263 4658.5 126.66 332.36 8.378 291.2
32 32.00 XS 20 ... .500 31.000 49.48 754.77 5.2414 6138.6 168.21 327.06 8.378 3&3.7
... 30 . .. .625 30.750 61.60 742.64 5.1572 7583.4 209.43 321.81 8.378 474.0
'" 40 ... .688 30.624 67.68 736.57 5.1151 8298.3 230.08 319.18 8.378 518.6
.. . .. .34l 33.312 36.37 871.55 6.0524 5150.5 123.65 377.67 8.901 303.0
... .375 33.250 39.61 868.31 6.0299 5599.3 134.67 376.27 8.901 329.4
34 34.00 ... .500 33.000 52.62 855.30 5.9396 7383.5 178.89 370.63 8.901 434.3
.. . .. .625 32.750 65.53 842.39 5.8499 9127.6 222.78 365.03 8.901 536.9
.. .,. .688 32.624 72.00 835.92 5.8050 9991.6 24l.77 362.23 8.901 587.7
... 10 . .. .312 35.376 34.98 982.90 6.8257 5569.5 118.92 425.92 9.425 309.4
STD ... . .. .375 35.250 41.97 975.91 6.7771 6658.9 142.68 422.89 9.425 369.9
36 20 .500 35.000 55.76 962.11 6.6813 8786.2 189.57 416.91 9.425 488.1
30 I .625 34.750 69.46 948.42 6.5~4 236.13 1417.22 9.425 603.8
I 40
I .750 34.500 83.06 934.82
Identification. wall thickness and welghta ara axlraCled from ANSI 636.10 and 636.19. The notalions
6.49 .1 282.35 405.09 9.425 717.0
Ttana"e,.. lnternal area values listed in "square feet" also
STD, XS, and •
XXS indicate
• Standard, Extra Strong, and Double Extra Strong pipe respectively represent volume in cubic teet per foot of pipe length.
;...B_-_2_0_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~A.:.:..P:...:PE:.:...N.:.:..D::..:IX:...:B:_.:E:.:...N:.::G:.:..IN:..:.E=_ER::..:IN.:.:G:......:.:DA.:.:T.:..:.A_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _...::C:.,:R A N E

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
.. .... _-- ....... _-_ .
-460° to 0° 10 to 60° 61° to 290" 300 0 to 890 G 900" to 3000°

c
--':273 .-460
IAI F c
I~I F c I~I F c
l~ F C
I~ F

-268 -450 j~:~

1
2 ~t~
16.1
16.7
61
62 l:~:~ i~~
300
310 ~~~
482
488
900
910 i~n-
---262 -440 -16.1 3 37.4 17.2 63 145.4 160 320 608 493 920 1688
--257 ~430 -15.6 4 39.2 17.8 64 147.2 166 330 626 499 930 1706
--251 -420 -15.0 5 41.0 18.3 65 149.0 17l 340 644 504 940 1724
-246 -410 -14.4 6 42.8 18.9 66 150.8 177 350 662 510 950 1742
240 -400 -13.9 7 44.6 19.4 67 152.6 182 360 680 516 960 1760
~234 -390 -13.3 8 46.4 20.0 68 154.4 188 !
370 698 521 970 1778
~229 -380 -12.8 9 48.2 20.6 69 156.2 193 380 716 527 980 1796
-223 -370 -12.2 10 50.0 21.1 70 158.0 199 390 734 532 990 1814
-218 -360 -11.7 11 51.8 21.7 7l 159.8 204 400 752 538 1000 1832
-212 -350 --11.1 12 53.6 22.2 72 161.6 210 410 770 549 1020 1868
-207 -340 -10.6 13 55.4 22.8 73 163.4 216 420 788 560 1040 1904
~201 -330 -10.0 14 57.2 23.3 74 165.2 221 430 806 57l 1060 1940
-196 -320 -9.4 15 59.0 23.9 75 167.0 227 440 824 582 1080 1976
-190 -310 8.9 16 60.8 24.4 • 76 168.8 232 450 842 593 1100 2012
--184 -300 8.3 17 62.6 25.0 77 170.6 238 460 860 604 1120 2048
---179 -290 7.8 18 64.4 25.6 78 172.4 243 470 878 616 1140 2084
--173 -280 7.2 19 66.2 26.1 79 174.2 249 480 896 627 1160 2120
-169 -273 -460 6.7 20 68.0 26.7 80 176.0 254 490 914 638 1180 2156
--16~ -270 -454 - 6.1 21 69.8 27.2 81 177.8 260 500 932 649 1200 2192
-162 -260 -436 - 5.6 22 71.6 27.8 82 179.6 266 510 950 660 1220 2228
·-157 -250 418 - 5.0 23 73.4 28.3 83 181.4 27l 520 968 67l 1240 2264
--151 240 -400 4.4 24 75.2 28.9 84 183.2 277 530 986 6!h 1260 2300
--146 -230 -382 3.9 25 77.0 29.4 85 185.0 282 540 1004 693 1280 2336
--140 -220 -364 3.3 26 78.8 30.0 86 186.8 288 550 1022 704 1300 2372
134 -210 -346 2.8 27 80.6 30.6 87 188.6 293 560 1040 732 1350 2462
-129 -200 -328 - 2.2 28 82.4 31.1 88 190.4 299 570 1058 760 1400 2552
-123 -190 -310 -- 1.7 29 84.2 31.7 89 192.2 304 580 1076 788 1450 2642
--118 -180 -292 - 1.1 30 86.0 32.2 90 194.0 310 590 1094 816 15()0 2732
--112 -170 -274 - 0.6 31 87.8 32.8 91 195.8 316 600 1112 843 1550 2822
-107 160 -256 0.0 32 89.6 33.3 92 197.6 321 610 1130 87l 1600 2912
-101 1-- -150 --238 0.6 33 91.4 33.9 93 199.4 327 620 1148 899 1650 3002
96 -140 -220 1.1 34 93.2 34.4 94 201.2 332 630 1166 927 1700 3092
90 -130 -202 1.7 35 95.0 35.0 95 203.0 338 640 1184 954 1750 3182
84 -120 -184 2.2 36 96.8 35.6 96 204.8 343' 650 1202 982 1800 3272
79 -110 -166 2.8 37 98.6 36.1 97 206.6 349 660 1220 1010 1850 3362
73 --100 --148 3.3 38 100.4 36.7 98 208.4 354 670 1238 1038 1900 3452
68 90 --130 3.9 39 102.2 37.2 99 210.2 360 680 1256 1066 1950 3542
- 62 80 -112 4.4 40 104.0 37.8 100 212.0 366 690 1274 1093 2000 3632
-- 57 70 - 94 5.0 41 105.8 43 110 230 371 700 1292 1121 2050 3722
51 - 60 - 76 5.6 42 107.6 49 120 248 377 710 1310 1149 2100 3812
46 ..... 50 58 6.1 43 109.4 54 130 266 382 720 1328 1177 2150 3902
40 - 40 - 40 6.7 44 111.2 60 140 284 388 730 1346 1204 2200 3992
- 34 -- 30 22 7.2 45 113.0 66 150 302 393 740 1364 1232 2250 4082
-- 29 - 20 4 7.8 46 114.8 71 160 320 399 750 1382 1260 2300 4172
- 23 10 14 8.3 47 116.6 77 170 338 404 760 1400 1288 2350 4262
._. 17.8 0 32 8.9 48 118.4 82 180 356 410 770 1418 1316 2400 4352
9.4 49 120.2 88 190 374 416 780 1436 1343 2450 4442
10.0 50 122.0 93 200 392 421 790 1454 1371 2500 4532
10.6 51 123.8 99 210 410 427 800 1472 1399 2550 4622
11.1 52 125.6 100 212 413.6 432 810 1490 1427 2600 4712
11.7 53 127.4 104 220 428 438 820 1508 1454 2650 4802
12.2 54 129.2 110 230 446 443 830 1526 1482 2700 4892
12.8 55 131.0 116 240 464 449 840 1544 1510 2750 4982
13.3 56 132.8 121 250 482 454 850 1562 1538 2800 5072
13.9 57 134.6 127 260 500 460 860 1580 1566 2850 5162
14.4 58 136.4 132 270 518 466 870 1598 1593 2900 5252
15.0 59 138.2 138 280 536 471 880 1616 1621 2950 5342
15.6 60 140.0 143 290 554 477 890 1634 1649 3000 5432
Locate temperature in middle column. If in degrees CelSius, read Fahrenheit equivalent
in right hand column; if in degrees Fahrenheit, read Celsius equivalent in left hand column.
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