Acid Base Equilibria Notes

Chapter 15
Acid–Base Equilibria
Chapter 15
Table of Contents
15.1 Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a
Common Ion
15.2 Buffered Solutions
15.3 Buffering Capacity
15.4 Titrations and pH Curves
15.5 Acid–Base Indicators
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2

Section 15.1
Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion
Common Ion Effect

• Shift in equilibrium position that occurs because
of the addition of an ion already involved in the
equilibrium reaction.
• An application of Le Châtelier’s principle.
Return to TOC

Section 15.1
Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion
Example
HCN(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CN-

(aq)
• Addition of NaCN will shift the equilibrium to the

left because of the addition of CN-, which is
already involved in the equilibrium reaction.
• A solution of HCN and NaCN is less acidic than
a solution of HCN alone.
Return to TOC

Section 15.2
Atomic Masses
Buffered Solutions
Key Points about Buffered Solutions

• Buffered Solution – resists a change in pH.
• They are weak acids or bases containing a
common ion.
• After addition of strong acid or base, deal with
stoichiometry first, then the equilibrium.
Return to TOC

Section 15.2
Atomic Masses
Buffered Solutions
Adding an Acid to a Buffer
Return to TOC

Section 15.2
Atomic Masses
Buffered Solutions
Buffers
Return to TOC

Section 15.2
Atomic Masses
Buffered Solutions
Solving Problems with Buffered Solutions
Return to TOC

Section 15.2
Atomic Masses
Buffered Solutions
Buffering: How Does It Work?
Return to TOC

Section 15.2
Atomic Masses
Buffered Solutions
Buffering: How Does It Work?
Return to TOC

Section 15.2
Atomic Masses
Buffered Solutions
Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation

 A 
pH = pK a + log
HA 
• For a particular buffering system (conjugate

acid–base pair), all solutions that have the
same ratio [A–] / [HA] will have the same pH.
Return to TOC

Section 15.2
Atomic Masses
Buffered Solutions
Exercise
What is the pH of a buffer solution that is 0.45

M acetic acid (HC2H3O2) and 0.85 M sodium
acetate (NaC2H3O2)? The Ka for acetic acid is
1.8 × 10–5.
pH = 5.02
Return to TOC

Section 15.2
Atomic Masses
Buffered Solutions
Return to TOC

Section 15.2
Atomic Masses
Buffered Solutions
Buffered Solution Characteristics

• Buffers contain relatively large amounts of weak
acid and corresponding conjugate base.
• Added H+ reacts to completion with the
conjugate base.
• Added OH reacts to completion with the weak
acid.
Return to TOC

Section 15.2
Atomic Masses
Buffered Solutions
Buffered Solution Characteristics

• The pH in the buffered solution is determined by
the ratio of the concentrations of the weak acid
and weak base. As long as this ratio remains
virtually constant, the pH will remain virtually
constant. This will be the case as long as the
concentrations of the buffering materials (HA
and A– or B and BH+) are large compared with
amounts of H+ or OH– added.
Return to TOC

Section 15.3
The Mole Capacity
Buffering
• The amount of protons or hydroxide ions the

buffer can absorb without a significant change
in pH.
• Determined by the magnitudes of [HA] and [A –].
• A buffer with large capacity contains large
concentrations of the buffering components.
Return to TOC

Section 15.3
The Mole Capacity
Buffering
• Optimal buffering occurs when [HA] is equal to

[A–].
• It is for this condition that the ratio [A –] / [HA] is
most resistant to change when H+ or OH– is
added to the buffered solution.
Return to TOC

Section 15.3
The Mole Capacity
Buffering
Choosing a Buffer
• pKa of the weak acid to be used in the buffer

should be as close as possible to the desired
pH.
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
Titrations and pH Curves
Titration Curve
• Plotting the pH of the solution being analyzed
as a function of the amount of titrant added.
• Equivalence (Stoichiometric) Point – point in the
titration when enough titrant has been added to
react exactly with the substance in solution
being titrated.
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
Neutralization of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
The pH Curve for the Titration of 50.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3 with
0.100 M NaOH
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
The pH Curve for the Titration of 100.0 mL of 0.50 M NaOH
with 1.0 M HCI
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
Weak Acid–Strong Base Titration
Step 1: A stoichiometry problem (reaction is

assumed to run to completion) then
determine remaining species.
Step 2: An equilibrium problem (determine
position of weak acid equilibrium and
calculate pH).
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
Concept Check
Consider a solution made by mixing 0.10 mol of

HCN (Ka = 6.2 x 10–10) with 0.040 mol NaOH in
1.0 L of aqueous solution.
What are the major species immediately upon

mixing (that is, before a reaction)?
HCN, Na+, OH–, H2O

Return to TOC

Section 15.4
Let’s Think About It…

• Why isn’t NaOH a major species?
• Why aren’t H+ and CN– major species?
• List all possibilities for the dominant reaction.
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
The possibilities for the dominant reaction are:
1. H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)

2. HCN(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CN–(aq)
3. HCN(aq) + OH–(aq) CN–(aq) + H2O(l)
4. Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) NaOH
5. Na+(aq) + H2O(l) NaOH + H+(aq)
Return to TOC

Section 15.4

• How do we decide which reaction controls the
pH?
H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)

HCN(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CN–(aq)
HCN(aq) + OH–(aq) CN–(aq) + H2O(l)
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
HCN(aq) + OH–(aq) CN–(aq) + H2O(l)
• What are the major species after this reaction

occurs?
HCN, CN–, H2O, Na+
Return to TOC

Section 15.4

• Now you can treat this situation as before.
• List the possibilities for the dominant reaction.
• Determine which controls the pH.
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
Concept Check
Calculate the pH of a solution made by mixing

0.20 mol HC2H3O2 (Ka = 1.8 x 10–5) with 0.030
mol NaOH in 1.0 L of aqueous solution.
Return to TOC

Section 15.4

• What are the major species in solution?
Na+, OH–, HC2H3O2, H2O
• Why isn’t NaOH a major species?
• Why aren’t H+ and C2H3O2– major species?
Return to TOC

Section 15.4

• What are the possibilities for the dominant
reaction?
1. H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)

2. HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq)
3. HC2H3O2(aq) + OH–(aq) C2H3O2–(aq) + H2O(l)
4. Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) NaOH
5. Na+(aq) + H2O(l) NaOH + H+(aq)
• Which of these reactions really occur? Return to TOC

Section 15.4

• Which reaction controls the pH?
H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)

HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq)
HC2H3O2(aq) + OH–(aq) C2H3O2–(aq) + H2O(l)
• How do you know?
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
HC2H3O2(aq) + OH–  C2H3O2–(aq) + H2O
Before 0.20 mol 0.030 mol 0

Change –0.030 mol –0.030 mol +0.030 mol
After 0.17 mol 0 0.030 mol
K = 1.8 x 109
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
Steps Toward Solving for pH
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O H3O+ + C2H3O2-(aq)
Initial 0.170 M ~0 0.030 M

Change –x +x +x
Equilibrium 0.170 – x x 0.030 + x
Ka = 1.8 x 10–5
pH = 3.99 Return to TOC

Section 15.4
Exercise
Calculate the pH of a 100.0 mL solution of

0.100 M acetic acid (HC2H3O2), which has a Ka
value of 1.8 x 10–5.
pH = 2.87
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
Concept Check
Calculate the pH of a solution made by mixing

100.0 mL of a 0.100 M solution of acetic acid
(HC2H3O2), which has a Ka value of 1.8 x 10–5,
and 50.0 mL of a 0.10 M NaOH solution.
pH = 4.74
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
Concept Check
Calculate the pH of a solution at the equivalence

point when 100.0 mL of a 0.100 M solution of
acetic acid (HC2H3O2), which has a Ka value of
1.8 x 10–5, is titrated with a 0.10 M NaOH
solution.
pH = 8.72
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
The pH Curve for the Titration of 50.0 mL of 0.100 M HC2H3O2 with
0.100 M NaOH
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
The pH Curves for

the Titrations of
50.0-mL Samples of
0.10 M Acids with
Various Ka Values
with 0.10 M NaOH
Return to TOC

Section 15.4
The pH Curve for the Titration of 100.0mL of 0.050 M NH3 with
0.10 M HCl
Return to TOC

Section 15.5
Acid–Base Indicators
• Marks the end point of a titration by changing

color.
• The equivalence point is not necessarily the
same as the end point (but they are ideally as
close as possible).
Return to TOC

Section 15.5
The Acid and Base

Forms of the
Indicator
Phenolphthalein
Return to TOC

Section 15.5
The Methyl Orange Indicator is Yellow in Basic Solution and Red
in Acidic Solution
Return to TOC

Section 15.5
Useful pH Ranges for Several Common Indicators
Return to TOC

Acid Base Equilibria Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Acid Base Equilibria Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 15

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2

Common Ion Effect

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 3

HCN(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CN-

• Addition of NaCN will shift the equilibrium to the

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 4

Key Points about Buffered Solutions

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 5

Adding an Acid to a Buffer

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 6

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 7

Solving Problems with Buffered Solutions

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 8

Buffering: How Does It Work?

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 9

Buffering: How Does It Work?

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 10

• For a particular buffering system (conjugate

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 11

What is the pH of a buffer solution that is 0.45

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 12

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 13

Buffered Solution Characteristics

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 14

Buffered Solution Characteristics

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 15

• The amount of protons or hydroxide ions the

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 16

• Optimal buffering occurs when [HA] is equal to

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 17

• pKa of the weak acid to be used in the buffer

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 18

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 19

Neutralization of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 20

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 21

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 22

Weak Acid–Strong Base Titration

Step 1: A stoichiometry problem (reaction is

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 23

Consider a solution made by mixing 0.10 mol of

What are the major species immediately upon

HCN, Na+, OH–, H2O

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 24

Let’s Think About It…

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 25

Let’s Think About It…

The possibilities for the dominant reaction are:

1. H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 26

Let’s Think About It…

H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 27

Let’s Think About It…

HCN(aq) + OH–(aq) CN–(aq) + H2O(l)

• What are the major species after this reaction

HCN, CN–, H2O, Na+

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 28

Let’s Think About It…

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 29

Calculate the pH of a solution made by mixing

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 30