ASE1202 Electrical Devices

Inductor and its Inductance

prepared by
Dr Soh Chew Beng

1
Outline

• Faraday’s Law
• Static and dynamically induced emf
• Lenz’s Law : Contribution to Inductance and Self Inductance
• Theory of Operation
• Factors affecting coil inductance
• Mutual Inductance and its contributing factors
• Types of Inductor and its different arrangement in a circuit

2
 Objectives -Learning Outcome

The objectives of this chapter is to enable students to learn

1. Understand and apply Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law on conductor

in a moving magnetic field
2. Be able to differentiate between different types of inductor
3. Recognize the factors which can influence the conductance of a coil

3
 Faraday’s Law

The property of inductance arises from electromagnetic induction discovered by

Michael Faraday in 1831.

When a loop of wire is rotated

through a magnetic field as shown
Faraday’s Law above, the position of the loop
When a coil of wire moves across the lines ofdetermines the amount of induced
current and voltage
force of magnetic field, electron flow through
the wire in one direction. When the coil of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=atbioBvN
wire moves across the lines of forces in the 8hE
opposite direction, electron flow through the
wire in the opposite direction 4
Faraday’s Law

Moving a conductor inside a magnetic

field can produce electrical energy
When a conductor is placed inside the
magnetic field, current flows only when there
is motion between the conductor and the
magnetic field.

If the conductor is stationary or stopped

midway, the current will stop flowing. This is
the principle of electrical power generation,
and it is known as electromagnetic Induction

−∆Φ −β∆𝐴𝐴
𝜀𝜀𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = =(-∆βA)/∆t=
∆𝑡𝑡 ∆𝑡𝑡

5
 Loop Rotation in a Magnetic Field

Effective Area of the Wire Loop at Different

Rotational Angles

The opposite side of the loop moves across

the magnetic lines of the force in opposite
direction. This movement caused an equal
amount of current to flow in opposite side
of the loop

http://macao.communications.museum/eng/exhibition/sec Position of the Rotating Wire Coil Plane to the

ondfloor/MoreInfo/2_4_1_ACGenerator.html Magnetic Field Direction and the Induced
Electromotive Force 6
Electromagnetically Induced Voltages

The magnitude of the voltage induced in a coil by electromagnetic induction

is proportional to the
1. The number of turns in the coil
2. Rate of change of flux with respect to time

𝑑𝑑∅
This can be expressed as 𝑒𝑒 = −𝑁𝑁
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Where
𝑒𝑒 = induced voltage (electromotive force, emf) (V)
𝑁𝑁 = number of series connected turns
𝑑𝑑∅
=Rate of change of flux w.r.t time (Wb/s)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

The minus sign indicates that polarity of the generated e.m.f opposes the
change.

7
 Statically and Dynamically Induced EMF

Electromagnetically induced voltages are Electromagnetically induced voltages are

produced in the stationary coil 2 by varying produced by moving a conductor coil 1
magnetic field through opening and closing into a constant magnetic field generated
of the switch (continuously) which provides by the current flowing in coil 2.
current to the coil 1 to generate the field.

Stationary coil 1 Moving coil 1

Stationary coil 2

Stationary coil 2
Dynamically Induced EMF
Statically Induced EMF
Stationary flux and moving conductor
Varying flux and stationary conductor
Electromotive Force and Induced (back) EMF
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=shJAV59NS6k 8
 Dynamically Induced EMF

The EMF induced is directly related to the length of conductor moving through a
magnetic field with a flux density, β
𝑑𝑑∅
The rate of change of flux, is dependent on the velocity, υ with which the
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡
conductor moves and cuts through the flux field, β

𝑒𝑒 = 𝛽𝛽𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙sin𝜃𝜃
Where
𝒆𝒆 = magnitude of the induced emf
𝛽𝛽 = Magnetic field strength (in Tesla)
𝑙𝑙 = Length of conductor in the field (in m)
𝜈𝜈 = velocity of the conductor ( in m/s)
𝜃𝜃 = angle between the conductor and the line of flux ( ͦ )

9
Dynamically Induced EMF

e = Blν sin θ

𝜃𝜃 =30o

dφ
e = −N
dt

10
 Example 1

A 0.1 m conductor is moving through a magnetic field with a flux density, β = 0.5
Wb/m2 and a velocity of 𝜈𝜈 = 0.05 m/s at an angle 𝜃𝜃 = 30𝑜𝑜 as shown on the right.
(a) Determine the magnitude of induced emf, 𝑒𝑒
(b) Determine the change in flux between t = 1s and
at t = 5s

(a)
𝑒𝑒 = 𝛽𝛽𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙sin𝜃𝜃
0.5𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑒𝑒 = (0.1𝑚𝑚)(0.05 m/s)sin30𝑜𝑜
𝑚𝑚2
𝑒𝑒 = 1.25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
−∆Φ
(b) 𝑒𝑒 =
∆𝑡𝑡
∆Φ = −𝑒𝑒∆𝑡𝑡=(-1.25mV)(5-1)s= -5.0 mWb
11
 Example 2: Time varying flux density

The flux density β is normal to the plane of the rectangular loop and
directed outward as shown in Fig 1 and it is equal to

β = β0 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 𝑢𝑢�

Where
β0 = maximum value of flux density in tesla = 0.2 T
𝜔𝜔 = constant radian frequency = 10 rad/s
𝑡𝑡 = times in seconds
𝑢𝑢� = unit vector normal to the loop
(a) Find an expression for the induced emf, between terminals x and y
(b) If the resistor R = 10 Ω is connected between the terminals of x and y,
determine the magnitude and the direction of the current in the
resistor at t = 0 and at t = π/ (2ω)s

12
 Example 2: Time varying flux density
a = 0.2 m

x 𝑩𝑩 Where 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = area of the loop

The induced voltage is found as
R b = 0.5 m
y

i
Fig 1 Rectangular loop

a. If the flux increases outward,

point x will have a higher
potential than point y. The
magnitude flux is given by

𝜙𝜙 = �β. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = β𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = β0 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎cos𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔

13
 Example 2: Time varying flux density
a = 0.2 m
b. The current that will flows through
x 𝑩𝑩 the resistor, R connected across x
and y;
R b = 0.5 m
y

i
Fig 1 Rectangular loop

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Lenz’s Law

The direction of an induced e.m.f. is always such that it tends to set up

a current opposing the motion or the change of flux which produces it

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Lenz’s Law and its effect

The direction of the induced emf is such as to oppose the cause which
produces the effect.
The induced current opposes the change in the flux through a circuit (not the flux
itself).
Physics - Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-aoGz5X_j0
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Example 3: Direction of current and flux density

Consider the conducting loop which experiences a change in magnetic flux density
as shown in the figure. Which is the direction of the current, I and the induced flux
density, 𝛽𝛽⃗𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
(a) 𝛽𝛽⃗𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 going up and I clockwise

(b) 𝛽𝛽⃗𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 going up and I anticlockwise

( c) 𝛽𝛽⃗𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 going down and I clockwise

(d) 𝛽𝛽⃗𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 going down and I anticlockwise

Given that the resistance of the loop is increased from R = 1.0 Ω to 10 Ω, what is
the effect to the induced current? What if the loop is a superconductor?

17
 Lenz Law: Application of Lenz’s Law

The voltage, current and

associated flux generated by
transformer action , or the
relative motion between the
conductor and the magnetic field
will always be induced in a
direction to oppose the action
which is causing it.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vh_aCAHThTQ
For the conductor driven by applied
force, the flux due to the current
generated in the conductor will set up a Working of Transformer
counterforce in opposition to applied https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cx4_7lIjoBA
force. In a rotating machine, the flux due
to generated current in the conductors
will set up a counter torque (motor
action) in opposition to driving torque of
the prime mover.
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Inductance
Inductance is the characteristic of an
electrical conductor that OPPOSES
CHANGE in CURRENT.
𝑵𝑵∅
L=
𝑰𝑰
The unit of inductance is termed the
Henrys.
Inductance has the same characteristic
as inertia in mechanical system. It
takes more energy to increase and
decrease the current than what it does
to keep it flowing
Equivalent of inductance in
Mechanical system
When you attempt to pull a cart, its
takes more work to start the load
moving. Once it starts moving, it is
easier to keep the load moving again.
This is known as inertia which is a
characteristic of the mass which
opposes the change in motion or
velocity
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Concept of Self Inductance

• When the switch is open, the flux field is

collapsing and there will be a reversal of the
induced emf direction to counter the reduction
in flux and current.

When the switch is opened

Change in current causes a change in the magnetic field which leads to

a relative motion of the conductor and the field.

This induced motion is due to self induced emf which opposes the
change in current magnitude. (By Lenz’s Law)

21
 Coil of Inductance

• To increase the inductance, the conductor can be formed into a loop or coil as
shown in Fig A.
• Current through one loop produces a magnetic field that encircle the loop in the
direction as shown.
• Wit increase in the current, the magnetic field expands and cuts all the loop as
shown in Fig B.
• The current in each loop affects all the other loop. The field cutting the other
loop has the affect of increasing the opposition to the current change.
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Unit of Inductance

• A circuit has an inductance of 1 • Alternate method to define the unit

Henry if an e.m.f of 1V is induced in of inductance is to state that a coil
a circuit when the current is varied will possesses an inductance of 1
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖
uniformly at a rate of 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 = 1 ampere henry if a coil has a current of 1A
which produces a flux linkage of 1
per second.
weber-turn.
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖
e.m.f induced in the circuit = −𝐿𝐿 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡

• The minus indicates that the direction λ 𝑁𝑁Φ

𝐿𝐿 = =
of the induced emf is opposite to that 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖
of the current increases (or changes)
Where N = no of turns of coil
• The power delivered to the core from λ = flux linkage
t0 to t1 t1 t1 t1 Φ = magnetic flux
di
W   p dt   ie dt   iL dt 𝑖𝑖 = current through the coil
t0 t0 t0
dt
i1
 
If 𝑖𝑖0 =0 A  L i di   L  (i12  i02 )  1 Li12
  2  2
i0
23
 Example 3

A hollow air cored inductor coil consists of 100 turns of

copper wire which produces a magnetic flux of 10mWb
and attained a current of 2.0A. Calculate the (a) self-
inductance of the coil (b) the magnitude the self induced
emf produced in the coil after a period of 10 ms.

𝑁𝑁φ (100)(10𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
(a) 𝐿𝐿 = = = 500 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝐼 2.0 𝐴𝐴

The self-inductance of the coil is 500 mH

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2.0𝐴𝐴−0𝐴𝐴
(b) emf = −𝐿𝐿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 500𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (10𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚−0 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ) = −100.0𝑉𝑉

The magnitude of the self induced emf produced in the coil after a period of 10 ms
is 100V.
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Factors affecting coil Inductance

• The inductance of the coil is dependent

on the physical construction of the
inductor.

• Factors which affect the results include

Increase the number of turns in the coi l

• The increase in the number of turns𝑖𝑖
will increase its inductance

The coil diameter

• The inductance increases directly as
the cross-sectional area of the coil is
increased.

25
Factors affecting coil Inductance

The type of core material

• Increasing the permeability of the core material results in the
increase in the permeability of the coil
The equation for the inductance of the core is
given by
𝜇𝜇0 𝜇𝜇𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛2 𝐴𝐴
𝐿𝐿 =
𝑙𝑙
Where

𝒍𝒍 𝜇𝜇0 = Permeability of free space (4 10-7H/m)

𝜇𝜇r = relative permeability of magnetic core
𝑙𝑙 = length of the solenoid coil ( in m)
𝐴𝐴 = cross-sectional area of the coil
𝑛𝑛 = number of turns of the coil
The length of the coil
• When the length of the coil is increased while keeping the number of
turns the same, the turn spacing will be increased and decrease the
inductance of the coil
26
 Mutual Inductance

When switch is closed,

• Some of the flux produces by current in coil
A become linked with coil C.

• An emf is induced in coil C and generates a

momentary current through galvanometer
G

When switch is opened,

• An emf is induced in the opposite direction
• Mutual inductance is the magnetic in C to opposes the change in flux of coil A
field interaction or the flux linkage
between coil. • This caused a change in flux linked from coil
C with coil A thus explaining the induced
emf
Mutual and self inductance video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJQT • Hence, the coil is stated to have mutual
EpVYNok inductance 27
Factors affecting mutual inductance

When two coils are located so that the flux from one coil cuts the turn from the
other coil, they will have mutual inductance

The mutual inductance is dependent on

(i) Relative position of the axes of the
two coils

(ii) Permeability of the two cores

(iii) Physical dimension of the two coils

(iv) Number of turns in the two coils

(v) Distance between the coil

28
Unit of Mutual Inductance

• If two circuits possess a mutual • Mutual inductance can be

inductance of M Henrys and if the expressed as;
primary current in the circuit •
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
increases by 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ;
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑀𝑀 =
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
e.m.f induced in the secondary 𝑁𝑁2Φ2
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 =
circuit = −𝑀𝑀 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖1

• The minus indicates that the Where N2 = no of turns of

induced e.m.f tends to circulate a secondary coil
current in the secondary circuit in Φ2 = flux linked with secondary
a direction which opposes the circuit due to current 𝑖𝑖1 in the
increase of flux due to the increase primary circuit
in the current in the primary 𝑖𝑖1 = current through the primary
circuit. circuit
29
 Coupling Coefficient, 𝒌𝒌

• The amount of flux linkage is called the coefficient of coupling (k). If all the
lines of force of one coil cut across a nearby coil, it is called unity coupling.

• When there is a magnetic flux leakage, the mutual inductance will then be
given by;

mutual inductance (M) = k × L1 × L2

Where L1 and L2 are the inductance of coil 1 (primary) and coil 2 (Secondary)

30
 Example 4
The inner core of a long solenoid coil with N= 100 number of turns per metre
length is hollow (air cored), determine the (a) magnetic flux density within its
core (b) the self inductance of the solenoid coil if the cross-sectional area is
20cm2 with length of l= 1m and current in the coil I= 1A.

𝐵𝐵 = µ0𝐻𝐻
(a) 𝑁𝑁𝐼𝐼
= µ0 𝑙𝑙 = (4 10-7H/m)(100t/m)(1𝐴𝐴)
=0.125 mWb/m2
The flux density of the solenoid coil is 0.125 mWb/m2

(b) 𝑁𝑁φ 𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵. 𝐴𝐴

𝐿𝐿 = =
𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼
100𝑡𝑡
= 1𝐴𝐴 0.125 mWb/m2 0.002m2 = 0.025 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

The inductance of the solenoid coil is 0.025mH

31
 Type of Inductors

• When a coil is used to provide an inductance, it is called an inductor or choke

• The typical symbol is as shown below;

Inductor Symbols

• Inductor can be classified according to the core material; it can be an air core
or iron core inductor

Large inductance with eddy current

circulating in the cores leading to heat
Small inductance and do not have eddy and energy loss. It is used in low
loss. It is used in high frequency circuit frequency circuit
such as radio 32
Eddy current in Solid Iron Core and
Laminated Core

• Eddy current is the circulating current

caused by a moving magnetic field
which intersects the conductor or vice
versa.

• The relative motion leads to the flow

of electrons or eddy current within the
conductor.

• The circulating eddy current creates

electromagnets with field that
opposes the change in external
magnetic field.

What is Eddy Current?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ23gmS3
KHY&gl=SG
33
Type of Inductors

Ferrite Core

Ferrites cores are used for high frequencies. They are made of ferric oxide
combined with nickel oxide.

These cores increases the inductance considerably over the air cored coil
and their eddy current losses are not significant

34
 Type of Inductors

• When a coil is used to provide an inductance, it is called an inductor or choke

• The typical symbol is as shown below;
Inductor Symbols

• Inductor can be classified according to the core material; it can be an air core
or iron core inductor

35
Type of Inductors

Various Inductors

36
Type of Inductors

Effects of inductance and resistor in a circuit

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukBFPrXiKWA
37
Example 5

The inductor is connected as shown in the figure below. Given that L1=60mH,
L2= 120mH and L3=75 mH , determine the equivalent inductance

38
 References
1. Zia A. Yamayee, “Electromechnaical Energy Devices and Power Systems; John Wiley,
chapter 8

2. Mulukula S. Sarma,” Electric Machines : Steady –State Theory and Dynamic Performance”
West Publishing Company, 1985.

3. The training manual of SIAEC, M3 Electrical Fundamentals

40
End