CHAPTER.

Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction

The phenomenon on which electric current is induced by varying magnetic fields is called
electromagnetic induction.

MAGNETIC FLUX (∆∅)

Magnetic flux is defined as the total number of magnetic field lines crossing the surface
normally and is measured as the product of component of the magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗ normal to
the surface and surface area 𝑑𝑆

∆∅ = 𝐵𝑑𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

⃗ . 𝑑𝑆
∆∅ = 𝐵

Total magnetic flux ∅ over the entire surface S

⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∅= ∫ 𝐵 . 𝑑𝑆
𝑠

⃗ . 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
∅= 𝐵

The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb)

1 weber (Wb) = 1 tesla (T) x m2

The CGS unit is the maxwell.

1 maxwell(Mx) = 1 gauss x1 cm2

1 weber (Wb) = 108 maxwell

1
CASE 1

When magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface area (B and ds are parallel)

𝜃=0

∅ = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠0

∅ = 𝐵𝐴 (𝑀𝐴𝑋𝐼𝑀𝑈𝑀)

CASE 2

When magnetic field is parallel to the surface area (B and ds are perpendicular)

𝜃 = 90°

∅ = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠90

∅ = 0 (𝑀𝐼𝑁𝐼𝑀𝑈𝑀)

CASE 3

If the coil has N turns

⃗ . 𝐴)
∅ = 𝑁 (𝐵

∅ = 𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Faraday's Experiment-1

o Take a wire, a bar magnet and a galvanometer

o Move the magnet towards the coil of wire.

o The galvanometer moves to indicate a current in the wire.

o When the direction of the magnet is reversed, the current reverses (indicated by the
galvanometer needle swaying in the opposite direction)

o When the speed of movement of the magnet changes, the galvanometer deflects
faster.

o Conclusion : Moving a magnet towards a coil induces a current in the coil whose
direction and magnitude is given by the galvanometer.

2
Faraday's Experiment-2

o Take a wire, a current carrying conductor/wire and a galvanometer

o Move the current carrying conductor towards the coil of wire. (Magnet is replaced
by current carrying conductor)

o The galvanometer moves to indicate a current in the wire.

o Conclusion: Current is induced in a coil when a current carrying conductor is

brought in its vicinity.

Faraday Experiment-3

But another experiment conducted by Faraday proved that the relative motion between
the coils was not really necessary for the current in the primary to be generated. In this
experiment, he placed two stationary coils and connected one of them to the
galvanometer and the other to a battery, through a push-button. As the button was
pressed, the galvanometer in the other coil showed a deflection, indicating the presence
of current in that coil. Also, the deflection in the pointer was temporary and if pressed
continuously, the pointer showed no deflection and when the key was released, the
deflection occurred in the opposite direction.

o In general, the current carrying conductor/magnet is called primary coil. The

conductor in which the current is induced is called the secondary coil

o Conclusion: Relative motion between the current carrying conductor and the wire
is not mandatory for inducing current in the wire.

3
 Faraday's conclusions
o As the current in the primary coil changes, the magnetic field associated with changes.
o Then the magnetic field associated with the secondary coil also changes. And this
causes the current
o This process by which a changing magnetic filed in conductor induces a current in
another conductor is called electromagnetic induction.
o The direction of induced current is given by Flemings Right Hand Rule : Stretch the
thumb, forefinger and middle finger of your right hand such that they are mutually
perpendicular to each other . If the thumb points in the direction of motion of the
conductor, the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic field and then the
middle finger points in the direction of the induced current

Faraday’s Laws of electromagnetic induction:

Faraday’s First law of electromagnetic induction:

According to this law whenever there is a change in the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a circuit , an emf is induced in the circuit which lasts so long as the change in magnetic
flux continues.
Second law of faraday’s of electromagnetic induction:
According to this law the magnitude of induced emf in a circuit is directly proportional to
the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
𝑑∅
Induced emf 𝑒 ∝ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑∅
Therefore e = −𝐾 𝑑𝑡
Where k is called proportionality constant whose value is 1 and
Negative sign shows that the induced emf opposes change in magnetic flux.

𝑑∅
e=− 𝑑𝑡

𝑁𝑑∅
If there are N turns , e = − 𝑑𝑡
Lenz’s law
Q. show that Lenz’s law is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.

Lenz’s law states that the direction of induced current produced in a closed circuit is
always such as to oppose the rate of change of magnetic flux.

Or
The direction of the induced e.m.f. is always such as to oppose the rate of change of
magnetic flux.

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 𝑑∅
e=−
𝑑𝑡

The negative sign shows that induced emf opposes the change of flux. Lenz’s law gives
the direction of induced e.m.f.

LENZ’ LAW AND ENERGY CONSERVATION

Example.

When north pole of the magnet is moved towards the closed coil, the direction of current
induced in the coil is such as to oppose the approach of north pole. So the nearer face of the
coil acquires north polarity then the induced current in the coil should flow in anticlockwise
direction.
When north pole of the magnet is moved away from the coil, the direction of current induced
in the coil is such as to attract the magnet. So the nearer face of the coil acquires south
polarity then the induced current in the coil should flow in clockwise direction.
Q. Lenz’s Law is a statement of conservation of energy. Explain

In each case whenever there is a relative motion between a coil and the magnet, a force
begins to act which opposes the relative motion. Therefore to maintain the relative motion, a
mechanical work must be done. This work appears in the form of electric energy of coil.
Hence Lenz’s law obeys law of conservation of energy
When the magnet is not moved , no work is done, therefore no induced current.

MOTIONAL ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE

Q. What is induced emf ? Derive an expression for (i) induced emf and (ii) induced
current when a conductor of length l is moved with a uniform velocity v, normal to a
magnetic field B. Assume the resistance of conductor to be R.
OR
Figure shows a rectangular conducting loop PQRS in which arm RS of length / is
movable. The loop is kept in a uniform magnetic field B directed downward perpendicular

5
to the plane of the loop. The arm RS is moved with a uniform speed v.

Deduce an expression for

(a)the emf induced across the arm RS
(b)the external force required to move the arm and
(c)the power dissipated as heat.[All India 2009]

a, , Induced emf :
The emf developed in a coil due to change in magnetic flux linked with the coil
is called the induced emf.
Consider a rectangular conductor PQRS in which the conductor PQ is moving

in a uniform magnetic field with a constant velocity v .The strength of the

magnetic field B is perpendicular to the plane of the system.

Let RQ = x

𝑅𝑆 = 𝑙

The magnetic flux enclosed by the loop PQRS is

∅ = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵𝑙𝑥

𝑑∅
According to Faraday’s law , The induced emf e = − 𝑑𝑡

𝑑(𝐵𝑙𝑥)
𝑒= −
𝑑𝑡

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 𝐵𝑙𝑑𝑥
𝑒= −
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
Where = −𝑣
𝑑𝑡

Motional electromotive force e = - B l(- v )

Motional electromotive force (induced emf) e = B l v

(No induced e.m.f is produced in a coil when it moves by remaining wholly inside the

magnetic field)

b. induced current

𝑒
If R is the resistance of the movable arm PQ , the induced current I = 𝑅

𝑩𝒍𝒗
𝑰=
𝑹

c, external force

Due to the magnetic field ,there will be a force on the arm PQ, directed outwards in the

direction opposite to the velocity of the rod .

𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼 𝑙

𝐵𝑙𝑣
By using I = 𝑅

𝐵2 𝑙2 𝑣
𝐹 =
𝑅

The external force must be equal to magnetic force

d. power

As arm PQ is pushed with a constant speed v , power required is

P=Fv

𝐵2 𝑙2 𝑣 2
P= 𝑅

7
The power dissipated as heat

By Joule’s law of heating , 𝑃 = 𝐼 2 𝑅

(𝐵𝑙𝑣)2
𝑃= 𝑅
𝑅2

𝐵2 𝑙 2 𝑣 2
𝑃=
𝑅

1, Work done in moving the charge from P to Q

W = Force x distance (force on a charge moving in a magnetic field= qvB)

W=𝐵𝑞𝑣 ×𝑙

Let W = q v

𝑊
𝑒=
𝑞

𝐵𝑞𝑣𝑙
𝑒=
𝑞

𝑒=𝐵𝑙𝑣

2, Relation between charge flow through the circuit and change in the magnetic flux.

∆∅
𝑒=
∆𝑡

𝑒 = 𝐼𝑅

∆𝑄
𝑒= 𝑅
∆𝑡

∆∅ ∆𝑄
= 𝑅
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

8
 ∆∅ = ∆𝑄 𝑅

∆∅
∆𝑄 =
𝑅

SELF INDUCTION

Q. Define the term self-inductance of a coil, give its S.I unit.

When there is a change in current or magnetic flux of the coil, an opposed

induced electromotive force is produced in the same coil. This phenomenon is termed

as Self induction.

Unit of self inductance is Henry (H)

Consider a coil connected to a battery and a key. When the key is pressed the current

starts growing through the coil and magnetic field lines also start growing through the

coil. This in turn produces an induced emf in the coil. The direction of induced emf is

such that it opposes the growth of current in the circuit. Similarly ,when the key is

released , the current in the circuit starts decaying takes place. During both growth

and decay of current in the coil an opposing induced emf is produced in the coil.

Hence this induced emf is called back emf and it is analogous to inertia of the

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 material of the body(electrical inertia).And a coil which has a high value of self

induction is called an inductor.

Q. What is back emf ?

Ans: The induced emf in a coil opposes the growth or decay of current through it.

Therefore, it is called back emf.

COEFFICIENT OF SELF INDUCTION

The magnetic flux(∅) linked with the coil at any instant is directly proportional to the current

passing through it at that instant.

∅∝𝐼

∅ = 𝐿𝐼

Where L is coefficient of self induction or self inductance of the coil.

−𝑑∅
The induced emf e = 𝑑𝑡

−𝑑(𝐿𝐼)
e=
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐼
e = 𝐿 (𝑑𝑡 ) (magnitude)

if e = 1 volt , I = 1A , t = 1s then L = 1 Henry

Define one Henry. Self inductance of a coil is said to be one Henry, if the rate of

change of current of one ampere per second induces an e.m.f of one volt in it.

Therefore self inductance is equal to the magnitude of emf induced in the coil when

rate of change of current through the coil is unity.

Or

10
 Self inductance is equal to the amount of magnetic flux linked with the coil when unit

current flows through the coil .

Self inductance depends on ,

1. Geometry of the coil,ie

a), no of turns

b), area of the cross section

2. Nature of the material of the core

ie, on permeability of the medium

SELF INDUCTANCE OF A LONG SOLENOID

Q. Derive expression for self inductance of a long air-cored solenoid of length l ,

cross sectional area A and having number of turns N.

• Consider a long solenoid of length l, 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 is A and no of turns per
unit length is n.
• If I is the amount of current flowing through the solenoid then magnetic field B inside
the solenoid is given by,

𝐵 = 𝜇0 n I
Magnetic flux passing through each turn
∅ = 𝐵 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛

∅ = 𝜇0 n I× 𝐴
Total no of turns = nl
Total magnetic flux linked with the solenoid ∅ = magnetic flux linked with one turn x

total no of turns

∅ = 𝜇0 n I𝐴 × 𝑛𝑙

∅ = 𝜇0 𝑛2 I𝐴 𝑙
∅ = 𝐿𝐼

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𝐿𝐼 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 I𝐴 𝑙

𝑳 = 𝝁 𝟎 𝒏𝟐 𝑨 𝒍

𝑁
If N is the total number of turns in length l then =𝑛 = 𝑙

𝑁 𝟐
𝑳 = 𝝁𝟎 ( ) 𝑨 𝒍
𝑙

𝝁𝟎 𝑵𝟐 𝑨
𝑳=
𝒍

If inside the solenoid is filled with a material of relative permeability 𝜇𝑟 (soft iron )

𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝟎 𝑵𝟐 𝑨
𝐿𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝟎 𝒏𝟐 𝑨 𝒍 or = 𝒍

𝑳𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 = 𝝁𝒓 𝑳𝒂𝒊𝒓 where 𝑳𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝝁𝟎 𝒏𝟐 𝑨 𝒍

𝒊𝒆 𝑳 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔

ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR

Q. Obtain the expression for the magnetic energy stored in an inductor of self-

inductance L to build up a current I through it.

Or

Show that magnetic energy required to build up the current I in a coil of self
1
inductance is given by 𝐿𝐼 2 .
2

In an inductor ,the work is needed to be done against back emf .This work done is

stored as magnetic potential energy.

P = VI

P=eI

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 𝑑𝑊
𝑃= = 𝑒𝐼
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐼
Where 𝑒 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝐼
= 𝐿𝐼
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

dW = LI dI

Therefore total amount of work done in establishing current I is

𝐼
W = ∫0 𝑑𝑊

𝐼
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐿𝐼𝑑𝐼
0

𝐼
𝑊 = 𝐿 ∫ 𝐼𝑑𝐼
0

𝐼2
𝑊 = 𝐿[ ]
2

𝐼2
𝑊=𝐿
2

1
This work is stored as energy E = 2 𝐿𝐼 2

What is the form of energy stored in an inductor?

Ans: Energy stored in an inductor is in the form of a magnetic potential energy

Self inductance when coils in series

e = 𝑒1 + 𝑒2

𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝐼
−𝐿 = −𝐿1 + − 𝐿2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

13
L = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2

Self inductance when COILS IN PARALLEL

I = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2

𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝐼1 𝑑𝐼2
= + … . . (1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐼
Let e = -L 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐼 𝑒
= −
𝑑𝑡 𝐿

𝑑𝐼1 𝑒 𝑑𝐼2 𝑒
= −𝐿 and = −𝐿
𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡 2

𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
(1) Becomes = +
𝐿 𝐿1 𝐿2

1 1 1
= +
𝐿 𝐿1 𝐿2

MUTUAL INDUCTION

The phenomenon due to which an opposing emf is produced in the coil as a result of

change in current or magnetic flux linked with a neighbouring coil is called mutual

induction

COEFFICIENT OF MUTUAL INDUCTION

14
P and S are two coils placed close to each other. P is connected to a battery through a key K. S is

connected to a galvanometer G. On pressing K, current in P starts increasing from zero to a

maximum value. As the flow of current increases, the magnetic flux linked with P increases.

Therefore, magnetic flux linked with S also increases producing an induced emf in S. Now, the

galvanometer shows the deflection.

Then the magnetic flux linked with the coil S at that instant is directly proportional to the current

passing through the coil P at that instant ,

Let IP is the current in coil P and φs is the magnetic flux linked with coil S due to the

current in coil P.

where M is a constant of proportionality and is called the coefficient of mutual

induction or mutual inductance between the two coils.

If 𝑒𝑠 is the induced emf in the coil (S) at any instant of time, then from the laws of electromagnetic

induction,

15
 𝑑𝐼
𝑖𝑒 𝑒 = −𝑀
𝑑𝑡

Mutual inductance of the coils is equal to the induced emf produced in the coil when

the rate of change of current is unity in the other coil.

Or

Mutual inductance of the coils is equal to the amount of magnetic flux linked with one

coil when a unit current flows through the neighbouring coil .

Mutual inductance depends on

1. Geometry of the coils , ie,

a, size

b, shape

c, no of turns

2. Nature of the material on which two coils are wound

3. Distance between two coils

4. Orientation of the coils

Unit of Mutual inductance is HENRY

Mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one Henry if the rate of change

of current of one ampere per second in one coil induces an emf of 1 volt in the

neighbouring coil.

MUTUAL INDUCTION OF TWO SOLENOIDS

Q. Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial

solenoids of same length wound one over the other.

16
Consider two long solenoids s1 and s2 of same length l such that one solenoid

surrounds the other .if I1 is the current passing through s1 ,

then a magnetic field is produced inside s1 is B1 = 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝐼1

Then the magnetic flux (∅2 )linked with the solenoid s2 is directly proportional to the

current I1 ,passing through the solenoid s1 ,

∅2 ∝ 𝐼1

∅2 = 𝑀2 𝐼1

Where 𝑀2 is the coefficient of mutual inductance of the two solenoids , when current

is passed through solenoid s1 and induced emf is produced in solenoid s2

Let A be the area of cross section of the solenoid s1 ,

Magnetic flux linked with each turn of s2 , ∅2 = 𝐵1 𝐴

Therefore total magnetic flux linked with s2 , ∅2 = 𝐵1 𝐴 × 𝑛2 𝑙

∅2 = 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝐼1 𝐴 × 𝑛2 𝑙

By using

∅2 = 𝑀2 𝐼1

𝑀2 𝐼1 = 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝐼1 𝐴𝑛2 𝑙

𝑀2 = 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝐴𝑙 … . (1)

17
Similarly the mutual inductance between two solenoids ,when the current 𝐼2 passed

through S2 an induced emf produced in S1 can be found

∅1 ∝ 𝐼2

∅1 = 𝑀1 𝐼2

then a magnetic field produced inside S2 is B2 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝐼2

Magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1 , = 𝐵2 𝐴

Therefore total magnetic flux linked with S1 , ∅1 = 𝐵2 𝐴 × 𝑛1 𝑙

∅1 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝐼2 𝐴 × 𝑛1 𝑙

By using

∅1 = 𝑀1 𝐼2

𝑀1 𝐼2 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝐼2 𝐴𝑛1 𝑙

𝑀1 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝑛1 𝐴𝑙 … . (2)

𝑴𝟏 = 𝑴𝟐 = 𝑴 (𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚)

If air is replaced by a medium of relative permeability 𝜇𝑟

𝑴𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝑛2 𝑛1 𝐴𝑙

𝑴𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 = 𝜇𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑴 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔

Case 1

18
 when the two coils P and S are wound on each other ,the

coefficient of coupling is maximum and hence mutual induction between the coils

is maximum

Case 2

when the two coils are placed so as to have

common axis , the coefficient of coupling is very large but less than that for the

case 1 . Hence mutual induction between the coils is lesser, when they are placed

along a common axis than when they are wound on each other.

Case 3

mutual induction between two coils is minimum, when they are

placed with their axis perpendicular to each other.

AC GENERATOR

Q .Discuss how Faraday’s law of e.m. induction is applied in an ac-generator

for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Obtain an expression for the instantaneous value of the induced emf and

19
current in an ac generator. Draw graphs to show the ‘phase relationship’

between the instantaneous

(i) magnetic flux (ϕ) linked with the coil and

(ii) induced emf (ε) in the coil. ‘ (Comptt. Delhi 2016)

Or

State the working of a.c. generator with the help of a labelled diagram.

The coil of an a.c. generator having N turns, each of area A, is rotated with a

constant angular velocity to. Deduce the expression for the alternating emf

generated in the coil.

What is the source of energy generation in this device? (All India 2011)

Principle

A.C. generator works on the principle of electro-magnetic induction. When a closed

coil (called armature) is rotated in a uniform magnetic field with its axis perpendicular

to the magnetic field, the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and an induced

emf and hence a current is set up in it.

Source of energy : Due to the mechanical energy of rotation of armature coil induce

emf is produced.This induced emf is the source of energy generations in this device.

In a generator mechanical energy is converted in to electric energy

(a) Let 𝜃 be the angle at any instant the loop makes with the field.

If angular velocity 𝜔 of the loop is constant then angular displacement

𝜽 = 𝝎𝒕

20
As the armature coil rotates, the angle 𝜃 changes continuously. Therefore, the flux

linked with the coil changes.

Now,

= NBA cos𝜃

∅= NAB cos 𝝎𝒕

where B is the strength of the magnetic field.

e=

= - NAB𝜔 (-sin 𝜔t )

e = + NAB𝝎sin 𝝎t This is the instantaneous induced emf produced in the coil.

When 𝜔𝑡 = 900 , sin900 = 1

𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 = 𝒆𝒎 = 𝑵𝑨𝑩𝝎

Then e = em sin𝜔t. This is the EMF Supplied by the A.C. generator

(b) When a load of resistance R is connected across the terminals, a current I

flows in the external circuit.

𝑒
Let 𝐼 = 𝑅

21
 em sin𝜔t
𝐼=
𝑅

𝑵𝑨𝑩𝝎
𝑰𝒎 =
𝑹

em 𝑵𝑨𝑩𝝎
(𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑰𝒎 = where 𝜔 = 2 𝜋𝜗 , 𝜗 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 )
𝑅 𝑹

em sin𝜔t
𝐼=
𝑅

𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 sin𝜔t

The maximum power dissipated in the coil = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥

CONSTRUCTION

Armature

A rectangular coil consisting of a large number of turns of the insulated copper wire

wound over a soft iron core I. The soft iron increases the magnetic flux .The coil can

be rotated about the central axis.

Magnets
N and S are the pole pieces of a strong electromagnet called field magnet in which the

armature coil is rotated.

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Slip rings
S1 and S2 are two hollow metallic rings to which both ends of the armature coil are

connected. These rings rotate with the rotation of the armature coil

Brushes
The current from the armature coil is supplied to the external load resistance through

the stationary graphite Brushes B1 and B2 which are permanently in contact with

the slip rings S1 and S2 .

WORKING

When the armature coil is mechanically rotated in a uniform magnetic field, the

magnetic flux through the coil changes and hence an emf is induced in the coil

e = + NAB𝜔 (positive maximum+𝑒𝑚 )when 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋⁄2 (when the coil is horizontal )

e = - NAB𝜔 (negative maximum −𝑒𝑚 )when 𝜔𝑡 = 3𝜋⁄2 (when the coil is

horizontal )

When sin ωt = +1 or -1 ε = NABω (numerically), which is the maximum value of

induced emf. I.e., when ωt = 900 or 2700 , the change of flux is maximum.

e =0 when 𝜔𝑡 = 0 (when the coil is vertical )

e =0 when 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 (when the coil is vertical )

. The ends of the coil are connected to external circuit by means of slip rings and

brushes.

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Direction of induced emf can be determined by using Fleming’s right hand rule.

(d) Draw graphs to show the ‘phase relationship’ between the instantaneous

induced emf (ε) in the coil. ‘

e = + NAB𝝎sin 𝝎t

Draw graphs to show the ‘phase relationship’ between the instantaneous

(i) magnetic flux (ϕ) linked with the coil and

Let

∅= NAB cos 𝝎𝒕

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(read page no 226)

Note : The current produced by an ac generator cannot be measured by ammeter ;

because the average value of ac over full cycle is zero.

(STUDY EXAMPLE 6.6 Pg NO 213)

DERIVE THE EXPRESSION FOR MUTUAL INDUCTANCE OF TWO

CONCENTRIC CIRCULAR COILS , PLACED COAXIALLY WITH CENTERS

COINCIDING

Consider two concentric circular coils C1 and C2 ,one of smaller radius r1 and the

other of large radius r2.

Suppose that a current I2 is passed through the coil C2

𝜇0 2𝜋𝐼2 𝜇0 𝐼2
Magnetic field due to outer coil = 𝐵2 = = (by Biots Savarts law eq
4𝜋 𝑟2 2𝑟2

with x = 0 )

Magnetic flux linked with inner coil C1 ,= 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟

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 ∅12 = 𝐵2 𝜋𝑟12

𝜇0 𝐼2
∅12 = 𝜋𝑟12 …….(1)
2𝑟2

If M is coefficient of mutual induction between the two coils ,then

∅12 = 𝑀12 I2 …..(2)

𝜇0 𝐼2 𝜋𝑟12
𝑀12 I2 =
2𝑟2

𝜇0 𝜋𝑟12
𝑀12 =
2𝑟2

DERIVE THE EXPRESSION FOR MUTUAL INDUCTANCE OF TWO CO-AXIAL

CIRCULAR COILS OF DIFFERENT RADIUS WITH CENTERS NOT

COINCIDING

Consider two circular coils C1 and C2 ,one of radius R and the other of radius r .

Let 𝐵1 is the magnetic field due to first coil at a distance x from the centre of the

centre of second coil

𝜇0 𝐼1 𝑅 2
𝐵1 = 3⁄2 ( by BIOTS SAVART’S LAW)
2
2(𝑅 + 𝑥2 )

∅21 = 𝐵1 𝜋𝑟 2

𝜇0 𝐼1 𝑅 2
∅21 = 3⁄2 × 𝜋𝑟 2 ….(1)
2
2(𝑅 + 𝑥2 )

∅21 = 𝑀21 𝐼1 ……(2)

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2)

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 𝜇0 𝑅 2 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑀21 = 3⁄2
2
2(𝑅 + 𝑥2 )

Self-Induction Mutual induction

1. Mutual induction is the characteristic of a pair of coils.

1. Self-Induction is the characteristic of the coil itself.
2. When the main current in the coil decreases, induced
current developed in the neighbouring coil opposes the
2. When the main current in the coil decreases, the
decay of current in the coil.
induced current opposes the decay of current in the coil.
3. When the main current in the coil increases,
3. When the main current in the coil increases, the
The induced current developed in the neighbouring coil
induced current opposes the growth of current in the coil.
opposes the growth of current in the coil.

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