Chapter 5

Magnetism And Matter

The property of any object by virtue of which it can attract a piece of iron or steel is called
magnetism.

Natural Magnet

A natural magnet is an ore of iron (Fe3O4), which attracts small pieces of iron, cobalt and nickel
towards it. Magnetite or lode stone is a natural magnet.

Artificial Magnet

A magnet which is prepared artificially is called an artificial magnet, e.g., a bar magnet, an
electromagnet, a magnetic needle, a horse-shoe magnet etc.

Properties of Magnet

(i) A freely suspended magnet always aligns itself into north-south direction.
(ii) Like magnetic poles repel and unlike magnetic poles attract each other.
(iii) Magnetic poles exist in pair.

Coulomb’s Law in magnetism

The force of interaction acting between two magnetic poles is directly proportional to the product
of their pole strengths and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
𝜇0 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹= where m1, m2 = pole strengths, r = distance between poles and μo = permeability
4𝜋 𝑟2
of free space.

Magnetic Dipole

Magnetic dipole is an arrangement of two unlike magnetic poles of equal pole strength separated
by a very small distance, e.g., a small bar magnet, a magnetic needle, a current carrying loop etc.

Magnetic Dipole Moment

The product of the small distance (2 l) between the two poles and the pole strength (m)of either
pole is called magnetic dipole moment.

Magnetic dipole moment M = m(2 l)

Its SI unit is ‘joule/tesla’ or ‘ampere-metre2 ‘.

Its direction is from south pole towards north pole.

Magnetic dipole moment is a vector quantity. The direction is from South Pole to North Pole.

Do magnetic monopoles exist?

Ans: Magnetic monopoles do not exist. If we break a magnet longitudinally

or transversely in to two pieces we get two magnets.

Circular Current loop and Current loop in uniform magnetic field

The current carrying circular loop of N turns is analogous to magnetic dipole. In a

current carrying loop, if we view from one side, say right side, the current appears to
move in clockwise direction. This is like South polarity. If we view it from the other side,
say left side, the current appears to move in the anticlockwise direction which is like
North polarity.

Magnetic dipole moment of a current carrying loop is given by M = IA where

o Current – I
o Area of cross-section of the coil - A
For N such turns of the coil, Magnetic dipole moment M = NIA

The expression for moment in the case of current carrying loop having N turns is similar
to rectangular loop placed in uniform magnetic field with area vector A. In both cases, m
= NIA

Derive an expression for magnetic field for a solenoid at a point on the axial line.
(Derive an expression for the axial magnetic field of a finite solenoid of length 2l and radius
‘a’ carrying current I. Under what condition does the field become equivalent to that
produced by a bar magnet ?)
Let the radius of the solenoid =′a′

length of the solenoid whose centre is O = 2l

No of turns per units length of solenoid = n

strength of current passed through the solenoid = I

Let OP= r

Consider a small element dx of the solenoid at a distance x from the centre 0.

Number of turns in the element dx is = n dx

The magnitude of magnetic field at P due to this element is

𝝁𝟎 𝟐𝜋 𝑰𝒂𝟐 (𝒏𝒅𝒙)
𝒅𝑩 = (M.F on the axis of a circular current loop)
𝟒𝜋 (𝒂𝟐 + (𝒓−𝒙)𝟐 )𝟑⁄𝟐
If r>>a and r>>x then (x and a can be neglected)
𝜇0 2𝜋 𝑛𝑑𝑥𝑎2 𝐼
𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑟3
The range of variation of x is from x= 0 to x= 2 l
Total magnetic field

𝜇0 2𝜋 𝑛𝐼𝑎2 2𝑙
𝐵= ∫0 𝑑𝑥
4𝜋 𝑟 3

𝜇0 2𝜋 𝑛𝐼𝑎2
𝐵= [𝑥]2𝑙
0
4𝜋 𝑟 3

𝜇0 2𝜋 𝑛𝐼𝑎2 [2𝑙 − 0]
𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟 3
 𝜇0 2𝜋 𝑛𝐼𝑎2 × 2𝑙
𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟 3

𝜇0 2𝐼 (𝜋𝑎2 ) × 𝑛2𝑙
𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟3
The total no of turns for length of 2l, N = n2l

𝜇0 2𝐼 (𝜋𝑎2 )𝑁
𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟3

M is the magnetic moment of the solenoid , then

M= current × area of cross section x total no of turns

M =N I (πa2)

𝜇0 2𝑀
𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟 3
This is the expression for magnetic field on the axial field of finite solenoid carrying current is
same as that of a bar magnet .

Derive an expression for the torque acting on a magnetic dipole

placed in a uniform magnetic field.

Torque on a bar magnet in a magnetic field

Consider a bar magnet NS of length 2l and pole strength m placed in a uniform magnetic field of
induction B at an angle θ with the direction of the field (Figure).
Due to the magnetic field B, a force mB acts on the North Pole along the direction of the field a
force mB acts on the South Pole along the direction opposite to the magnetic field.

These two forces are equal and opposite, hence constitute a couple.

The torque 𝜏 due to the couple is

𝜏 = one of the forces x perpendicular distance between them

𝜏 = F x NA

𝜏 = mB x NA … …. (1)
𝑁𝐴
where sin 𝜃 = , 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑁𝑆 sin 𝜃 ,
𝑁𝑆

NA = 2𝑙 sin 𝜃

𝜏 = mB × 2l sin θ

so, 𝜏 = MB sin θ -----(2) where M = m 2l

𝜏=MxB

Because of this torque, the magnetic dipole rotates till it becomes parallel to the external uniform
magnetic field.

The direction of 𝜏 is perpendicular to the plane containing M and B. θ = 90°

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = M B

θ = 0° 𝜏𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0 The direction of 𝜏 is parallel to the plane containing M and B

If, B = 1 and θ = 90°

Then from equation (2), 𝜏 = M

Hence, magnetic dipole moment M is equal to the torque necessary to keep the magnet at right
angles to a magnetic field of unit magnetic induction.

Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field

Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field is the energy possessed by the dipole due
to its position in field.

When a dipole is making an angle 𝜃 with field it experience a torque which aligned it with field
direction .So some work has to be done to rotate it by 𝑑𝜃 against the torque.

𝑑𝑊 = 𝜏𝑑𝜃 = 𝑀𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃

Toat workdone to rotate the dipole from 𝜃1 𝑡𝑜 𝜃2

𝜃
U = W = ∫𝜃 2 𝑀𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
1

𝜃
𝑈 = 𝑀𝐵[−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]𝜃21

𝑼 = −𝑴𝑩(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝟐 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝟏 )

When 𝜃1 = 900 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜽𝟐 = 𝜽

Then 𝑼 = −𝑴𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

Special cases

When 𝜽 = 900 , 𝑼 = −𝑴𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟎 , 𝐳𝐞𝐫𝐨 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲

When 𝜽 = 00 , 𝑼 = −𝑴𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = −𝑴𝑩 , 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

When 𝜽 = 1800 , 𝑼 = −𝑴𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟏𝟖𝟎 = 𝑴𝑩 , 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

When U = --MB which is minimum potential energy - stable equilibrium

When U = MB which is maximum potential energy - unstable equilibrium

Expression for magnetic field of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field in terms of time
period:

Take a compass with known value of magnetic moment M and moment of Inertia I . Allow the
needle to oscillate in a magnetic field of value B.

The torque on the needle is given by

⃗⃗ × 𝐵
𝜏= 𝑀 ⃗ = 𝑀𝐵𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃

At equilibrium deflecting torque = -- (Restoring torque )

MB sin 𝜃 = − MB sin 𝜃 … . (1)

Where 𝜏 is restoring torque, 𝜃 is angle between M and B.

By Newton’s second law ;
Restoring torque = I 𝛼 where I is moment of inertia, 𝛼 is angular acceleration
𝑑𝜔
Restoring torque = 𝐼 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝜃
=𝐼 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝜃
∴ − MB sin 𝜃 = 𝐼 … . . (2)
𝑑𝑡 2
For small values of 𝜃, sin 𝜃 = 𝜃,
𝑑2𝜃
∴ − MB𝜃 = 𝐼
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑2𝜃 −𝑀𝐵
2
= 𝜃 … . (3)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐼
𝑑 𝑥
This resembles simple harmonic motion , 𝑑𝑡 2 = −𝜔2 𝑥
 −𝑀𝐵
Hence eq (3) becomes −𝜔2 𝜃 = 𝜃
𝐼
𝑀𝐵 𝜔2𝐼
𝜔2 = ; 𝐵=
𝐼 𝑀
2𝜋 2𝜋 2 𝐼
As, 𝜔 = , 𝐵= (𝑇)
𝑇 𝑀
𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑰
𝑩=
𝑴𝑻𝟐

Electrostatics & Magnetism – Dipole Analogy

Electrostatics Magnetism

Field lines Field lines are not continuous Field lines are continuous

Dipole Symbol –p Symbol M

moment

Equatorial 1 𝑝 𝜇0 𝑀
field 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3 4𝜋 𝑟 3

Axial field 1 2𝑝 𝜇0 2𝑀
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3 4𝜋 𝑟 3

Torque in 𝑝 × 𝐸⃗ ⃗⃗ × 𝐵
𝑀 ⃗
external field

Energy in ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝐸⃗
−𝑝 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
−𝑀. 𝐵 ⃗
external field
Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

According to Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero.

∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑠 = 0

Gauss law of magnetism in comparison with electrostatics

Law Electrostatics Magnetism

The total normal electric flux

over a closed surface in an
1
electric field is equal to 𝜀
0
times the total charge enclosed The net magnetic flux through
Gauss by that surface. any closed surface is zero

The above statement indicates that the same law in electrostatics extends to magnetism. In the
case of magnetism, monopoles do not exist which means we cannot isolate N pole or S pole.

Hence, there is no accumulation of charge anywhere.

The number of lines entering an area is equal to the number of lines leaving the same
area. Hence, net flux is zero.

BAR MAGNET

Q; Draw the field lines of a bar magnet

magnetic field lines are imaginary lines of magnetic field inside and around the magnet.

Some of the properties of the magnetic field lines are :

• A magnetic field line is directed from north pole to south pole outside the magnet and
from south pole to north pole inside the magnet.
• A magnetic field line is a closed and continuous curve.
• The magnetic field lines are crowded near the pole where the field is strong and far from
the magnet where the field is weak.
• More number of close lines indicate stronger magnetic field
• The lines do not intersect each other. If they intersect it means the field has two directions
which is not possible.
• The tangent drawn at the field line gives the direction of the field at that point.
Bar magnet may be considered as a large number of circulating currents analogous to a solenoid.

MAGNETIC FIELD ON AXIAL LINE OF A BAR MAGNET

(Find the expression for Magnetic Field at a point along the axial line due to a magnetic dipole
(Bar magnet)

NS is the bar magnet of length 2l and of pole strength m. P is a point on the axial line at a distance
r from its mid point O.

[ According to inverse square law

𝜇0 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹=
4𝜋 𝑟 2
𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚
𝜇0 𝑚 2
𝐹= … . (1)
4𝜋 𝑟 2
Let
𝐹 = 𝑚𝐵 …(2)

from (1) & (2)

𝝁𝟎 𝒎
𝑩= 𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
∴ Magnetic field (B ) at P due to north pole of the magnet
1

𝜇0 𝑚 𝜇0 𝑚
𝐵1 = 2
= 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑃
4𝜋 𝑁𝑃 4𝜋 (𝑟 − 𝑙)2

Magnetic field (B2) at P due to south pole of the magnet,

𝜇0 𝑚 𝜇0 𝑚
𝐵2 = = 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑆
4𝜋 𝑆𝑃2 4𝜋 (𝑟 + 𝑙)2

𝐵1 > 𝐵2 . 𝑠ince 𝐵1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵2 act along the same line but in opposite directions,

𝐵𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝐵1 − 𝐵2 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑃
𝜇0 𝑚 𝜇0 𝑚
𝐵𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 = −
4𝜋 (𝑟 − 𝑙)2 4𝜋 (𝑟 + 𝑙)2
𝜇0 (𝑟 + 𝑙)2 − (𝑟 − 𝑙)2
𝐵𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚 [ ]
4𝜋 (𝑟 2 − 𝑙 2 )2
𝜇0 𝑚(4𝑟𝑙)
𝐵𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 = .
4𝜋 (𝑟 2 − 𝑙 2 )2

m(2l) =M, magnetic dipole moment of the magnet.

𝜇0 2𝑀𝑟
∴ 𝐵𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 = . 2 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑃
4𝜋 (𝑟 − 𝑙 2 )2

The direction of M.F due to a bar bagnet at a point on its axial line is from S-pole to N –pole,ie,
same as that of magnetic dipole moment of the bar magnet.
𝜇0 ⃗⃗ 𝑟
2𝑀
∴ 𝐵𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 = . 2
4𝜋 (𝑟 − 𝑙 2 )2

For a bar magnet of very small length,

𝑙 ≪ 𝑟 and hence 𝑙 2 can be neglected.

For very short bar magnet ,

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜇0 2𝑀𝑟
∴ 𝐵𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 = . 4 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑃
4𝜋 𝑟
 𝜇0 2𝑀⃗⃗
∴ 𝐵𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 = . 3 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑃
4𝜋 𝑟
𝝁𝟎 𝟐𝑴 𝜇
|𝑩𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 | = where K = 4𝜋0
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟑

𝟐𝑲𝑴
|𝑩𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 | =
𝒓𝟑

MAGNETIC FIELD AT A POINT ALONG THE EQUATORIAL LINE OF A BAR

MAGNET

NS is the bar magnet of length 2l and pole strength m. P is a point on the equatorial line at a distance r from
its mid point O.

Magnetic field (B ) at P due to north pole of the magnet

1

𝜇0 𝑚 𝜇0 𝑚
𝐵1 = = 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑃
4𝜋 𝑁𝑃2 4𝜋 (𝑟 2 + 𝑙 2 )

Magnetic field (B2) at P due to south pole of the magnet,

𝜇0 𝑚 𝜇0 𝑚
𝐵2 = 2
= 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑆
4𝜋 𝑆𝑃 4𝜋 (𝑟 + 𝑙 2 )
2

𝐵1 = 𝐵2

Resolving B1 and B2 into their horizontal and vertical components.

Vertical components B1 sin θ and B2 sin θ are equal and opposite and therefore cancel each
other . The horizontal components B1 cos θ and B2 cos θ will get added along PX’.
Resultant magnetic induction at P due to the bar magnet is

B = B1 cos θ + B2 cos θ. (along PX’)=2 B1 cos θ

2𝜇0 𝑚
𝐵𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖 = cos θ
4𝜋 (𝑟 + 𝑙 2 )
2

𝜇0 2𝑚
𝐵𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖 = cos θ
4𝜋 (𝑟 + 𝑙 2 )
2

From right angled triangle SOP ,

SO 𝑙
cos θ = = 2
SP (𝑟 + 𝑙 2 )1⁄2
𝜇0 2𝑚 𝑙
𝐵𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖 = .
4𝜋 (𝑟 2 + 𝑙 2 ) (𝑟 2 + 𝑙 2 )1⁄2
𝜇0 𝑀
𝐵𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖 = . 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑋′
4𝜋 (𝑟 2 + 𝑙 2 )3⁄2

Where M = m2l

The direction of M.F due to a bar bagnet at a point on its equatorial line is from N-pole to S –
pole,ie, in a direction opposite to that of the magnetic dipole moment of the magnet.

𝜇0 ⃗⃗
𝑀
𝐵𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖 =
4𝜋 (𝑟 2 + 𝑙 2 )3⁄2

.For a bar magnet of very small length,

𝑙 ≪ 𝑟 and hence 𝑙 2 can be neglected.

For very short bar magnet ,

𝝁𝟎 𝑴 ⃗⃗⃗
∴ 𝑩𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊 = . 𝟑 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝑷𝑿′
𝟒𝝅 𝒓
𝐾𝑀 ⃗⃗
∴ 𝐵𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖 = 3 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑋′
𝑟
1
𝐵 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖 = 𝐵𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙
2
It shows that magnetic field at a point at a certain distance on the equatorial line of a short bar
magnet is just one half of that at the same distance on its axial line.

Difference between a Bar Magnet and a Solenoid

S.No. Bar magnet Solenoid

a bar magnet is a permanent

1 magnet solenoid is a electromagnet.

The poles of the bar magnet for a solenoid the poles can be
2 are fixed altered.

Cutting a bar magnet into

two pieces results in smaller Cutting of solenoid results in
bar magnets but monopoles smaller solenoid of slightly
3 are not possible weaker fields

the strength of the magnetic

field of a solenoid depends on
The strength of the magnetic the electric current that is
4 field of a bar magnet is fixed passed through it.

Similarities

Magnetic moment is the same

Magnetic field at a point on the axial line is same

Bar magnet and solenoid both have attractive and directive

properties ie, to align itself along the external magnetic field.

Terms used in magnetism

(i) Intensity of magnetisation (Magnetization ) M :
 Intensity of magnetisation (Magnetization ) M is the change in the magnetic
moment of a magnet per unit volume.
𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
Intensity of Magnetisation M = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚2𝑙

Or =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐴2𝑙
𝑚 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑀= =
𝐴 𝐴
. Its unit is A/m
(ii) Magnetic Intensity / Magnetising force H:
The magnetic intensity defines the forces that the poles of a magnet experiences in a magnetic
field.
𝑩
H = µ, the variation of magnetic field with permeability is called Magnetic intensity.

Or B = µ H
H depends on external factors like current flowing etc. Its unit is A/m
If inside the solenoid is free space
𝐵0 = µ0 𝐻
𝑩𝟎
So 𝑯 =
µ𝟎

Unit – ampere / meter

(iii) Magnetic Susceptibility χ :-
It is a property which gives how a magnetic material responds to an external field( which
determines how easily a specimen can be magnetised ).
It is dimensionless quantity.
Let Intensity of magnetisation M ∝ 𝐻(Magnetic intensity )
𝑴=𝛘 𝐇
𝑴
Magnetic Susceptibility χ = ie ratio of intensity of magnetisation to magnetic intensity .It
𝑯
has no unit.
(iv) Magnetic Permeability µ:
It is the ability of a material to permit the passage of magnetic field lines through it.
Magnetic Permeability of a magnetic substance is defined as the ratio of the magnetic induction
to the magnetic intensity.
𝑩
µ= Its unit is Tm/A
𝑯
(refer table 5.2 NCERT pg no 191)
PROVE THAT µ𝒓 = 𝟏 + 𝛘
Consider a solenoid of n turns per unit length and carrying a current I (Free space ) Hence,
B0 = µ0 n I

B0 = µ0 𝐻
If the interior of the solenoid is filled with a material with non-zero magnetisation, the field inside
the solenoid will be greater than B0
. The net B field in the interior of the solenoid may be expressed as
B = B0 + Bm
where Bm is the field contributed by the material core. It turns out that this additional field Bm is
proportional to the magnetisation M
Then magnetic field be 𝐵𝑚

𝐵𝑚 ∝ 𝑀
𝐵𝑚 = 𝜇0 𝑀

B = B0 + Bm
B = µ0 𝐻 + µ0M

B = µ0 (H + M)
Let M = χ H
B = µ0 (H + χH)
B = µ0 (1 + χ) H
𝐵
= µ0 (1 + χ)
𝐻
Where
𝐵
= 𝜇
𝐻

𝜇 = µ0 (1 + χ)
𝜇 µ
= (1 + χ) where Relative permeability µ𝑟 =
µ0 µ0

𝝁𝒓 = (𝟏 + 𝛘)
µ is called magnetic permeability of the substance. µr is relative magnetic permeability of the
substance.
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
Relative permeability µ𝑟 = 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚

CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS

Classification of Magnetic Materials On the basis of the behavior in an external
magnetic field
Diamagnetic – materials that aren’t attracted to magnetic fields. Gold, Water, Mercury,
Bismuth and Copper are a few of its examples.
Paramagnetic – materials that are attracted to magnetic materials weakly. Molybdenum,
Lithium and Magnesium are a few of its examples.
Ferromagnetic – materials that are attracted to magnetic materials strongly. Nickel, Cobalt
and Iron are a few of its examples.

Curie’s law :

According to Curie’s law Intensity of magnetisation of paramagnetic substances is

inversely proportional to absolute temperature T
𝐶𝐵0
Magnetisation M = 𝑇

𝑀
Magnetic Susceptibility χ =
𝐻
𝑀 = χH

𝐶𝐵0
χH=
𝑇
 𝐶 𝐵0
χ = … . . (1)
𝑇 𝐻

𝐵0
Let 𝜇0 = 𝐻

𝐶𝜇0
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞 (1) χ = 𝑇

𝐂 𝝁𝟎
χ= known as Curie’s law
𝑻

Hence, the value of µ and ꭓ depends not only on the material but also on the temperature

o As field is increased or temperature is lowered (B /T), the magnetisation increases and

reaches saturation Ms.

o Beyond this point Ms, Curie’s law is not obeyed

Curie Weiss’s law :

o The Curie–Weiss law describes the magnetic susceptibility χ of a ferromagnet in the

paramagnetic region above the Curie point

At high temperature, Ferro magnet becomes paramagnet. This transition temperature

is called Curie temperature Tc

𝑇 > 𝑇𝐶
C
χ= for temperature above Curie temperature
T−𝑇𝐶

For iron , 𝑇𝐶 = 1000𝐾

What Is The Curie Temperature?

The Curie temperature is the one at which ferromagnetic material turns to paramagnetic on
heating. This kind of transition is used in optical storage media for erasing and inserting new
data.

property Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

substances substances substances
1 They are feebly They are strongly
Effect of repelled by They are feebly attracted by
magnets magnets attracted by magnets magnets

Field Field lines do not prefer to Field lines prefer to Field lines prefer to pass
Lines pass through the substance pass through. through closely.

Small and positive

Small and negative 0 < ꭓm< a Very large and positive
Susceptibil
ity -1 < ꭓm< 0 a small +ve number ꭓm> 1000

Positive and greater

than 1 Positive and much
Relative
Positive and less than 1 greater than 1
permeabilit 1 <µr< 1 + a where a is
y 0 <µr< 1 small number Large µr> 1000

Individual
constituents have net
Individual constituents do Individual constituents magnetic moment on their
not have net magnetic have net magnetic own and domain
Nature moment on their own moment on their own formation occurs
 A magnet weakly
A magnet repels a attracts a paramagnetic A magnet strongly attracts a
diamagnetic substances substances ferromagnetic substance

Antimony, Bismuth, Aluminium, Platinum,

Copper, Gold, Quartz, Chromium,
Mercury, Water, Alcohol, Manganese, Crown Nickel, Iron, Cobalt and
Examples Air and Hydrogen glass and Oxygen their alloys