Magnetic Fields in Matter

Magnetization of Matter 𝑧
The motion of electron clouds in atoms (orbital or
spin rotations) produces residual current loops
associated with each atom in the medium under 𝐁=𝐵0 𝐳^ 𝐦
consideration. These current loops acquire dipole −𝐅 𝑥
moments that are affected by externally applied 𝐼
magnetic field. Atoms of various materials react −𝐅 𝑦 𝜃 𝑦
differently to the applied magnetic field producing 𝐅 +¿¿
𝐅− 𝒪 𝐅𝑦
ferromagnetism, paramagnetism or diamagnetism.
𝑎
Consider the case of a magnetic dipole consisting of a 𝐼
𝐅𝑥
square current loop of side placed in a uniform 𝑥
magnetic field . If the plane of the current loop is tilted
at an angle with the -plane. The force acting on the
𝐁0
sides of the square is evaluated using

𝐅=∫ 𝐼 ( 𝑑𝐥×𝐁 ) 𝐼 𝐅 +¿= 𝐹

For a uniform field, the and the components in the 𝑎 𝑦
^¿
sinθ 𝐧

plane of the current loop cancel out. But for a tilted 𝒪

loop, and the components produce a torque ^
𝐅 −=− 𝐹 𝑦 sin θ 𝐧 𝐼
^ =( 𝐼𝑎2 )   𝐵0 sin 𝜃 𝐱
𝐍=𝐼 𝑎   𝐵0 sin 𝜃 ( 𝑎 ) 𝐱 ^
𝐍=𝐦 ×𝐁
 Magnetization of Materials
This means that when an external magnetic
Unmagnetized Material (
field is applied to molecules in a medium, then
they will experience the torque
𝐦
𝐍=𝐦 ×𝐁
If the molecules are free to move, then they will
rotate to align itself parallel with the direction of
the field (paramgnetism or ferromagnetism) or
antiparallel to the field (diamgnetisam).
The magnetization vector of a material is defined
as the net dipole moment (after adding the dipole
moments of all molecules) per unit volume: 𝐦

∑ 𝐦𝑖 𝐁
𝑖
𝐌=
Volume
Note the similarity between the dipole moments
for the electric and magnetic fields, how they are
influenced by external fields. Furthermore, the
magnetization of a medium is defined in an
analogous manner to the polarization . Magnetized Material (
Bound Magnetization Currents
The magnetization of a medium generates
residual bound currents. To determine the
magnetic vector potential due to these
charges, we start by finding the potential 𝓻
due to the magnetic dipoles existing in the 𝒮 ′ 𝐦=𝐌 𝑑𝒯 ′
medium:

( )
𝜇0 𝐦× 𝓻^  
𝐀 ( 𝐫 )=
4𝜋 𝓇
2 𝑑𝒯 ′
For an infinitesimal volume , the net dipole moment is
related to the magnetization vector through the
relationship . The potential due to the volume of the
material is, thus, given by

( )
𝜇0 𝓻^  
𝐀 ( 𝐫 )= ∭ 𝐌 ( 𝐫 ′ ) × 2 𝑑 𝒯 ′
4𝜋 𝓇
But, 𝛁
′
()
1
𝓇
𝓻^  
= 2
𝓇

()
𝜇0 ′ 1
𝐀 ( 𝐫 )= ∭ 𝐌 ( 𝐫 ′ ) × 𝛁 𝑑 𝒯 ′
4𝜋 𝓇
Bound Magnetization Currents
𝐀 ( 𝐫 )= ∭ 𝐌 ( 𝐫 ′ ) × 𝛁 ( ) 𝑑 𝒯 ′
𝜇0 ′ 1

4𝜋 𝓇
𝓻
(
𝐌 (𝐫 ) 1 ′
) () 𝒮 ′ 𝐩=𝐏 𝑑𝒯 ′
′
′ 1
= 𝛁 × 𝐌 (𝐫 )− 𝐌 (𝐫 ) × 𝛁
′ ′ ′
𝛁×
𝓇 𝓇 𝓇

{ 𝐌 (𝐫 )
( )}
′
𝜇0 1 ′ 𝑑𝒯 ′
𝐀 ( 𝐫 )=
4𝜋
∭ 𝓇 𝛁 × 𝐌 (𝐫 ) − 𝛁 × 𝓇 𝑑 𝒯 ′
′ ′

The identity , may be derived from the divergence theorem after

substituting where is a constant vector

∭ (𝛁∙𝐯)𝑑𝒯 =∯ 𝐯∙𝑑𝐚 ∭¿¿

∭ 𝐜∙(𝛁×𝐰)𝑑𝒯 −∭ 𝐰∙(𝛁×𝐜)𝑑𝒯 =−∯ 𝐜∙(𝐰×𝑑𝐚 )
because is a constant vector.

𝐜∙∭(𝛁×𝐰)𝑑𝒯 =−𝐜∙∯ (𝐰×𝑑𝐚 ) ∭ (𝛁×𝐰)𝑑𝒯 =−∯ 𝐰×𝑑𝐚

Bound Magnetization Currents
We go back to the relationship,
𝓻
{ 𝐌 (𝐫 )
( )}
′
𝜇0 1 ′ 𝒮 ′ 𝐩=𝐏 𝑑𝒯 ′
𝐀 ( 𝐫 )=
4𝜋
∭ 𝓇 𝛁 ×𝐌 𝐫 −𝛁 × 𝓇 𝑑𝒯 ′
( ′
) ′

Applying the identity , it follows that

𝑑𝒯 ′
𝜇0 1 ′ 𝜇0 𝐌 ( 𝐫′ )
𝐀 ( 𝐫 )= ∭ 𝛁 × 𝐌 ( 𝐫 ) 𝑑𝒯 ′+ ∯
′
× 𝑑 𝐚′
4𝜋 𝓇 4𝜋 𝓇
The terms and seem to represent surface and volumetric
densities of the bound currents; specifically,

and

Note that , since . The vector potential due to this bound currents is given by

𝜇0 𝐉𝑏 ( 𝐫 ′ ) 𝜇0 𝐊 𝑏 ( 𝐫 ′ )
𝐀 ( 𝐫 )= ∭ 𝑑𝒯 ′ + ∯ 𝑑𝑎 ′
4𝜋 𝓇 4𝜋 𝓇
Bound and Free Current Densities
Bound currents that are due to the magnetization of the molecules or atoms of a
magnetic medium. The expression derived in the previous slide show that they will
contribute to the vector potential and, accordingly, will act as sources for the magnetic
field . If the material is conducting, then currents will flow in it and they will also
contribute to magnetic field. Such currents will be referred to as free currents.

Consider the case of a medium that has both free currents of density and bound currents
of density . The total charge current, then, becomes

𝐉= 𝐉 𝑓 + 𝐉𝑏
In this case, Ampere’ law implies that

𝛁 ×𝐁=𝜇 0 𝐉=𝜇0 ( 𝐉 𝑓 + 𝐉𝑏 )
Substituting by , we obtain
𝐁
𝛁 × = 𝐉 𝑓 +𝛁 × 𝐌
𝜇0
𝐁
𝛁 × − 𝛁 × 𝐌= 𝐉 𝑓
𝜇0
𝛁× ( 𝐁
𝜇0 )
−𝐌   = 𝐉 𝑓
The Magnetic Field Intensity H
𝐁
The quantity 𝐇= −𝐌   is known as the magnetic field intensity vector.
𝜇0
The field is governed by an Ampere’s for which the free current density will
act as its source, specifically,

𝛁 ×𝐇= 𝐉 𝑓 and
∮ 𝐇∙𝑑𝐥=𝐼 𝑓 enc
This means that the magnetic field intensity obeys Ampere’s law with only the free
currents taken into consideration.
On a surface of discontinuity between two media, the boundary conditions for the
field are given by

𝐻 above − 𝐻 below =− ( 𝑀 above − 𝑀 below )

⊥ ⊥ ⊥ ⊥

For the components normal to the surface of discontinuity. In addition, we have

^  )
𝐇∥above − 𝐇∥below =( 𝐊 𝑓 × 𝐧
For the parallel components that relate to the free surface current density .
Linear Magnetic Media
Assuming that the magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field, the
magnetic susceptibility is defined as as follows,
𝐌= 𝜒 𝑚 𝐇
Hence, we obtain the following relationship for a linear magnetic medium
𝐁=𝜇 0 ( 𝜒 𝑚 +1 ) 𝐇=𝜇 0 𝜇 𝑟 𝐇

where, is known as the relative permeability of the material. Consider the relationship,

𝛁 ×𝐇= 𝐉 𝑓
Therefore, Ampere’s law takes the following form for a linear magnetic medium:

𝛁×
𝐁
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟
= 𝐉𝑓 or 𝛁 ×𝐁=𝜇 𝐉 𝑓
∮ 𝐁∙𝑑𝐥=𝜇𝐼 𝑓 enc
where the permeability of the magnetic substance is . It should also be noted that the
bound current for a homogenous material is given by

𝐉𝑏=𝛁 ×𝐌=𝛁 × ( 𝜒 𝑚 𝐇   ) 𝐉𝑏= 𝜒 𝑚 ( 𝛁 ×𝐇   )= 𝜒 𝑚 𝐉 𝒇

Example 1
Find the magnetic field induction due to an
infinitely long straight solenoid having closely
wound turns per unit length carrying an electric 𝐁 out 𝐁¿
current . Assume that it is wound around a
nonmagnetic material. 𝐼
Because of the symmetry of the problem the
ℓ
magnetic field can not be radial (in direction of )
or circumferential (in direction of ). So it can 𝛤1 𝛤2
only point in the -direction.
𝑎
𝐁=𝐵 𝐳^ 𝑏
Applying Ampere’s law to calculate the magnetic
field by choosing a closed path of integration . It
follows that
❑

∮ 𝐁∙ 𝑑 𝐥=( 𝐵 ( 𝑎) − 𝐵 ( 𝑏 )) ℓ=0
𝛤1
This means that and this cannot happen because the field will stay constant all the way
to infinite distances. So, the only way to avoid this difficulty is to have

𝐁 out =0
 Example 1 (continued)
To find the field inside the solenoid, we apply
Ampere’s law for the rectangular path of
integration , which exists partially inside and 𝐁 out 𝐁¿
partially outside the solenoid.
❑ 𝐼
∮ 𝐁∙ 𝑑 𝐥=𝜇0 𝐼 enc ℓ
𝛤2
( 𝐵¿ −0 ) ℓ=𝜇 0 ( 𝑛 ℓ ) 𝐼 𝛤1 𝛤2
^
𝐁¿ =𝜇 0 𝑛 𝐼 𝐳 𝑎
𝑏
Consider the situation when the solenoid is wound around an iron
rod of relative permittivity . Hence, we can use Ampere’s law for the
field; specifically,
❑

∮ 𝐇 ∙ 𝑑 𝐥=𝐼 𝑓 enc ^
𝐇¿ =𝑛 𝐼 𝐳 and 𝐇out =0
𝛤2

It  follows  that 𝐁¿ =𝜇 0 𝜇𝑟 𝑛 𝐼 𝐳^ and 𝐁 out =0

The surface current density

For iron , so both and become very large.

Example 2
A coaxial cable consists of two very long cylindrical
tubes, separated by linear insulating material of
magnetic susceptibility . A current flows down the
inner conductor and returns along the outer one; 𝐼
in each case, the current distributes itself 𝜌
uniformly over the surface. Find the magnetic field
in the region between the tubes. Calculate the 𝐼 𝑧
magnetization and the bound currents. 𝑎
𝛤
Applying Ampere’s law, 𝑏
❑
𝐼 ^
∮ 𝐇 ∙ 𝑑 𝐥=𝐼 𝑓 enc 𝐻 2𝜋𝜌=𝐼 and 𝐇=
2 𝜋𝜌
𝛟
𝛤
𝐼 ^ 𝜒𝑚 𝐼 ^
It  follows  that 𝐁=𝜇 0 ( 1+ 𝜒 𝑚 ) 𝐇=𝜇 0 ( 1+ 𝜒 𝑚 ) 2 𝜋𝜌 𝛟 and 𝐌= 𝜒 𝑚 𝐇= 2 𝜋𝜌 𝛟
𝜒𝑚 𝐼 ^ 𝜒𝑚 𝐼
^=
The surface bound current density: 𝐊 𝑏 =𝐌× 𝐧 ^
𝛟× ( ∓ 𝛒 )=± 𝐳^
2 𝜋𝜌 2 𝜋𝜌
𝜒𝑚𝐼 𝜒𝑚𝐼
𝐊 𝑏 ( 𝜌 =𝑎 )= ^
𝐳 and 𝐳^
𝐊 𝑏 ( 𝜌 =𝑏 )=−
2𝜋 𝑎 2𝜋 𝑏
The volume bound current density: 𝐉 𝑏=𝛁 ×𝐌=
1 𝜕( 𝜌 𝑀𝜙) ^
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 (
𝐳 =0 )