Ferromagnetism:

Weiss theory of Ferromagnetism(FM) : Ferromagnetic

substances have permanent magnetic dipole moment due to
its spin motion and behave like tiny magnets.
In Ferro magnetism, each dipole interacts with neighboring
dipoles and form small effective regions called “domains”.

Ferromagnetic DOMAIN : Is the region in which the magnetic

dipole moments are aligned in the same direction even in the
absence of external magnetic field.
In normal state, different domains are randomly distributed
so their resultant magnetic moment in any direction is zero.
1)When the substance is placed in the magnetic field , it gets
the net magnetic magnetic dipole moment.
When the FM is removed from the Bexternal , the substance is
not completely demagnetized, some residual magnetism
remains in it and the phenomenon of retaining magnetism
even after removing from the Bextenal(Bext) is called
“RETENTIVITY”(CAPABILLITY OF RETAINING MAGNETISM).
SPONTANEOUS MAGNETIZATION :
“is a property of FM substance to possess magnetization even
when the applied magnetic field is zero”
Curie-Weiss Law: explanation of Ferromagnetic substance
He suggested that existence of an “molecular field Hm” which
is proportional to the magnetization M i.e., 𝐻𝛼 ∝ 𝑀
𝐻𝛼 = 𝛾𝑀
Where 𝛾 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡.
Therefore when a FM is placed in the magnetizing field H,
the effective magnetic field Heff on an atomic dipole is given
by 𝐻𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻 + 𝐻𝑚
𝐻𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻 + 𝛾𝑀
𝛾𝑀 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Accor., to the Para-magnetism theory
𝑁𝜇𝑜 𝜇2 𝐶
We have 𝑀 = ( )𝐻= 𝐻
3𝑘𝑇 𝑇

𝑁𝜇𝑜 𝜇2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 = = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
3𝑘
Replacing 𝐻 𝑏𝑦 𝐻𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻 + 𝛾𝑀
𝐶 𝐶𝐻 𝛾𝐶𝑀
𝑀= (𝐻 + 𝛾𝑀 ) = +
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝑇
Multiply by 𝐻
𝑀 𝑀
𝑇 == 𝐶+𝜃
𝐻 𝐻
 𝑀
But 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜒 = 𝐻

𝜒𝑇 = = 𝐶 + 𝜃𝜒 ,, 𝜒(𝑇 − 𝜃) = 𝐶 ,,
𝑪
𝝌= ……………………*****
(𝑻−𝜽)

Hysteresis : When Magnetic field H is applied to

Ferromagnetic (FM) substance , it acquires
magnetization ( “B” Or “I”). the variation of B w.r.t
to H or the variation of I w.r.t H is called
Hysteresis curve .

When unmagnetised of FM material , subjected to

cycle of magnetization with the application
external magnetic field (H) and H is increased
from zero to , magnetization B increases slowly
till a saturation point a is reached as shown in he
fig.9.9. Beyond which, there will be no increase in
B with H. this stage is “magnetic saturation”.
Under this condition all the FM domains align in
the dirn of the magnetic field H
On decreasing H slowly to zero, the curve oa is
not retraced, instead the path ab is traced ob
gives residual magnetization(magnetic inductin
in the specimen. “Retentivity : by virtue of which
FM material acquires permanent magnetization”.
“The lack of retraceability of B-H curve –
HYSTERESIS”.
(Ob gives the residual magnetism(remanent
magnetization.)
On REVERSING H, B is found to decreases , &then
becomes ZERO . i.e, the point c is reached. OC-
is called “coercivity : means amount of H required
to reduce the residual magnetism to zero”.
“Coercive field : the amount field H require to
reduce the residual magnetism to zero”.
Further increasing of H beyond c , the specimen
magnetises in the reverse dirn, and reaches the
point d in the curve.
Again if the H is decreased in the reverse dirn, the
point e is reached when H =0.
Again If H is increased it traces “ef” curve.
Further increase of H traces “ea” curve.
The closed curve abcdefa is called HYSTERESIS
curve
So, HYSTERESIS: the phenomenon of lagging of B
w.r.t H OR “Non-traceability of the B-H curve “
Applications : 1) to make an electromagnet or
permanent magnet
2)materials with minimum hysteresis loss ,
suitable for constructing the cores of
transformers and the armatures of dynamos.
Differences between and hard and soft magnetic
materials
Hard magnetic materials soft magnetic materials

Cannot be easily Can be easily magnetized

magnetized & & demagnetised
demagnetised
Large hysteresis loop Small hysteresis loop
Large hysteresis loss small hysteresis loss
Coercivity and Coercivity and retentivity
retentivity are large are small
Used to make Used to make
permanent magnets electromagnets and
transformer cords
Ex AlNiCo- an alloy Iron silicon alloy, ferrous
CuNiCo nickel alloy & garnets

!) The flux produced by a magnetizing field of

4Am-1 is 8x10-8 Wb, in a bar of iron with cross
sectional area of 0.5 cm2( 0.5x10-4m2). What is the
permeability and susceptibility of the bar?
Given H=4Am-1, A= 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟐 , 𝝌 =?
𝝋 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝟐
𝑩= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟔𝒘𝒃/𝒎
𝑨 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒

𝑩 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟔
𝝁= = = 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑯/𝒎
𝑯 𝟒
𝝁 = 𝝁𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝝌) 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝝌=
𝝁 𝟒 × 𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕
𝝌= −𝟏 − 𝟏 = 𝟑𝟏𝟕
𝝁𝟎

2) On applying a magnetic intensity of 1000A/m,

a ferromagnetic bar produces a magnetic flux of
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑾𝒃, if the radius of the bar 1cm.
calculate the permeability and susceptibility of
the bar.
Given
𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑨/𝒎 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝝋 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒘𝒃 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒓 = 𝟏 × 𝟎−𝟐 𝒎 = 𝟗. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑯/𝒎

𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆,

= 𝟏 × 𝟎−𝟐 𝒎 𝝁 = 𝝁𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝝌)
𝝌 =? 𝝁 =? 𝝁
𝝌= −𝟏
𝝁𝟎
𝑩 𝝋
𝝁= & 𝑩= 𝟗. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝑯 𝑨 𝝌=
𝝋 𝝋 𝟒 × 𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕
𝝁= = 𝟐
= −𝟏
𝑨𝑯 𝝅𝒓 𝑯
= 𝟕𝟒. 𝟔𝟑