TRINITY PU COLLEGE II PUC PHYSICS

MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

1. Describe Oersted ’s experiment for the discovery of magnetic effect of current.

Ans: According to Oersted,
(i) The magnetic compass needle gets deflected when it is placed near the current
carrying wire.
(ii) The compass needle always aligned tangential to an imaginary circle drawn
around the current carrying wire as its centre and has plane perpendicular to
the wire
(iii) The deflection increases on increasing the current or bringing the needle closer
to the wire.
(iv) The magnetic field lines around a conductor carrying wire form concentric circles
with the wire as the centre.
(v) When the direction of the current is reversed, the direction of magnetic field
lines also gets reversed.
Thus, the current in the wire produces magnetic field around it.

2. What is a magnetic field?

Ans: It is the space around moving charges or current carrying conductor, where
magnetic effects can be observed.

3. Mention the S.I. unit of magnetic field.

Ans: tesla (T) (1 tesla = 104 gauss).

4. Represent the direction of the magnetic field (i) into the plane of the paper (ii)
emerging out of the plane of the paper for an observer face in the plane of the
paper.
Ans: (i) Into the plane of the paper⨂
(ii) Emerging out of plane of the paper Ꙩ

5. Write the S.I unit of magnetic field and also its dimensions.
Ans: S.I. unit of magnetic field is tesla (T). Its dimensions are [M1T-2A-1]

6. Is the magnetic field a scalar or a vector?

Ans: Vector quantity.

7. State right hand clasp rule.

Ans: According to this law, “if the straight conductor carrying current is held in right
hand such that the thumb gives the direction of electric current, then the

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direction of other fingers encircling the conductor gives the direction of

magnetic field”.

8. What is a magnetic force?

Ans: The force experienced by a current carrying conductor or a moving charge in a
magnetic field is known as a magnetic force.

9. Mention the expression for force acting on a moving charged particle in a

magnetic field.
Ans: 𝐹⃗ = q(𝜐⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗)
where q = charges, 𝜐 = velocity of moving charge, B = strength as magnetic
field,
F = force on particle

10. When the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field is (a) maximum (b)
minimum.
Ans: F = Bq𝜐sin 𝜃
(a) If 𝜃 = 90°, F is maximum, the charged particle is moving perpendicular to
direction of field.
(b) If 𝜃 = 0° or 180°, F is minimum when charged particle is moving parallel or
antiparallel to direction of field.

11. An alpha particle and a proton are projected with same velocity v
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field B. which particle
experiences maximum force?
Ans: 𝛼 - particle

12. An 𝜶 - particle and a proton moving with same velocity enter a uniform
magnetic field. Find the ratio of forces acting on them.
Ans: 𝐹 = 𝐵𝑞𝜐sin 𝜃 𝛼 - particle is the nucleus as He atom having a charge = 2𝑞
𝐹𝛼 = 𝐵(2𝑞)𝜐sin 𝜃 q = charge of a proton
𝐹𝑝 = 𝐵(𝑞)𝜐sin 𝜃
𝐹𝛼 2
∴ =
𝐹𝑝 1

13. By using the expression 𝑭 = 𝑩𝒒𝝊sin𝜽, define unit magnetic field [1 tesla]
𝐹
Ans: 𝐹 = 𝐵𝑞𝜐sin𝜃 ∴𝐵=
q𝜐sin 𝜃
If q = 1 C, 𝜐 = 1 ms-1, 𝜃 = 90°, F = 1N

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The magnetic field at a point is said to be one tesla if a charge of 1 coulomb

moving at right angle to a magnetic field with velocity 1 ms -1, experiences a force
of 1 newton at that point.

14. State Fleming’s left hand rule.

Ans: If the first three fingers of the left hand are stretched in three mutually
perpendicular direction such that the fore finger is along the direction of the
magnetic field , middle finger is along the direction of the velocity of the particle
then the thumb gives the direction of the magnetic force.

Lorentz Force

15. What is Lorentz force?

Ans: Force experienced by a moving charged particle in a region containing both
electric and magnetic field is called Lorentz force.

16. Mention the expression for Lorentz force and explain the terms.
Ans: Lorentz force = electric force + magnetic force
F = Fe + F m
F = qE + Bq𝜐sin 𝜃
where q = charge of particle, E = electric field, 𝜐 = velocity of particle
B = strength of magnetic field, 𝜃= angle between 𝐵 ⃗⃗ and 𝜐⃗

17. Write the expression for Lorentz force in vector form and show the direction of
forces.
Ans: 𝐹⃗ = q𝐸⃗⃗ + q[𝜐⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗]
𝐹⃗ = q[𝐸⃗⃗ + (𝜐⃗ × 𝐵⃗⃗)]

18. What is the work done by the magnetic field on charged particle?
Ans: Zero because force and displacement are mutually perpendicular.

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19. Write the expression for magnetic dipole moment?

Ans: Magnetic dipole moment of current loop = 𝑁𝑖𝐴
N = number of turns in current loop, 𝑖 = current in loop,
A = area of each turn of loop.

20. Is magnetic dipole moment a scalar or vector quantity?

Ans: Magnetic dipole moment is a vector quantity.

21. Mention the unit of magnetic dipole moment.

Ans: The unit of magnetic dipole moment is Am2.

22. Obtain an expression for force experienced by a conductor carrying current

placed in an external magnetic field.
Ans: Consider a conductor of length 𝑙, uniform cross sectional area A and placed in a
external magnetic field B.
Let ‘𝑛’ be the number density of free electrons present in the conductor.
Total number of free electrons present in the conductor = 𝑛𝐴𝑙.
Total charge present in the conductors
𝑞 = 𝑛𝐴𝑙𝑒
If 𝜐d is the drift velocity of free electrons force on these electrons
𝐹⃗ = 𝑞(𝜐⃗𝑑 × 𝐵 ⃗⃗).
𝐹⃗ = 𝑛𝐴𝑙𝑒 (𝜐⃗𝑑 × 𝐵
⃗⃗)
But 𝑛𝐴𝑒𝜐 d = 𝐼, strength of the current ∴
𝐹⃗ = 𝐼(𝑙⃗ × 𝐵⃗⃗)
𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

23. When is the force on a conductor carrying current placed in a magnetic field is
(i) minimum (ii) maximum?
Ans: (i) When 𝜃 = 0° or 180°, sin 𝜃 = 180° = 0 ∴
𝐹 min = 0
The force experienced by the conductor is minimum when it is placed parallel or
antiparallel to the magnetic field.
(ii) When 𝜃 = 90°. sin 90° = 1
𝐹 max = 𝐼𝑙𝐵
The force experienced by the conductor is maximum where it is placed
perpendicular to the magnetic field.

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24. What is the nature of the trajectory of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic
field, if it enters with velocity at an angle (a) 0° (b) 90° (c) between 0° and 90°.
Ans: (a) It follows same linear path.
(b) It describes circular path in plane perpendicular to field.
(c) It describes helical path with axis parallel to direction of field.

25. Obtain the expression for radius of a circular path described by a charge in
uniform magnetic field
Ans: Consider a charged particle of mass 𝑚 and charge 𝑞 is entering magnetic field of
strength B with velocity 𝜐. Now charge is describing a circular path of radius 𝑟.
F = Bq𝜐sin 𝜃
𝜃 = 90°, sin 90° = 1
𝐹 = 𝐵𝑞𝜐 …(1)
but the centripetal force
𝑚𝜐2
𝐹= …(2)
𝑟
from (1) and (2)
𝑚𝜐2
= 𝐵𝑞𝜐
𝑟
𝑚𝜐
∴ 𝑟=
𝐵𝑞

26. Obtain the expression for the angular frequency of a charged particle moving in
a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to it.
Ans: We know that the charged particle described a circular path of radius 𝑟, given by
𝑚𝜐
𝑟= …(1)
𝐵𝑞
The time period of revolution is given by
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 𝑚𝜐
𝑇= , 𝑇= ( )
𝜐 𝜐 𝐵𝑞
2𝜋𝑚 1
∴ 𝑇= Now frequency is 𝛾 =
𝐵𝑞 𝑇
𝐵𝑞
𝛾= and angular frequency 𝜔 is
2𝜋𝑚

𝐵𝑞
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜐, 𝜔 = 2𝜋 ( )
2𝜋𝑚
𝐵𝑞
𝜔=
𝑚

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27. Briefly explain how a charged particle describes a helical path and obtain the
expression for pitch.
And: When a charged particle enter uniform magnetic field of B, at an angle 𝜃 as
shown in fig. The component of velocity 𝜐 cos 𝜃 which is parallel to field and 𝜐
sin 𝜃 is perpendicular to the field.
Now 𝜐 cos 𝜃 will travel in the direction of field and 𝜐 sin 𝜃 will describe a circular
path.
The combined effect of these two is responsible for helical path of charge.

Now the distance travelled in the direction of field in the time interval equal to
the time period or in one revolution is called the pitch as helix.
Pitch = 𝜐 cos 𝜃 × T
2𝜋𝑚 2𝜋𝑚
𝑃 = 𝜐 cos 𝜃 ( ) where 𝑇 =
𝐵𝑞 𝐵𝑞

28. What is a cross fields?

Ans: Two uniform electric and magnetic fields, which are mutually perpendicular to
each other are called crossed fields.

29. How does a charged particle move in a crossed fields? Or Derive velocity
selector rule.
Ans: Consider a charged particle ‘q’ is entering a crossed fields with velocity 𝜐 in the
direction perpendicular to both of them as shown in Fig.
Now it experiences both electric force 𝐹𝑒 and magnetic force 𝐹𝑚
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸 and 𝐹𝑚 = 𝐵𝑞𝜐 sin 𝜃
and these two are acting in perpendicular directions
If values of 𝐸 and 𝐵 are adjusted such that
𝐹𝑒 = 𝐹𝑚
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸
𝐹𝑚 = 𝐵𝑞𝜐 (𝜃 = 90°)
∴ 𝑞𝐸 = 𝐵𝑞𝑣
𝐸
𝜐=
𝐵

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30. What are the functions of electric and magnetic fields in a cyclotron?
Ans: The electric field accelerates the charged particle while the magnetic field
provides the necessary centripetal force, and hence the magnetic field makes
the charged particle to move in a circular path.

31. What is meant by velocity selector? Mention its use.

Ans: Velocity selector is a device which is used to select the ions and charged particles
like protons, deuterons, alpha particles etc., of particular velocity from a beam
of particles which are having different speeds.
They are used in particle accelerators to select particles with a particle velocity.

32. What is a mass spectrometer?

Ans: Mass spectrometer is a device that separates charged particles, usually ions
according to their charge to mass ratio.

33. What is the principle of mass spectrometer?

𝐸
Ans: Mass spectrometer works on the principle that only particles with speed pass
𝐵
undeflected through the region of crossed fields.

34. What is a cyclotron?

Ans: It is machine used to accelerate positively charged particles to very high
energies.

35. Describe the construction and working of a cyclotron.

Ans: Principle: The time period of revolution of a charged particle in a uniform
magnetic field is independent of its speed or radius of orbit.
The charged particle (ions) move inside two semicircular disc like metallic
containers D₁ and D2 called dees. The dees are highly evacuated to minimize the
loss of energy due to collision between ions and the air molecules. A uniform
magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plane of the dees. A high
frequency alternating voltage is applied to the dees. The charged particle (ions)

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are released at the centre P. They move in a semi-circular path in one of the
𝑇
dees and arrive at the gap between the gap in a time interval where 𝑇 is the
2
period of revolution.

1 2𝜋𝑚 𝑞𝐵
𝑇= = ⟹ 𝑣𝑐 =
𝑣𝑐 𝑞𝐵 2𝜋𝑚
where 𝑣𝑐 is called cyclotron frequency.
The frequency of the ac voltage is adjusted such that the polarities of the dees is
reversed in the same time in which the charged particle complete half the
revolution. The phase of the applied voltage is adjusted such that when the
charge particles (ion) arrive at the edge of D₁, D₂ is at lower potential by V volt
and the charge particles are accelerated across the gap. Its kinetic energy
increases by qV. The particle entering D₂ move in semi-circular path of larger
𝑇
radius and arrive at the gap in a time
2

Thus the radius of the circular path increases and finally reaches that of the
dees. The charged particle finally leave the system through the exit port with a
𝑞𝐵𝑅
velocity 𝑣 = where R is the radius of the dee.
𝑚
1 𝑞 2 𝐵2 𝑅 2
∴ kinetic energy 𝐸𝑘 = 𝑚𝑣 2 =
2 2𝑚

36. To derive an expression for radius and frequency of a charge particle describing
uniform circular motion in a uniform magnetic field?
Ans: Consider a charged particle to be describing in a uniform circular motion of
radius ‘𝑟’ with the velocity 𝜐 with frequency 𝑣.
The necessary centripetal force for the charged particle to maintain circular path
is provided by the magnetic force.
∴ 𝐹𝑐 = 𝐹𝑚
𝑚𝜐2
𝐹𝑐 = …(1)
𝑟
𝐹𝑚 = 𝑞𝜐𝐵 …(2)

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𝑚𝜐2
From (1) and (2) = 𝑞𝜐𝐵
𝑟
𝑚𝜐 𝑚𝜐
= 𝑞𝐵 ∴ 𝑟=
𝑟 𝑞𝐵
We know that 𝜐 = 𝑟𝜔
𝜐
𝜔=
𝑟
𝜐
𝜔= 𝑚𝑣
𝑞𝐵
𝜐𝑞𝐵
𝜔=
𝑚𝜐
𝑞𝐵
𝜔=
𝑚
But 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑣
𝑞𝐵
∴ 2𝜋𝑣 =
𝑚
𝑞𝐵
𝑣 or 𝑓 =
2𝜋𝑚
1 1
𝑇= = 𝑞𝐵
𝑣
2𝜋𝑚
2𝜋𝑚
𝑇=
𝑞𝐵

37. Obtain the expression for maximum kinetic energies acquired by charged
particles in a cyclotron.
Ans: Let 𝜐𝑚𝑎𝑥 be the maximum velocity of a charged particle when it is deflected out
of cyclotron. If 𝑅 is the radius of orbit, then
2
𝑚𝜐𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐵𝑞𝜐𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑅
𝐵𝑞𝑅
𝜐𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑚
1 2
Kinetic energy 𝐾= 𝑚𝜐𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
1 𝑚𝐵2 𝑞2 𝑅 2
∴ 𝐾=
2 𝑚2
𝐵 𝑞 𝑅2
2 2
𝐾=
2𝑚

38. Why electrons cannot be accelerated in cyclotron?

Ans: Because mass of electron is small and small increase in energy makes electron
move with high speed. As a result, electron go quickly out of step with oscillating
electric field.

39. Mention the uses of cyclotron.

Ans: (a) It is used to accelerate the positively charged particles
(b) These energetic particles are used to bombard the atomic nuclei for studies
(c) It is used to produce radioactive isotopes used in medical diagnosis and
treatment.

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40. Mention the places where cyclotron is used.

Ans: (i) The high energetic particles emerging from cyclotron is used to bombard
nuclei and hence to study the resulting nuclear reactions.
(ii) Used to implant ions into solids and modify their electrical and magnetic
properties.
(iii) To synthesis new materials
(iv) To produce radioactive substance, which are used to diagonise and treat
diseases.

Biot – Savart’s law

41. What is a current element? Mention its S.I. unit.

Ans: It is a small length of a conductor carrying current. Its SI unit is A-m.

42. What is the direction of the magnetic field due to a current element?
Ans: Perpendicular to the plane containing the point and the current element.

43. State Biot savart – law (or) Laplace law.

Ans: It states that the magnetic field at the point due to the current element is;
(i) directly proportional to the strength of the electric current [𝐼].
(ii) directly proportional to the length of the current element [𝑑𝑙].
(iii) directly proportional to the sine of the angle between the current
element and the line joining the point at which magnetic field is calculated
[sin 𝜃].
(iv) inversely proportional to square of the distance between the current
1
element and the point at which the magnetic field is calculated [ 2 ]
𝑟
Explanation: Consider a conductor XY carrying a current𝐼. The conductor be
divided into small parts each of length 𝑑𝑙. Let p be a point at the distance (𝑟)
from the current element.
(i) 𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝐼
(ii) 𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝑑𝑙
(iii) 𝑑𝐵 ∝ sin 𝜃
1
(iv) 𝑑𝐵 ∝ 2
𝑟
𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝐵 ∝
𝑟2
𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝐵 = 𝐾 ∙ 2
𝑟
𝜇0
𝐾=
4𝜋

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𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝐵 = ∙
4𝜋 𝑟2
Vector form
𝜇0 𝐼 × 𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 = ∙ sin 𝜃 ∙ 𝑟̂ where 𝑟̂ is unit vector.
4𝜋 𝑟2
𝜇 𝐼 ∖ 𝑑𝑙 ×𝑟|
Or ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 = 0 ∙ where 𝜇0 → permeability of free space or vaccum.
4𝜋 𝑟3
𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐻𝑚−1 or T mA-1
𝜇0 4𝜋 ×10−7
=
4𝜋 4𝜋
𝜇0 −7
= 10 Hm-1
4𝜋
Direction of magnetic field perpendicular to plane containing current element
and the point.

44. Write the S.I unit for permeability of free space.

Ans: Hm-1

𝝁
45. What is the value of ( 𝟎 ) in S.I system?
𝟒𝝅
𝜇0 4𝜋 × 10−7 −7
Ans : = = 10 𝐻𝑚−1
4𝜋 4𝜋

46. When is the magnetic field at a point due to a current element (i) maximum and
(ii) minimum?
Ans: (i) Maximum when 𝜃 = 90°, i.e., when the current element is perpendicular to
the magnetic field.
(ii) Minimum when 𝜃 = 0°i.e., when the current is along the direction of the
magnetic field.

47. Write Biot-Savart’s law in vector form and explain the terms.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Ans: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( 𝜇0 ) 𝐼(𝑑𝑙 × 𝑟⃗)
𝑑𝐵
4𝜋 𝑟3
where ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = length of current element,
𝑑𝑙
𝑟⃗ = position vector of current element.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 = magnetic field strength

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48. Derive an expression for magnitude of the magnetic field at a point along the
axis of the circular conductor carrying current.
Ans: Consider a circular conductor of radius ‘R’ carrying a current ‘𝐼’. Let P be a point
at the distance 𝑥 from the centre of the circular conductor along the axis.

Acc to Biot-Savart law, magnetic field at P due to current element AB is,

𝜇 𝐼𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑏 = 0 ∙
4𝜋 𝑟2
𝜃 = 90°, sin 90° = 1
𝜇 𝐼𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵 = 0 ∙ 2 along PM
4𝜋 𝑟
Similarly the magnetic field at P due to the current element A’B’ is
𝜇 𝐼𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵 = 0 ∙ 2 along PN
4𝜋 𝑟
The magnetic field 𝑑𝐵 along PM is resolved into two components as 𝑑𝐵 sin ɸ
along + x axis and 𝑑𝐵 cos ɸ along + y axis. Similarly 𝑑𝐵 along PN is resolved into
two components as 𝑑𝐵 sin ɸ along + X axis and 𝑑𝐵 cos ɸ along − y axis. The
components 𝑑𝐵 sin ɸ and 𝑑𝐵 cos ɸ act in same line but in opposite direction,
hence they cancle each other. Whereas the components 𝑑𝐵 sin ɸ and 𝑑𝐵 cos ɸ
act in same line and in the same direction hence they gets added up.
For the entire conductor;
𝐵 = ∑ 𝑑𝐵 sin ɸ
𝜇 𝐼𝑑𝑙
𝐵 = ∑ 0 2 sin ɸ
4𝜋 𝑟
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= sin ɸ ∑ 𝑑𝑙
4𝜋 𝑟 2
∑ 𝑑𝑙 = circumference
∑ 𝑑𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝜇 𝐼
𝐵 = 0 ∙ 2sin ɸ ∙ 2𝜋𝑟
4𝜋 𝑟
From the figure in ∆le OAP, 𝑟 = 𝑅2 + 𝑥 2
2

𝑟 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑥 2
𝑟 = (𝑅 2 + 𝑥 2 )1⁄2

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𝑅
sin ɸ =
𝑎
𝑅
sin ɸ =
(𝑅 2 +𝑥 2 )1⁄2
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑅
∴𝐵= ∙ ∙ ∙ 2𝜋𝑅
4𝜋 (𝑅 2 +𝑥 2 ) (𝑅 2 +𝑥2 )1⁄2
𝜇0 2𝜋𝐼𝑅 2 𝜇0 2𝜋𝐼𝑅 2
𝐵= ∙ 1 ;𝐵 = ∙
4𝜋 1+
(𝑅 2 +𝑥 2 ) 2 4𝜋 (𝑅 2 +𝑥 2 )3⁄2

For N-turns
𝜇0 2𝜋𝑁𝐼𝑅 2
𝐵= ∙
4𝜋 (𝑅 2 +𝑥 2 )3⁄2

49. Assuming the expression for magnetic field at a point on the axis of a circular
coil, obtain the expression for the field at the centre of the coil.
𝜇 2𝜋𝐼𝑅 2
Ans: We know that 𝐵 = ( 0 )
4𝜋 (𝑅 2 +𝑥 2 )3⁄2
𝜇 2𝜋𝐼
At centre of the coil, 𝑥 = 0 ∴ 𝐵 = ( 0)
4𝜋 𝑅

Ampere’s Circuital Law

50. State and explain ampere circuital law.

Ans: It states that the integral value of the magnetic field over a closed path around a
conductor is equal to 𝜇0 times the net current in the conductor.
Explanation : Consider a conductor carrying a current 𝐼, let an amperian loop of
radius r be constructed, then according to the law,
⃗⃗. ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼

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51. Derive an expression for magnitude of magnetic field at a point around a

straight conductor.
Ans: Consider a straight conductor carrying a current 𝐼. Let B be the magnetic field
produced around the conductor in the circular path, of radius 𝑟 at P.

According to ampere circuital law; ⃗⃗. ⃗⃗⃗

∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼
⃗⃗ ∮ ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0𝐼
∮ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑟 (circumference : 2𝜋𝑟)
𝐵2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜇0 𝐼
𝜇 𝐼
𝐵= 0∙
2𝜋 𝑟
𝜇0 2𝐼
𝐵= ∙
4𝜋 𝑟

52. What is a solenoid?

Ans: Solenoid is an insulated copper wire wound closely in the form of helix, whose
radius is negligible compared to its length and used to produce uniform
magnetic field.

53. What is an ideal solenoid?

Ans: If length of solenoid is very much longer than its radius, then it is called an ideal
solenoid (𝑙 >>> 5𝑟).

54. Derive an expression fro magnetic field at a point inside a long current carrying
solenoid.
Ans: Consider a long solenoid carrying current.
Let 𝑛 = numberof turns per unit length, 𝐼 = current,𝐵 = magnetic field inside
the solenoid
Now consider a rectangular amperian loop PQRS, and PQ = RS = L length of loop.
⃗⃗ over the closed path PQRSP is
The line integral of 𝐵
𝑄 𝑅 𝑆 𝑃
∮𝐵 ⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = ∫𝑃 𝐵⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 + ∫𝑄 𝐵 ⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 + ∫𝑅 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 + ∫𝑆 𝐵⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 … (1)
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∫𝑃 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = ∫𝑃 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 cos 0 = ∫𝑃 𝐵 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 ∫𝑃 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵𝐿
𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫𝑃 𝐵
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙
∫𝑄 𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0 (∵ angle between 𝐵
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ is 90°)
⃗⃗ and 𝑑𝑙
𝑆

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𝑆
Now ∫𝑅 𝐵 ⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 0 (∵ field outside the solenoid is zero)
∴ (1) becomes ∮𝐵⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵𝐿 …(2)
According to Ampere’s circuital law,
∮𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜇0𝐼 (current enclosed by PQRSP)
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙
∮𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐿𝐼
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 …(3)
From (2) and (3) 𝐵𝐿 = 𝜇0𝑛𝐿𝐼
𝐵 = 𝜇0𝑛𝐼

55. Mention the factors on which the magnetic fields at a point inside a solenoid
depend.
Ans: The factors on which the magnetic field at a point inside the solenoid depends on
(i) Number of turns per unit length
(ii) strength of the current.
(iii) Permeability of the medium inside the solenoid

56. How does the magnetic field at a point inside an air cored solenoid vary with
the (i) number turns per unit length and (ii) strength of a current though the
solenoid.
Ans: The magnetic field at a point inside an air cored solenoid
(i) directly proportional to number of turns per unit length
(ii) directly proportional to strength of the current through the solenoid.

57. What is a toroid?

Ans: Toroid is a solenoid bent in the form of a closed ring.

58. Derive an expression for the magnetic field at a point inside the air core toroid.
Ans: Consider a toroid as shown in Fig.
Let 𝑛 = number of turns per unit length, 𝐼= current
𝑟 = radius of toroid, 𝐵 = magnetic field inside the toroid
Consider an Amperian loop as radius ′𝑟′
∮𝐵⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 cos 0 °

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= 𝐵 ∮ 𝑑𝑙
∮𝐵⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵(2 𝜋𝑟) {∵ ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑟} …(1)
According to Ampere's circuital law
∮𝐵⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 × total current enclosed by the loop
∮𝐵⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 × 𝑛 × 2𝜋𝑟 × 𝐼 …(2)
From (1) and (2) 𝐵(2𝜋𝑟) = 𝜇0 𝑛(2𝜋𝑟)𝐼
∴ 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼

59. What is the magnitude of magnetic field at a point outside the toroid?
Ans: Zero

Force between Two Parallel Current Carrying Conductors:

60. What is the nature of the force between the two parallel conductors carrying
currents in the same direction?
Ans: Attractive force

61. What is the nature of the force between the two parallel conductors carrying
currents in the opposite direction?
Ans: Repulsive force

62. To derive an expression for force acting between two straight infinitely long
parallel conductor and hence define one ampere.
Ans: Consider two infinitely long straight parallel conductors 𝑎 and 𝑏 separated by a
distance 𝑑 and carrying currents 𝐼𝑎 and 𝐼𝑏 , respectively.
Magnetic field produced by the conductor 𝑎 at a distance 𝑑 is
𝜇0 𝐼𝑎
𝐵𝑎 =
2𝜋 𝑑
The conductor 𝑏 carrying the current 𝐼𝑏 is in the magnetic field 𝐵𝑎 . Hence it
experiences a force, The force on ′𝑏′ due to ′𝑎′ is
𝐹𝑏𝑎 = 𝐼𝑏 𝐿𝐵𝑎

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𝜇0 𝐼𝑎 𝜇0 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑏
= 𝐼𝑏 𝐿 = 𝐿
2𝜋 𝑑 2𝜋 𝑑

This force is towards the conductor 𝑎 using Fleming’s left hand rule
Similarly the force on ′𝑎′ due to ′𝑏′ is
𝜇0 𝐼𝑏 𝜇0 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑏
𝐹𝑎𝑏 = 𝐼𝑎 𝐿𝐵𝑏 = 𝐼𝑎 𝐿 = 𝐿
2𝜋 𝑑 2𝜋 𝑑

This force is towards the conductor 𝑏.

Thus 𝐹𝑏𝑎 = −𝐹𝑎𝑏
Let 𝐹𝑎𝑏 represents force / unit length.
𝐹𝑎𝑏 𝜇0 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑏
Then 𝑓𝑎𝑏 = =
𝐿 2𝜋 𝑑

Let 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑏 = 1𝐴, 𝑑 = 1m
Let 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑏 = 1𝐴, 𝑑 = 1m
𝜇0
Then 𝑓𝑎𝑏 = = 2 × 10−7Nm-1
2𝜋

Then one ampere is defined as that steady current which when flowing in each
of two infinitely long straight conductors of negligible cross section separated by
a distance one metre is free space experience a force of 2 × 10−7Nm-1 between
them.

Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole

63. Derive the expression for the torque acting on a rectangular current loop in a
uniform magnetic field.

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Ans: Consider a rectangular loop PQRS is carrying current 𝐼.

Let 𝐼= length of loop, 𝑏= breadth of loop

Now the arms PS and QR will experience equal and opposite force 𝐹, when the
magnetic field is B.
𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝜃 = 90°)
𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 …(1)
arms PQ and SR do not experience any force ( ∵PQ and SR are parallel to the
field)
∴ Torque = Force x perpendicular distance
𝜏 = (𝐵𝐼𝑙)𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (∵ 𝑙 × 𝑏 = 𝐴)
𝜏 = 𝑚𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (∵ 𝑚 = 𝐼𝐴)

∴ 𝜏= 𝑚 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵 For N turns of loop
𝜏 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
64. Define magnetic moment of a current loop.
Ans: The magnetic moment of a current loop is a vector whose magnitude is equal the
product of and the area of the loop time the magnitude of the current flowing
through it 𝑚 = 𝐼𝐴
65. Write the expression for the torque exerted by a current loop kept in a uniform
magnetic field.
Ans: 𝜏⃗ = 𝑚 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵

66. Give the S.I unit of magnetic dipole moment.

Ans: 𝐴𝑚2

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67. Current in a loop is flowing in clockwise direction. This face of the loop behaves
as which magnetic pole?
Ans: South pole

68. Current in a loop is flowing in anticlockwise direction. This face of the loop
behaves as which magnetic pole?
Ans: North pole

69. Derive an expression for magnetic dipole moment of the electron revolving in
a hydrogen atom.
Ans: Consider an electron revolving around a hydrogen nucleus in circular path with
the velocity ′𝜐′ and radius ′𝑟′ and angular momentum ′𝐿′ .
By definition magnetic moment is given by
𝑚 = 𝐼𝐴
𝑚 = 𝐼𝜋𝑟 2 …(1)
∴ Angular momentum (𝐿), 𝐿 = 𝑚𝑒 𝜐𝑟
𝐿
= 𝜐𝑟 …(2)
𝑚𝑒
−𝑒
We know that current; 𝐼=
𝑡
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
To find 𝒕 (time): Velocity =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑆
𝜐 = [distance = circumference = 2𝜋𝑟]
𝑡
2𝜋𝑟
𝜐=
𝑡
2𝜋𝑟
𝑡=
𝜐
−𝑒
Substituting for 𝑡 ∴𝐼= 2𝜋𝑟
𝜐
−𝑒𝜐
𝐼= …(3)
2𝜋𝑟
−𝑒𝜐
use (3) and (1) 𝜇𝑙 = ∙ 𝜋𝑟 2
2𝜋𝑟

−𝑒𝜐𝑟
𝜇𝑙 = …(4)
2
−𝑒 𝐿
use (2) in (4) 𝜇𝑙 = ∙ …(5)
2 𝑚
Negative → 𝜇𝑙 opposite to 𝐿.

70. What is gyrometric ratio of electron? Mention its value.

Ans: It is the ratio of the magnetic dipole moment of an electron to its angular
momentum
𝜇𝑙 𝑒
= = 8.8 × 1010 C kg-1
𝐿 2𝑚𝑒

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71. Assuming the expression for magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
in hydrogen atom, obtain the expression for Bohr magneton.
Ans: The magnetic dipole moment is
𝑒 𝑛ℎ
𝜇𝑙 = ( ) 𝐿, but according to Bohr’s atomic model, 𝐿 =
2𝑚𝑒 2𝜋
𝑒 𝑛ℎ 𝑒ℎ
𝜇𝑙 = ( ) ; 𝜇𝑙 = 𝑛
2𝑚𝑒 2𝜋 4𝜋𝑚𝑒
𝑒ℎ
For 𝑛 = 1, 𝜇𝑙 =
4𝜋𝑚𝑒

72. Define Bohr magneton and mention its value.

Ans: The magnetic dipole moment of electron revolving in the first orbit of hydrogen
atom is called Bohr magneton. Its value is 9.27 x 10-24 Am²

Moving Coil Galvanometer

73. What is a moving coil galvanometer?Mention the principle behind it.

Ans: It is an instrument used to measure low electric currents. It works on the
principle that a current carrying coil placed in a magnetic field experiences a
torque.

74. Discuss the theory of moving coil galvanometer.

Ans: Consider a rectangular coil PQRS of length ′𝑏′ , breadth ′𝑎′ having ′𝑁′ turns
carrying a current 𝐼 and suspended in a uniform magnetic field B. The horizontal
sides PS and QR which are parallel to the magnetic field experiences no force.
The vertical sides PQ and RS experiences the same force 𝐹 = 𝑁𝐵𝐼𝑎 sin𝜃
𝜃=90°, sin 90° = 1
∴ 𝐹 = 𝑁𝐵𝐼𝑎

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Force experienced by the vertical sides PQ and QR are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction and hence constitute and couple moment of the couple or
torque.
𝜏 = 𝑁𝐵𝐼𝑎 × 𝑏 = 𝑁𝐵𝐼𝐴

The tendency of the coil is to rotate the coil about the axis of suspension.
As the coil rotates about the axis of suspension, the spring S p provides a counter
torque 𝑘𝜙 that balances the magnetic torque NBIA resulting in a steady angular
deflection 𝜙.
∴ for equilibrium
𝑁𝐵𝐼𝐴 = 𝑘𝜙
where 𝑘 is a constant called torsional constant or restoring torque per unit twist.
𝑁𝐴𝐵
𝜙=( )𝐼
𝑘

75. Define current sensitivity.

Ans: Current sensitivity is the deflection produced per unit current in a galvanometer.

76. Mention the expression for current sensitivity.

𝜃 𝑁𝐴𝐵
Ans: Current sensitivity is given by =
𝐼 𝐾

77. Give the S.I unit of current sensitivity.

Ans: rad A-1

78. Write any three factors on which the current sensitivity of a moving coil
galvanometer depends.
Ans: Current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer depends on
(i) number of turns in the coil
(ii) area of the coil
(iii) magnetic field in which the coil is suspended
(iv) torsional constant of the spring

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79. Define voltage sensitivity.

Ans: Voltage sensitivity is defined as the deflection per unit voltage.

80. Mention the expression for voltage sensitivity.

𝜙 𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝐼 𝑁𝐴𝐵 1
Ans: =( ) =( )
𝑉 𝑘 𝑉 𝑘 𝑅

81. Give the S.I unit of voltage sensitivity.

Ans: rad V-1

82. Write any three factors on which the voltage sensitivity of a moving coil
galvanometer depends.
Ans: Voltage sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer depends on
(i) Area of the coil
(ii) Magnetic field in which the coil is suspended
(iii) Torsional constant of the spring
(iv) Resistance of the coil

83. Suggest ways to increase the current sensitivity of a galvanometer.

Ans: The sensitivity of a Galvanometer can be increased by
(i) Increasing the number of turns.
(ii) Increasing the flux density of the magnetic field.
(iii) Increasing the area of the coil.
(iv) Decreasing the couple /unit twist.

84. How do you increase the voltage sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer?
Ans: The voltage sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer can be increased by
(i) Increasing number of turns in the coil
(ii) Increasing area of the coil
(iii) Increasing the strength of the magnetic field
(iv) Decreasing the torsional constant of the spring
(v) By decreasing the resistance of the coil

85. How to convert galvanometer into ammeter?

Ans: A galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a low
resistance in parallel.
A low resistance called shunt resistance r s is connected in parallel with the
galvanometer.

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The above modified version of the galvanometer is called ammeter. The value of
'rs' to be connected across the galvanometer depends on the current to be
measured. If 𝐼 is the current to be measured and 𝐼𝑔 is the current for which the
galvanometer gives full scale deflection, and R G is the galvanometer resistance
then,
By Ohm's law
𝐼𝑔𝑅𝐺 = (𝐼 − 𝐼𝑔 )𝑟𝑠

𝐼𝑔 𝑅𝐺
∴ 𝑟𝑠 =
𝐼−𝐼𝑔

86. How to convert galvanometer into voltmeter?

Ans: Galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by connecting a high resistance in
series with galvanometer. The high resistance R is connected in series with the
Galvanometer. The value of R to be connected series with galvanometer
depends on the p.d to be measured. If V is the p.d. to be measured 𝐼𝑔 is the
current for which the galvanometer gives full scale deflection and 𝑅𝐺 is the
galvanometer resistance.
𝑉
𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑔 (𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅) ∴ 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅 =
𝐼𝑔
𝑉
∴𝑅= − 𝑅𝐺
𝐼𝑔
where 𝐼 𝑔 is the current for full scale deflection.

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