Physics

Chapter :- 10
Magnetic field due to electric current
By A.M.Kharche
Hans Christian Oersted first discovered a magnetic field
produced by an electric current passing through the wire.
Later Gauss, Henry ,Faraday and others showed that the
magnetic field is an important partner of the electric field.
The direction of electric current and magnetic field is given
by right hand thumb rule. Imagine that a current carrying
wire is grabbed with your right hand with your thumb
pointing the direction of the electric current then your
finger curls around in the direction of the magnetic field.
Magnetic Force :-
Let 𝑉 be potential difference ,𝐵be magnetic field of
induction, 𝐹be forced to follow vector cross product
relationships.
Actually the magnetic force of an electron with a charge -e
, moving with velocity 𝑉in a magnetic field 𝐵 is
𝐹m = -e(𝑉 ×𝐵 ) ……….(1)
For a charge q , magnetic force will be
𝐹m = q (𝑉 ×𝐵 ) ……….(2)
If both electric 𝐸 and magnetic field 𝐵 are present , the net
force on charge q moving with velocity 𝑉in
𝐹 = q [ 𝐸 +(𝑉 ×𝐵) ]
= q𝐸 + q (𝑉 ×𝐵 )
= 𝐹e + 𝐹m ……….(3)
This force is also known as Lorentz force . Here 𝐹e is
the force due to electric field and 𝐹m is force due to
magnetic field .
Consequences of Lorentz law
1) If the velocity 𝑉of charge particle is parallel to magnetic
field 𝐵the magnetic force is zero.
2)If the charge is stationary , 𝑉=0 , the force=o ,even if
𝐵is not equal to zero.
From equation (3) it may be observed that the force on
the charge due to electric field depends on the strength of
electric field and magnitude of charge .However the
magnetic force depends upon on the velocity of the charge
and the cross product of velocity vector 𝑉the magnetic
vector 𝐵and the charge q.

Cyclotron Motion :-
In a magnetic field a charge particle typically undergoes
circular motion.figure shows a uniform magnetic field
directed perpendicularly into plane of the paper (parallel
to - z axis)

Figure shows that particle with charge q moving with a

speed v and a uniform magnetic field 𝐵is directed into the
plane of paper . According to the Lorentz force law, the
magnetic force on the particle act towards the center of
circle of radius ‘R’ and this force will provide centripetal
force to sustain uniform circular motion .
Thus
𝑚𝑣²
qvB=
𝑅
mv= p= qBR
This equation represents the cyclotron formula .It
describes the motion of the charged particle in a particle
accelerator in a cyclotron.
Cyclotron Accelerator :-
1) Cyclotron is circular particle accelerator , which utilizes
a magnetic field to bend charged particles into a circular
path and electric field to accelerate them to high velocities.
2) In cyclotron positive ions cross again and again the
same alternating electric field and thereby gain energy. It
is achieved by making them move along the spiral circular
path under the action of a strong magnetic field.
3)Cyclotron is also called a Magnetic resonance
accelerator, since its operation is based on the principle of
of resonance between applied electric and magnetic fields.
Principle:-
When a positively charged particle move perpendicular to
uniform magnetic field again and again with a periodic
time and is accelerated continuously by high frequency
electric field ,It traces a spiral path of increasing radius.
The positively charged particle is accelerated to high
speed and gains sufficient large amount of energy.

Construction:-
 1) It areConsists of two D shape hollow semi- cylindrical
metallic Chambers D1 and D2 these two chambers
are called as dee.these two dees are placed
horizontally with a small gap separating .These two
dees are kept in the space between two poles pieces
of electromagnet capable of producing magnetic field
of the order of 15,000 G.
2)The dees are connected to a high frequency oscillator
due to which a high alternating voltage(10⁴ V to 10⁷ Hz) is
applied between them. The steel box is placed between
the poles of strong electromagnet. The magnetic field is
perpendicular to the plane of the dees. A source P of
positive ion is kept at the centre of the dees
3) A cyclotron, an electric field is used to accelerate a
charged particle while a magnet e field is used to produce
circular motion of the particle.
Working :-
1)Suppose a positively charged particle is produced at P
and an instant when the dee D₁ is at a negative potential.
The positively charged particle is accelerated towards the
dee D₂ . at a positive potential and the dee D₂.
2)When it enters into the dee, there is no electric field
inside the dee thus iron is only in the magnetic field
produced by electromagnet .Hence the magnetic field
causes the particle to move along a circular path inside
the dee D₂.
3)After moving along a semicircle in the dee D₂, the
particle again enters the gap between the dees. At that
instant ,the electric field reverses its direction so that the
dee D₁becomes negative and the dee D₂ becomes
positive.
4)Therefore the particle is accelerated towards D₁ with
increasing speed, and hence insideD₁ the particle moves
along a semicircle of a greater radius. This process
continues till the particle reaches the periphery of the dee
system Where the radius of the circular path becomes
equal to the radius of the dees.
5)Alternately highly energetic and Positive ions escape
from the window(W) is either of the dees and strike the
target T.

Velocity of charge particle in a cyclotron :-

1) Let ,
v= velocity of charged particle
r= radius of circular path
B= magnetic field.
q= charge on particle
2)When a positively charged particle with a charge ‘q’
moves at right angle to the magnetic field , a force due to
magnetic field acts on the particle which given by
F= qvBsinθ , But θ=90⁰
F= qvB
3)This force provides centripetal force (mv²/r)to a charged
particle to move in a circular path if radius r.
Centripetal force = force due to magnetic field
𝑚𝑣²
= qvB
𝑟

𝑚𝑣
r=
𝑞𝐵
𝑞𝐵
v= r …….(1)
𝑚

This is a required formula for velocity of charged

particles.
4) in equation (1) q,v and B are constant
rαv
Thus the radius of the circular path is directly
proportional to the speed of the particle.
#Time taken by a charged particle to move along
semicircular path
1) The time taken by particle to complete the
semicircular path inside the dee is given by
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 π𝑟
t = =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑣
Where , πr= circumference of semicircular path
 π
2) t=
𝑣
×r
π 𝑚𝑣
t=
𝑣
× 𝑞𝐵 (𝑟 = )𝑚𝑣
𝑞𝐵

π𝑚
t=
𝑞𝐵
If q= e then,
π𝑚
t=
𝐵𝑒
Since formula is independent of ‘v’ and ‘r’ .Hence the
time taken by a particle to move along a semicircular
path does not depend upon the speed of the particle
or on the radius of the semicircular path.
Frequency of charged particle in cyclotron :-
We know that
π𝑚
t=
𝑞𝐵
Time required to transverse circular path is ,

2π𝑚
T= 2t =
𝑞𝐵
Since magnetic resonance frequency is the reciprocal
of its time period (T)
 1 𝑞𝐵
f= =
𝑇 2π𝑚
Kinetic energy of charged particle in cyclotron :-
1) Let ,
v= velocity of charged particle
r= radius of circular path
B= magnetic field.
q= charge on particle
m= mass of charged particle
vmax= maximum velocity of charged particles inside a
cyclotron.
2)Centripetal force to move charged particle in
circular path is given by
𝑚𝑣²
Fcp = max
𝑟

3)Force of magnetic induction due to charged particle

is given by,
FB= qBvmax
4) For equilibrium, Fcp = FB

mv²max
------- = qBvmax
r
 𝑞𝐵𝑟
vmax = ……..(1)
𝑚
Kinetic energy of charged particle is given by,
1
K.E. = mv²max
2

𝑞²𝐵²𝑟²
K.E. =
2𝑚
This equation represents K.E. of charged particles
in a cyclotron.
Helical motion :-
It has been assumed that the charged particle moves
in plane perpendicular to magnetic field 𝐵. if such
particle has some component of velocity parallel to𝐵
then it leads to helical motion . since a component 𝑣 is
parallel to 𝐵, the magnetic force 𝐹m will be
𝐹m = 𝑣×𝐵= v.B sin(0⁰) = 0
Thus 𝑣will not be affected and the particle will move
along the direction of 𝐵.
Magnetic force on a straight wire carrying current
From Lorentz force law we can obtain the force on a
current carrying wire.
1)consider a straight wire of length L as shown in
figure an external magnetic field𝐵 is applied
perpendicular to the wire , coming out of the plane of
the paper.
2)Let current 𝑰 flow through the wire under an
applied potential difference . If 𝑣d is the drift velocity of
conduction of electron in the part of length L of the
wire , the charge q flowing across the plane PP in
time t will be
q= 𝑰t
𝑰𝐿
q=
𝑣𝑑
 3)The magnitude force 𝐹m on this charge, according to
equation (1) due to applied magnetic field 𝐵 is given
by
𝐹m = q ( 𝑣d × 𝐵)
𝑰𝐿
= B𝑣d sinθ𝑛
𝑣𝑑
= 𝑰 L. B. sin90⁰𝑛
Where 𝑛 is a unit vector perpendicular to both 𝐵
and 𝑣d in the direction of 𝐹m
𝐹m = 𝑰 L B 𝑛 ……….(2)
Therefore the magnetic force acting on the portion
of straight wire if length L
4) If 𝐵is not perpendicular to the wire then equation (2)
takes the form
𝐹m = 𝑰 𝐿×𝐵 …………(3)
Where 𝐿 is the length vector directed along the portion
of the wire of length L.
Magnetic force on arbitrarily shaped wire carrying
current.
1) In the above expression we consider straight wire
equation (3) can be extended to a wire of arbitrarily
shape as shown in figure.

2) Consider a segment of infinitesimal length 𝑑𝑙 along

the wire . if 𝐼 is the current flowing ,using equation (3)
,the magnetic force due to perpendicular magnetic
field 𝐵 (coming out to the plane of paper) is given by,
𝑑𝐹m = 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 ×𝐵 ………(4)
The force on the total length of wire is thus,

𝐹m = ∫𝑑𝐹m = 𝐼 ∫𝑑𝑙 ×𝐵 ……..(5)

If 𝐵 is uniform over the whole wire,

 ⎡ ⎤
𝐹m = 𝐼 ⎢∫ 𝑑𝑙⎥×𝐵 …………(6)
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
This is formula for magnetic force on arbitrarily shape
of wire carrying current

Force on closed circuit in magnetic field 𝐵

Equation (6) can be extended to a closed wire circuit
C

𝐹m = ∮𝐼 𝑑𝑙 ×𝐵 ………(7)

Here the integral is over the closed circuit C.

For uniform 𝐵,
⎡ ⎤
𝐹m = 𝐼 ⎢∮ 𝑑𝑙⎥×𝐵 ……..(8)
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
The term in the bracket in equation (8) is the sum of
vectors along a closed circuit . Hence it must be zero .
𝐹m =0 (𝐵 uniform )

Torque acting on a current loop :-

Figure shows a current carrying loop (abcd) in a uniform
magnetic field therefore ,the magnetic force 𝐹m acting in
the opposite direction on the segment of the loop ab and
cd . This results into rotation of the loop about its central
axis.
Without going into the details of contact carbon brushes
and external circuits we can visualize the rotating action of
a motor.
The current carrying wire loop is of a rectangular shape
and is placed in the uniform magnetic field in such way
that the segment ab and cd of the loop are perpendicular
to the field 𝐵.

We can use the right hand rule to find then direction of

magnetic force 𝐹m .. In that rule finger show the direction of
the current and middle figure shows the direction of
magnetic field 𝐵The stretched thumb shows the direction
of force.
Consider figure showing the rectangular loop abcd placed
in a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 such that the sides ab and cd
are perpendicular to the magnetic field 𝐵 but sides bc and
da are not.
Let us obtain the forces on all sides of the loop. The force
𝐹4 on side 4 (bc) will be.

𝐹₄ = 𝐼𝑙₂B sin(90-θ) ………(1)

7) The force 𝐹₂on side 2(da) will be equal and opposite to
𝐹₄ and both act along the same line.thus, and will
cancel out each other .
8) magnitudes of force 𝐹₁ and 𝐹₃ on side 3(ab)and 1 (cd)
will be 𝐼𝑙1B sin 90⁰ i.e.𝐼𝑙1B .these two forces can npt act
along the same line and hence they produce net torque.
1
9) The moment of arm is
2
(𝑙₂sinθ) about the central axis
of the loop .
10)The torque 𝒯 due to forces 𝐹₁ and 𝐹₃ will be

1 1
τ= (𝐼𝑙1B
2
𝑙₂sinθ) +(𝐼𝑙1B 𝑙₂sinθ)
2
τ = 𝐼𝑙1𝑙₂Bsinθ ……(2)
11) If the current carrying loop is made up of multiple
turns N, in the form of flat coil, the total torque will be
τ¹ = N 𝒯 = N 𝐼𝑙1𝑙₂Bsinθ
τ¹ = (N 𝐼A)Bsinθ
Where A= 𝑙1𝑙₂ , area enclosed by the coil.
Moving Coil Galvanometer :-
1) A current in a circuit or a voltage of a battery can
be measured in terms of a torque exerted by a
magnetic field on a current carrying coil.Analog
voltmeter and ammeters works on this principle.
2)It consist of several turns mounted (suspended
or pivoted) such that it can freely rotate about a
fixed axis ,in a radial uniform magnetic field .
3) A soft iron cylindrical core makes the field
radial and strong .The coil rotate due to torque
acting on it this torque is
𝒯= N𝐼AB, where A is the area of the ,B
strength of magnetic field , N is the number of
turns in the coil, and 𝐼 is the current in the coil,
here sinθ=1 as the field is radial .However this
torque is counterbalanced by a torque due to
spring fitted as shown in figure.
 4)This counter torque balances the magnetic
torque, so that a fixed steady current 𝐼 in the coil
produces a steady angular deflection ϕ larger the
current is,larger is the deflection and larger is the
torque due to spring .
5) If the deflection is ϕ, the restoring torque due
to spring is equals to Kϕwhere K is torsional
constant of the spring
Thus, Kϕ= N𝐼 AB,
𝑁𝐼𝐴
And the deflection ϕ=( )𝐼
𝐾
Thus the deflection ϕis proportional to the
current
Magnetic Dipole Moment:-
1) The current carrying coil can be consider with vectorµ,
it’s magnetic dipole moment .If 𝑛is unit vector normal to
the plane of the coil, the direction of µis the direction of 𝑛
As µ= N𝐼A ,
Where N is the number of turns of the coil, 𝐼 the current
passing through the coil , A is the area enclosed by each
turn of the coil.
2)If held in uniform magnetic field 𝐵, the torque
responsible for the rotation of the coil , according to,
τ= µBsinθ,
θbeing an angle between µand 𝐵
τ= µ× 𝐵
3)In electric dipole exerted by an electric field , 𝐸
τ= 𝑃×𝐸
Here 𝑃 is the electric dipole moment
Magnetic Potential Energy of Dipole :-
The potential energy U of an electric dipole 𝑃in an electric
field 𝐸 is given by,
U= - 𝑃.𝐸
Analogously the magnetic potential energy if magnetic
Dipole µ in magnetic field 𝐵 is given by

U=-µ. 𝐵
= µBcosθ

Where θ is angle between µand 𝐵.

Case 1) If θ=0 , U=- µBcos(0⁰)=-µB
This is the minimum potential energy of magnetic dipole
in magnetic dipole moment.i.e they are parallel to each
other.
Case 2) If θ=180⁰ , U= - µBcos(180⁰)= µB
 This is the maximum potential energy of a magnetic
dipole in a magnetic field i.e they are antiparallel to each
other.

Biot-Savart Law :-
It states that the magnetic induction at a point due to a
small element of conductor carrying current is i) directly
proportional to the current ii) directly proportional to the
length of the element iii)directly proportional to the Sine of
angle between the element and line joining the centre of
the element and iv) inversely proportional to the square of
distance of a point from the centre of element.
Consider a small element of conductor having length
𝑑𝑙.suppose current through conductor is 𝐼.Let θ be the
angle made by element with line joining to point P.Let r be
the distance of point P from element.
 𝐼𝑑𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
𝑑𝐵 α
𝑟²
𝐼𝑑𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
𝑑𝐵 = k ……….(1)
𝑟²
Where k is constant of proportionality and its value
depend upon the medium in which the conductor is
placed.
µ₀
For air or vacuum k= where µ₀is permeability of
4π
air or vacuum. It's S.I. unit is Wb/Ampere
 Direction of magnetic induction is perpendicular to the
both element and the line joining the point P.

µ₀ 𝐼𝑑𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
𝑑𝐵 =
4π 𝑟²
The direction of 𝑑𝐵is dictated by the cross product of
𝑑𝑙× 𝑟.vectorially ,
µ₀ 𝐼𝑑𝑙×𝑟
𝑑𝐵= ………(2)
4π 𝑟³
These equations (1) and (2) are known as Biot-Savart
law.

Magnetic induction at point due to long straight

conductor :-
Consider a long straight conductor carrying current 𝐼 .Let P
be any point at distance ‘a’ from the conductor .
Perpendicular line PO is drawn to conductor PO=a . Now
consider a small element 𝑑𝑥 of a conductor situated at a
distance 𝑥 from point O. Let r be the distance of element
from point P.
As per Biot-Savart’s law magnetic induction dB at a point
P due to small element 𝑑𝑥 carrying a current 𝐼 is
µ₀ 𝐼(𝑑𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
dB=
4π 𝑟²
As per right hand rule direction of induction is
perpendicular to the plane and directed into the plane of
paper.
Total magnetic induction B at a point P due to entire
conductor can be obtained by integrating above equation

µ₀𝐼 (𝑑𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
B= ∫ dB =
4π
∫ 𝑟²
………(1)
From figure 𝑥= a cot(π − θ)= - cotθ
𝑑𝑥 = a cosec²θdθ
Also r² = a²+ 𝑥²
= a²+a²cot²θ
= a² (1+ cot²θ)
= a²cosec²θ
Substituting value of 𝑑𝑥 and r in equation we get ,

µ₀𝐼 𝑎²𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐²θ𝑑θ𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
B=
4π
∫ 𝑎²𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐²θ

µ₀𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ𝑑θ
B=
4π
∫ 𝑎

For an infinitely long conductor

π
µ₀𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ𝑑θ µ₀𝐼
B=
4π
∫ 𝑎
=
4π
[-cosθ]
0
µ₀𝐼
B= [-cosπ-(cos0)]
4π
µ₀𝐼
= (1+1)
4π
 µ₀𝐼
B=
2π𝑎
Force between two current carrying parallel conductors in
same direction
Consider two long straight conductor each of length 𝑙 are
kept parallel to each other at a distance ‘a’ . Now let the
current through each conductor be 𝐼₁ and 𝐼₂in the same
direction as shown in figure.
Due to current through the conductor both will produce
magnetic fields around it.
First a conductor produces a magnetic field of induction B₁
at every point related to the second conductor and it is
directed inwards perpendicular to the plane of paper .
 µ₀𝐼
B₁ =
2π𝑎
Second conductor is in the magnetic induction𝐵₁ hence it
will experience force F₂ is given by,
µ₀𝐼₁
F₂ = 𝐼₂𝑙 B₁ =𝐼₂𝑙
2π𝑎
µ₀𝐼₁𝐼₂𝑙
F₂ = ……… (1)
2π𝑎
As per Fleming’s left hand rule force F₂ is directed
towards the first conductor.
Second conductor produces magnetic field induction B₂ at
every point related to the first conductor and it is directed
outward perpendicular to the plane of paper.
µ₀𝐼₂
B₂=
2π𝑎
First conductor is in magnetic induction 𝐵₂hence it will
produce force F₁ given by,
F₁ =𝐼₁𝑙 B₂
µ₀𝐼₂
=𝐼₁𝑙( )
2π𝑎
µ₀𝐼₁𝐼₂𝑙
F₁ = ………(2)
2π𝑎
As per Fleming’s left hand rule, force F₁ is directed
towards the second conductor.
µ₀𝐼₁𝐼₂𝑙
F=
2π𝑎
Force of attraction per unit length of conductor is
𝐹 µ₀𝐼₁𝐼₂
=
𝑙 2π𝑎
Magnetic field produced by a current in a circular arc
of wire :-
1)A circular arc of wire (AB), carrying current. We can first
obtain the magnetic field produced by one current length
element of the arc and then integrate over the arc length .
2)the circular arc AB subtends an angle θat the centre O
of the circle for which the arc is a part, and r is its radius .
Using Biot-Savart’s law the magnetic field produced at
point O is
µ₀ 𝐼𝑑𝑙×𝑟
d𝐵=
4π 𝑟³
µ₀ 𝐼.𝑑𝑙.𝑟.𝑠𝑖𝑛90⁰
dB=
4π 𝑟³
µ₀ 𝐼𝑑𝑙
4π 𝑟²
3) From the above equation the magnitude of field is given
by right hand rule . Aligning the thumb in the direction of
current , the field direction is indicated by the curling
fingers.thus, the direction of each dB into the plane of
paper . The total field at O is therefore ,
𝐵
µ₀𝐼 𝑑𝑙
B=∫ dB =
4π
∫ 𝑟²
𝐴
θ
µ₀𝐼 𝑟
=
4π
∫ 𝑟²
𝑑θ
0
µ₀𝐼
= θ, where θis in radians.
4π𝑟
Magnetic field at the centre of a circle of wire, carrying
a current 𝐼 :-
µ₀𝐼
B=
2𝑟
Magnetic induction at appoint along the axis of
circular loop:-
1) Consider a circular loop of radius ‘a’ of coil carrying
current. Consider a point P is on the axis of circular loop at
a distance 𝑥 from the center .
2) For finding magnetic induction along the axis of circular
loop divide into the small elements of length 𝑑𝑙. Consider
one such element of a point A such that AP=r and
＜ APO=α
3)Magnetic induction at point P due to small element of
length 𝑑𝑙 at point A is .
µ₀ 𝐼𝑑𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
𝑑𝐵 =
4π 𝑟²

As AP is perpendicular to length element 𝑑𝑙 at point A

hence θ=90⁰ sin90⁰ =1
µ₀ 𝐼𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵 =
4π 𝑟²
 4) Magnetic induction d𝐵 is perpendicular to 𝑑𝑙and AP
and it is represented by 𝑃𝑅 . Resolving PR into two
components i) 𝑃𝑆 is perpendicular to axis of loop ii) 𝑃𝑄is
parallel to the axis of the loop.
From figure 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑃𝑅cosα , and 𝑃𝑄= 𝑃𝑅sinα
𝑃𝑆 =dBcosα, and 𝑃𝑄= dBsinα
5) Similarly magnetic induction at point P due small
element 𝑑𝑙 at point B can be determined which are
represented as 𝑃𝑆¹ and 𝑃𝑄¹
Component 𝑃𝑆¹= dBcosα is perpendicular to axis
Component 𝑃𝑄¹=dBsinαis along the axis,
6) In this way the magnetic induction at a point P due to all
such small elements can be calculated. All the
components are perpendicular to axis and cancelled each
other.
Resultant magnetic induction B= ∑dB sinα

µ₀ 𝐼𝑑𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛α
B= ∑
4π 𝑟²
𝑎
But sinα=
𝑟

µ₀ 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝑎
B= ∑ 4π 𝑟² 𝑟

µ₀ 𝐼𝑎
= ∑𝑑𝑙
4π 𝑟³

As ∑𝑑𝑙 = 2π𝑎

µ₀ 𝐼𝑎
B= ∑ 4π 𝑟³
2π𝑎

𝐼𝑎²
B= µ₀
2𝑟³
Now from ∆AOP r²= a²+𝑥²
r²= (a²+𝑥²)³/²
 µ₀ 𝐼𝑎²
B=
2(𝑎²+𝑥²)³/²
Direction of the magnetic field is along the axis of coil.
Magnetic lines for current loop :-
We know that the magnetic field at a point P on the axis is
given by equation
µ₀ 𝐼𝑎²
B=
2(𝑎²+𝑥²)³/²

As a special case , the field at the center of the loop is

obtain from above equation
µ₀𝐼
B=
2𝑅
For a coil of N turns.
µ₀𝑁𝐼
B=
2𝑅
Circular loop carrying current on a magnetic dipole.
The behaviour of the magnetic field due to circular current
loop , at large distance is very similar to that due to electric
field of an electric dipole from above equation B at larger
distance a from the axis of loop along its axis is,
a≫R
µ₀𝐼𝑅²
B=
2𝑎³
The area of loop is A= πR²
µ₀𝐼𝐴
B= at a≫R
2π𝑎³
The magnetic moment 𝑚of a circular loop is defined as
𝑚=𝐼𝐴, where 𝐴is a vector of magnitude A and direction
perpendicular to A .
Using above equation
µ₀ 𝑚
B=
2π 𝑎³
µ₀ 2𝑚
B=
4π 𝑎³
Note that 𝐵 and 𝑚are in the same direction , perpendicular
to the plane of loop.
Using electrostatic analogue,
 2𝑝
𝐸=
4π𝛜₀𝐚³
Ampere’s circuital law :-
Statement :- the line integral of magnetic field of
induction 𝐵around any closed path in free space is equal
to absolute permeability of free space µ₀times the total
current flowing through the area bounded by the path.

Mathematically , ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙= µ₀𝐼

Magnetic induction due to axis of long straight

solenoid:-
1) A solenoid is a long insulated copper wire closely
wound on a hollow cylindrical glass or plastic tube in
the form of helix. Length of the solenoid is very large
as compared to its diameter.
2) Consider a solenoid having n turns per unit length
carrying a current of magnitude ‘𝐼’. Magnetic field is
produced in the coil as shown in figure (a).
3) To find magnetic induction B due to solenoid,consider
APCD a rectangular Amperian loop with AP=𝑙, as
shown in figure(b)
4)Number of turns over the length ‘𝑙’ of the solenoid =n𝑙,
Thus current threading the loop = n𝑙𝐼.
5) Applying Ampere’s law in loop APCD,we have

∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙= µ₀(n𝑙𝐼) ……….(1)

𝐴𝑃𝐶𝐷

Also ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙
𝐴𝑃𝐶𝐷

𝑃 𝐶 𝐷 𝐴
= ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 +∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙+∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙+∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 ………(2 )
𝐴 𝑃 𝐶 𝐷

6) The direction of magnetic induction 𝐵is

perpendicular to the path PC,DA.
θ=90⁰
 𝐶 𝐴
∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙=∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙=∮B𝑑𝑙cos90⁰=0
𝑃 𝐷
7)Inside the solenoid the magnetic field is uniform .
Magnetic fields at the end of the solenoid is very
Much weak as compared to that of inside the field.
Hence in an ideal case,the magnetic field outside
The solenoid is considered to be zero.
𝐷
∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 =0
𝐶
8)Now using equation (2),
𝑃
∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 +0 +0 +0
𝐴𝑃𝐶𝐷 𝐴
𝑃
∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙
𝐴𝑃𝐶𝐷 𝐴

9) Along the path AP , 𝐵 and 𝑑𝑙 are in same direction

θ=0⁰
𝑃
∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙= ∮B𝑑𝑙cosθ
𝐴𝑃𝐶𝐷 𝐴
𝑃
= ∮B𝑑𝑙 (cos0⁰=1)
𝐴
𝑃
∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙= B∮𝑑𝑙
𝐴𝑃𝐶𝐷 𝐴
 But ∮𝑑𝑙 = 𝑙

∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = B 𝑙 ……..(3)
𝐴𝑃𝐶𝐷
Comparing equation (1) and (3)
B 𝑙 = µ₀n𝑙𝐼
B= µ₀n𝐼
This is a required expression for magnetic induction of
solenoid along its axis at a point well inside the solenoid.
Magnetic induction at a point along the axis of toroid:-
A toroid is a long solenoid bent in the shape of a ring. The
magnetic field around the toroid consist of concentric
circular lines of force around it magnetic field is produced
when steady current ‘𝐼’ flowing through toroid.
The direction of the magnetic field at a point is along the
tangent to the circular path at that point.
Let r be the radius of Amperian loop . This loop is
concentric with the axis of toroid .P is point on the loop we
have to determine magnetic induction at P
Applying Ampere’s law ,

∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙= µ₀N𝐼 ……..(1)

Where N= total number of turns in the toroid.

N𝐼 =total current flowing through toroid

Now ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙= ∮B𝑑𝑙cosθ …..(2)

But 𝐵and 𝑑𝑙 are in the same direction.

 θ=0⁰
cosθ=1
Equation (2) can be written as ,

∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙=∮B𝑑𝑙 = B∮𝑑𝑙 ….(3)

Also ∮𝑑𝑙 = 2πr

From equation (3)

∮B𝑑𝑙 = B (2πr) ……….(4)

From equation (1) and (4)

B (2πr) = µ₀N𝐼
µ₀𝑁𝐼
B= ……….(5)
2π𝑟
Where n is number of turns per unit length of toroid then
𝑁
n= ……..(6)
2π𝑟
From equation (5) and (6)
B= µ₀n𝐼 ………..(7)
Equation (5) and (7) both represent magnetic induction at
a point along the axis of toriod .